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Two new species of free-living nematodes from the East China Sea
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Yan SUN1, Mian HUANG1, Yong HUANG1, *
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10) : 148 - 151
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10): 148-151
• Articles •
Two new species of free-living nematodes from the East China Sea
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Yan SUN1, Mian HUANG1, Yong HUANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
Published: 2018-10-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1317-y
Outline
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Two new species of free-living marine nematodes of the genera Hopperia and Nemanema are described from the sublittoral sediment of the East China Sea. Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. is characterized by having large amphidial fovea with five turns; arcuate spicules with enlarged proximal end and central internal lamella extending one third of spicule length from proximal end; gubernaculum with bent apophyses, six papilliform precloacal supplements; and conico-cylindrical tail with swollen tip and terminal setae. Nemanema minutum sp. nov. is characterized by relatively smaller body size in the genus; large oval amphidial fovea; conical tail; slender spicules with alae and hooked proximal end; ring-like gubernaculum; and papilliform precloacal supplements with three short setae. An updated dichotomous key is provided for the 17 species of Hopperia.

Hopperia macramphida sp. nov.  /  Nemanema minium sp. nov.  /  marine nematode  /  taxonomy
Yan SUN, Mian HUANG, Yong HUANG. Two new species of free-living nematodes from the East China Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2018 , 37 (10) : 148 -151 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-018-1317-y
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1 Introduction
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The genus Hopperia was set up by Vitiello (1969) based on the type species of Hopperia massiliensis Vitiello, 1969. To date, the genus contains 16 species recorded worldwide (Leduc, 2012; Guo et al., 2015; Campinas Bezerra et al., 2017). Hopperia species have characters of cuticle with lateral differentiation of irregularly arranged larger dots but not longitudinal rows; posterior portion of buccal cavity cylindrical, with three thorn-like teeth at border to anterior portion; spicules short; gubernaculum with caudal or dorso-caudal apophyses (Jensen, 1979; Platt and Warwick, 1988).
The genus Nemanema was described by Cobb (1920) with the type species of Nemanema simplex Cobb, 1920. Currently, 11 species have been recoeded from all around the world. The characteristic feature of Nemanema is the strongly attenuated anterior end; no buccal cavity; oval-shaped amphidial fovea; six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae; prominent oval cells scattered throughout the body cavity; tail conical to rounded. It is similar to genus Oxystomina excepting the rounded tail (Platt and Warwick, 1983).
In order to study the biodiversity of free-living nematodes in the East China Sea, sediment samples were collected in many sites from the intertidal to the sublittoral region in the past few years. More than 300 species have been found from these habitats (Jiang et al., 2016). Of these, two species are new to science and are described as Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. and Nemanema minutum sp. nov., respectively.
2 Materials and methods
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In October 2012, undisturbed sediment samples were obtained using a 0.1 m2 improved Gray-O’Hara box from a grid of 33 sampling stations between 25°21′N to 30°00′N, 120°50′E to 126°00′E in the East China Sea during the Open Research Cruise of National Natural Science Foundation of China by the R/V Dongfanghong 3. Sampling, sorting and slide mounting followed those described in Jiang and Huang (2015). Description and measurements were made from glycerin mounts using a differential interference contrast microscope (Olympus BX53). Line drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. All measurements are given using Olympus software of cellSens Standard 1.12, and all curved structures were measured along the arc. Type specimens have been deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
3 Description of Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. (Figs 1 and 2)
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Order Chromadorida Filipjev, 1929
Family Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918
Genus Hopperia Vitiello, 1969
3.1 Type material
Only one male was obtained and measured. Holotype male on slide DH 5-1-3-7.
3.2 Type locality and habitat
Sublittoral in the East China Sea. Station DH 5-1: 28°27′N, 122°10.4′E, water depth 43 m, muddy with a little sand sediment fraction.
3.3 Etymology
The species name is derived from the Greek macro, in reference to the large amphidial fovea.
3.4 Measurements
Holotype ♂: $\frac{{ - \;170\;\;{{M}}\;\;{\rm{1\;099}}}}{{ 15\;\;38\;\;39\;\;33}}$ 1 220 μm; a=32.1, b=7.2, c=10, Spic=47.5,
where a is the ration of body length to maximum body diameter; b is the ration of body length to pharynx length; c is the ration of body length to tail length; M is the maximum body diameter; and Spic is the spicule length along arc.
3.5 Description
Body length 1 220 μm, maximum diameter 38 μm. Body cylindrical, tapering slightly towards anterior extremity. Cuticle punctated from level of amphidial fovea to near tail tip, with lateral differentiation consisting of irregularly-spaced larger dots. Head set-off by depression at level of cephalic setae. Inner labial sensilla not visible, six outer labial papillae and four cephalic setae in two distinct circles. Cephalic setae 4 μm long. Amphidial fovea spiral, five turns, 22 μm in diameter or 96% of c.b.d. wide, located immediately posterior to cephalic setae, 6 μm from anterior edge to the head end. Anterior portion of buccal cavity cup-shaped. Posterior portion of buccal cavity cylindrical, cuticularised, 5 μm wide, 30 μm deep, with three strongly cuticularised teeth at border to anterior portion. Pharynx 170 μm long, cylindrical with a terminal bulb. Cardia short. Nerve ring not observed. Ventral gland large, situated posterior to cardia. Excretory pore located at the ventral side, 110 μm from anterior end.
