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Study of Pain From Skin Surface to Brain Responses Based on Mathematical Model
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Yangyang Xia1, Yanze Wu1, Wei Tang1, Abdunabi Abduraufovich Kosimov2, Abdullo Mamadamon2, Shousheng Zhang1, Xingxing Fang1
Biosurface and Biotribology | 2026, 12(1) : e70016
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Biosurface and Biotribology | 2026, 12(1): e70016
• ORIGINAL RESEARCH •
Study of Pain From Skin Surface to Brain Responses Based on Mathematical Model
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Yangyang Xia1, Yanze Wu1, Wei Tang1, Abdunabi Abduraufovich Kosimov2, Abdullo Mamadamon2, Shousheng Zhang1, Xingxing Fang1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • 2Faculty of Digital Technologies, Systems, and Information Security, Tajik Technical University Named After Academician M.S. Osimi, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
doi: 10.1049/bsb2.70016
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The excessive and continuous contacting pressure tends to cause skin injury and pain when the lower limb contacting with prosthetic liners. To relate the subcutaneous pressure and the brain response induced by pain sensations, a mathematical model was established based on the finite element model, Hodgkin-Huxley model and GCT model. The results showed that stronger subcutaneous pressure stimulation can lead to higher frequency of the membrane potential and T-cell potential. The frontal, prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex and occipital lobe were involved in the processing of pressure pain. A significant increase was observed in γ oscillations in pain states compared with no pain, but no significant differences in different pain level, indicating mathematical model and EEG methods can distinguish the pain but cannot distinguish the pain intensities when the stimulation exceeded the pain threshold. Compared with silicone materials, a higher T-cell potential and a lower pressure pain threshold were observed as the skin contacted with foam materials, suggesting that the foam materials can induce more severe pain on the skin surface. This study is helpful to understand the mechanisms of pain from skin surface to brain response and to provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of lower limb prostheses.

γ oscillation  /  gate control theory  /  Hodgkin-Huxley model  /  pain  /  prosthetic liners
Yangyang Xia, Yanze Wu, Wei Tang, Abdunabi Abduraufovich Kosimov, Abdullo Mamadamon, Shousheng Zhang, Xingxing Fang. Study of Pain From Skin Surface to Brain Responses Based on Mathematical Model[J]. Biosurface and Biotribology, 2026 , 12 (1) : e70016 - . DOI: 10.1049/bsb2.70016
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Funding
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  • National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375224)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20242086)
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Year 2026 volume 12 Issue 1
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47
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Article Info
doi: 10.1049/bsb2.70016
  • Receive Date：2025-11-14
  • Online Date：2026-08-27
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-11-14
  • Revised：2026-01-20
  • Accepted：2026-01-23
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375224)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20242086)
Affiliations
    1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
    2Faculty of Digital Technologies, Systems, and Information Security, Tajik Technical University Named After Academician M.S. Osimi, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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