¹ Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

² Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China

³ College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

⁴ North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration/Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266033, China

⁵ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266033, China

⁶ Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China

⁷ Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China

⁸ Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

⁹ Yantai Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Yantai 264003, China

¹⁰ North China Sea Ecological Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266033, China

¹¹ Key Laboratory of Ecological Prewarning and Protection of Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266033, China

¹² College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

¹³ Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China

Received	Accepted	Published
2023-05-11	2023-07-24
Issue Date
2025-11-22