Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the past few decades, resulting in improved patient survival outcomes. However, challenges like drug resistance, off-target effects, and systemic toxicity continue to persist. These underscore the importance of modified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a versatile and innovative platform for delivering combination therapies for cancer. This review highlights the utilization of biocompatible engineered EVs to inhibit cancer progression with reduced side effects. Further, outlining the promising approach to cancer treatment through combination therapies and imaging-guided strategies. Additionally, this review explored the biogenesis and various sources of EVs, which provides clear insights into future directions.

Modified extracellular vesicles  /  Cancer diagnosis  /  Cancer therapy  /  Imaging-guided therapy  /  Gene therapy  /  Immunotherapy  /  Drug delivery  /  Combination therapy