Reproductive system diorchic, opposed, outstretched. Anterior testis to left of intestine and posterior testis to right of intestine. Spicules paired, equal, arcuate, 1.4 a.b.d. long, with swollen proximal end and central internal cuticularised lamella extending one third of spicule length from proximal end. Gubernaculum with bent dorso-caudal apophyses, 14.5 μm long. Six papilliform precloacal supplements, from 32 μm to 130 μm in front of cloaca, and the distance between them more and more close. Tail 122 μm long, conico-cylindrical with clavate end, bearing several short caudal setae and three terminal setae. Three caudal glands obvious.
3.6 Diagnosis and discussion
Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. is characterized by large amphidial fovea with five turns; arcuate spicules with enlarged proximal end and central internal lamella; gubernaculum with bent apophyses, six papilliform precloacal supplements; conico-cylindrical tail with swollen tip and three terminal setae. Most Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. closely resembles H. patagonica Pastor de Ward, 2004 in the body size, values of a, b and c, size and shape of the spicules. However, it can be distinguished from the latter by having a much large amphidial fovea (five vs. three turns); six papilliform precloacal supplements vs. 12 tiny tubular precloacal supplements; and a much longer spicules (1.4 vs. 0.5 a.b.d.). Hopperia macramphida sp. nov. diffes from other congeneric species mainly in its very large amphidial fovea and the shape of spicule and precloacal supplement.
Updated dichotomous key to 17 species of Hopperia including the new species (Amended from Leduc (2012) and Guo et al. (2015)):
1. Cuticle with irregularly distributed dots in the lateral fields .....2
– Cuticle with four longitudinal rows of coarse dots in lateral fields……………………………H. communis Gagarin and Thanh, 2006
2. Buccal cavity with three teeth ………….....……………………………3
– Buccal cavity with six teeth ……………………........………………… ……………………………H. hexadentata Hope and Zhang, 1995
3. Spicules not jointed .................................................................. 4
– Spicules jointed, more than 13 small precloacal supplements ......................................H. metatypica (Chitwood, 1936)
4. Spicules without distal hook ....................................................... 5
– Spicules with distal hook, tail without terminal setae........ ....................................................................H. ancora Leduc, 2012
5. Spicules without sharp proximal bend ……...............…...….........6
– Spicules with sharp proximal bend......................................... ...............................................H. mira Gagarin and Thanh, 2006
6. Tail conical, shorter than 3 a.b.d....................................................7
– Tail conico-cylindrical, longer than 3 a.b.d................................8
7. Reflexed ovaries, 8 precloacal supplements .......................... .............................................H. dorylaimopsoides (Allgen, 1959)
– Outstretched ovaries, 6–8 precloacal supplements..................... ..............................................H. beaglense Muthumbi et al., 1997
8. Tail with pointed tip..................................................................... 9
– Tail tip not pointed......................................................................10
9. Eight precloacal supplements, c′=4.7................................... ....................................................………H. australis Jensen, 1992
– 13–14 precloacal supplements, c′=5.2–5.7........................... ......................................................... H. sinensis Guo et al., 2015
10. Tail longer than 5 a.b.d. ...........................................................11
– Tail shorter than 5 a.b.d. ...........................................................13
11. Tail cylindrical portion﹤50% of tail length, with terminal setae……………………………...…….……...H. massiliensis Vitiello, 1969
– Tail cylindrical portion >50% of tail length, without terminal setae. ………........................................................................……………...12
12. Amphidial diameter 51.5% of c.b.d., 20–21 precloacal supplements……………………………...……..H. indiana Muthumbi et al., 1997
– Amphidial diameter 75%–85% of c.b.d., 14–16 precloacal supplements........................................H. dolichura Gagarin and Thanh, 2006
13. Spicules > 2 a.b.d., precloacal supplements indistinct......... .......................................................H. muscatensis Warwick, 1973
– Spicules < 2 a.b.d., precloacal supplements prominent.........14
14. 12 tubular precloacal supplements; spicules 0.5 a.b.d..... .....................................H. patagonica Pastor de Ward, 2004
– Six papilliform precloacal supplements.....................................15
15. Amphidial fovea with 5 turns, occupying 96% c.b.d. ............ ...........................................................H. macramphida sp. nov.
– Amphidial fovea with 3 turns, occupying about 50% c.b.d....... .................................................................................................16
16. Tail 3.5 a.b.d., spicules 1.4 a.b.d................................................ ...........................................H. americana Pastor de Ward, 1984
– Tail 4.4 a.b.d., spicules 1.8 a.b.d....H. arntzi Chen and Vincx, 1998
4 Description of Nemanema minutum sp. nov. (Figs 3 and 4)
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Order Enoplida Filipjev, 1929
Family Oxystominidae Chitwood, 1935
Genus Nemanema Cobb, 1920
4.1 Type material
Only one male was discovered and measured. Holotype male on slide number 5-2-4-3
4.2 Type locality and habitat
Sublittoral in the East China Sea. Station DH 5-2: 28°17.5′N, 122°25.3′E, water depth 67 m, muddy with a little sand sediment fraction.
