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pH-Activatable engineered nanoparticle-based selective hexokinase 2 degrader provokes GSDME-dependent pyroptosis for cancer therapy
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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B | 2026, 16(1) : 539 - 554
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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B | 2026, 16(1): 539-554
Original articles
pH-Activatable engineered nanoparticle-based selective hexokinase 2 degrader provokes GSDME-dependent pyroptosis for cancer therapy
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Linlin Gong1,2, Shasha Li1,2, Jiahui Sun1,2, Kunhong Liu1,2, Simeng Wang3, Meiju Ji3, Peng Hou3, Li Yan2, Dan Yang4, Dechun Liu1,2
Affiliations
    1 Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China;
    2 Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China;
    3 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province and Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China;
    4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2025.11.002
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Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology has been developed as an exquisite promising approach for targeted protein degradation by hijacking the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). However, traditional PROTACs often suffer from insufficient tumor accumulation, unfavorable membrane penetration, and always-on biological activity, limiting their antitumor performance. Herein, we report a novel pH-activatable engineered nanoparticle-based selective hexokinase 2 degrader (Nano-PROTACs) for cancer therapy. Nano-PROTACs were constructed by conjugating PEI-based PROTACs to amphiphilic nanoparticles via acid-detachable cis-aconitic anhydride (CAA) bonds. Then, Nano-PROTACs allowed PEI-based PROTACs release within the tumor acidic microenvironment, which bounded to HK-2 and recruited cereblon (CRBN) to provoke HK-2 ubiquitination for achieving HK-2 degradation via UPS. Interestingly, Nano-PROTACs specifically evoked GSDME-mediated pyroptosis to enhance cancer therapy. Thus, Nano-PROTACs effectively inhibited the growth of CT26 tumors and prevented tumor growth and lung metastasis in the orthotopic 4T1-luciferase tumor-bearing mouse model. Taken together, this study might offer a nanoparticle-based PROTACs platform for advancing selective protein of interest (POI) degradation in cancer therapy.
Targeted protein degradation  /  Polyethyleneimine  /  Nanoparticle  /  Nano-PROTACs  /  Aerobic glycolysis  /  Hexokinase 2  /  Pyroptosis  /  Cancer therapy
Linlin Gong, Shasha Li, Jiahui Sun, Kunhong Liu, Simeng Wang, Meiju Ji, Peng Hou, Li Yan, Dan Yang, Dechun Liu. pH-Activatable engineered nanoparticle-based selective hexokinase 2 degrader provokes GSDME-dependent pyroptosis for cancer therapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2026 , 16 (1) : 539 -554 . DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2025.11.002
Year 2026 volume 16 Issue 1
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doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2025.11.002
  • Receive Date:2025-02-13
  • Online Date:2026-09-17
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  • Received:2025-02-13
  • Revised:2025-06-08
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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