4.3 Etymology
This species is named for its smaller body relative to similar congeners.
4.4 Measurements
Holotype ♂: $\frac{{ - \;436\;\;{{M}}\;\;{\rm{1\;853}}}}{{ 7\;\;48\;\;\;50\;\;\;31}}$ 1 939 μm; a=38.8, b=4.5, c=22.5, Spic=41.
4.5 Description
Body length 1 939 μm. Maximum diameter 50 μm (a=38.8). Cuticle smooth. Prominent oval cells scattered throughout the body cavity. Six outer labial setae 1.5 μm, four cephalic setae slightly shorter, 1.4 h.d. from anterior end. No buccal cavity. Amphidial fovae oval-shaped, 8 μm long and 5.5 μm wide, 3.4 times h.d. from anterior end. Pharynx slender, expanded at base, but not forming posterior bulb, 0.23 times body length. Cardia large, rectangle-shaped. Excretory pore surrounded by thickened cuticular ring, 0.38 times pharyngeal length from anterior end. Ventral gland elongate, extending to near base of pharynx. Tail conical, 2.8 a.b.d. long.
Reproductive system diorchic, opposed, outstretched. Spicules 1.3 a.b.d. long, slender with hooked proximal end and tapered distal end, alae present. Gubernaculum with a ring-like appearance in lateral view. Precloacal supplements papilliform with three short setae (2–3 μm), located at the level of anterior end of spicule, 22 μm from cloaca.
4.6 Diagnosis and discussion
Nemanema minutum sp. nov. is characterized by relatively smaller body size in the genus; larger oval amphidial fovea; conical tail; slender spicules with alae and hooked proximal end; ring-like gubernaculum; and papilliform precloacal supplements with three short setae. It is most similar to Nemanema cylindraticaudatum (de Man, 1922) in most respects but differs it by smaller body size (1.9 mm vs. 2.5–2.9 mm); larger amphidial fovea (0.5 vs. 0.3 times c.b.d.), more posterior in position (3.4 vs. 2–2.8 times h.d. from anterior); tail conical with tapered tip vs. cylindrical with rounded tip; spicules slender with hooked proximal end vs. broad with rounded proximal end; precloacal supplements present vs. absent. Nemanema minutum sp. nov. can be distinguished from most other congeners by its conical tail, slender spicules and papilliform precloacal supplements.
Acknowledgements
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The authors are very thankful to all crew members of R/V Kexue Sanhao for their kind help in samples collection. The authors are sincerely grateful to Gao Qun for her slide making.
Funding
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  • The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41676146; the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under contract No. ZR2014BM008.
References
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Campinas Bezerra T N, Vanreusel A, Decraemer W, et al. 2017. NeMys: world database of free-living marine nematodes. http://nemys.ugent.be [2017–07–01]
Cobb N A. 1920. One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to a Science of Nematology, 9: 217–343
de Man J G. 1922. Neue freilebende Nematoden aus der Zuidersee. Tijdschr ned dierk Vereen, 2(18): 124–134
Guo Yuqing, Chang Yu, Chen Yuzhen, et al. 2015. Description of a Marine Nematode Hopperia sinensis sp. nov. (Comesomatidae) from Mangrove Forests of Quanzhou, China, with a Pictorial Key to Hopperia Species. Journal of Ocean University of China, 14(6): 1111–1115
Jensen P. 1979. Revision of Comesomatidae (Nematoda). Zoologica Scripta, 8: 81–105
Jiang Weijun, Gao Qun, Wang Haixia, et al. 2016. Study on ecology of the meiofauna in the East China Sea. Journal of Liaocheng University (Nat Sci) (in Chinese), 29(2): 65–74
Jiang Weijun, Huang yong. 2015. Paragnomoxyala gen. nov. (Xyalidae, Monhysterida, Nematoda) from the East China Sea. Zootaxa, 4039(3): 467–474
Leduc D. 2012. Deep-sea nematodes (Comesomatidae) from the Southwest Pacific Ocean: five new species and three new species records. European Journal of Taxonomy, 24: 1–42
Platt H M, Warwick R M. 1983. Free-living marine nematodes: Part I. British Enoplids (Synopses of the British Fauna No. 28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 307
Platt H M, Warwick R M. 1988. Free living marine nematodes: Part II. British Chromadoridas. In: Brill E J, Backhuys Dr W, eds. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series), 38. Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association. Avon, Great Britain: Bath Press, 502
Vitiello P. 1969. Hopperia, nouveau genre de Nématode libre marin (Comesomatidae). Téthys, 1(2): 485-491
Appendix
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Year 2018 volume 37 Issue 10
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Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1317-y
  • Receive Date：2017-07-05
  • Online Date：2026-04-14
  • Published：2018-10-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2017-07-05
  • Accepted：2017-12-22
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41676146; the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under contract No. ZR2014BM008.
Affiliations
    1 College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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