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Two new species of free-living nematodes of genus Tripyloides (Nematoda: Enoplida: Tripyloididae) from mangrove wetlands in the Xiamen Bay, China
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Sujing FU1, 2, Jiali ZENG1, 2, Xiping ZHOU3, Wenjuan TAN1, 2, Lizhe CAI1, 2, *
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10) : 168 - 174
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10): 168-174
• Articles •
Two new species of free-living nematodes of genus Tripyloides (Nematoda: Enoplida: Tripyloididae) from mangrove wetlands in the Xiamen Bay, China
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Sujing FU1, 2, Jiali ZENG1, 2, Xiping ZHOU3, Wenjuan TAN1, 2, Lizhe CAI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 2 College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 3 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Tan KahKee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China
Published: 2018-10-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1321-2
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Two new species of free living nematodes Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp. and Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. of genus Tripyloides de Man, 1886 are described from mangroves of the Tong’an Bay and Haimen Island in the Xiamen Bay, China. The two species are both characterized by six stout outer labial setae, male without preanal papillae, tail conico-cylindrical without swollen terminally. Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp. can be additionally by its buccal cavity consisting of two parts, amphid circular, distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical portions, 2/3 of the tail cylindrical. Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. is distinguished by buccal cavity consisting of three parts with small tooth, amphid small, rounded, like a comma-shaped loop, 1/3 of the tail cylindrical, gubernaculum with four denticles.

Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp.  /  Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp.  /  mangrove  /  free living marine nematodes  /  China
Sujing FU, Jiali ZENG, Xiping ZHOU, Wenjuan TAN, Lizhe CAI. Two new species of free-living nematodes of genus Tripyloides (Nematoda: Enoplida: Tripyloididae) from mangrove wetlands in the Xiamen Bay, China[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2018 , 37 (10) : 168 -174 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-018-1321-2
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1 Introduction
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About 7 000 species of free-living nematodes have been described so far (Appeltans et al., 2012), but only 300 species have been described in detail in China, among them 90 species are newly found (Shi, 2016). Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, an important ecological asset, and economic resource of the coastal environment (Kathiresan et al., 1996). Investigations on free-living marine nematodes were done in mangrove wetlands of the Tong’an Bay in 2014 and Haimen Island in 2016. Two new species of the genus Tripyloides de Man, 1886 are found and described here.
The genus Tripyloides was established by de Man in 1886. Only 15 species of the genus Tripyloides have been described but 14 species of them can be regarded as valid (http://nemys.ugent.be). Tchesunov et al. (2010) provided annotated list of 11 valid species. The genus is characterized by buccal cavity which divided into several stoma, outer labial setae may be jointed, amphid situated posterior to the buccal cavity, spicule wide, gubernaculum with small teeth, tail conico-cylindrical, male reproductive system single testis, female didelphic with reflexed ovaries. So far, only ten nematode species have been published in Xiamen (Zou, 2000, 2001; Huang and Liu, 2002; Chen and Guo, 2015; Guo et al., 2015; Li and Guo, 2016), and the species of genus Tripyloides have never been described in China.
2 Materials and methods
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Sediment samples were collected from mangroves of the Tong’an Bay and Haimen Island in the Xiamen Bay. Meiofauna samples were obtained using a modified syringe with 2.9 cm inner diameter, then the samples were fixed with 5% formalin seawater solution for permanent preservation. In the laboratory, samples were sieved using two mesh size (0.5 mm and 0.042 mm), sediment retained on 0.042 mm mesh size was extracted using the floatation technique in Ludox TM-50 solution (Heip et al., 1985). Samples were washed into petri dishes, nematodes were picked out and transferred into 9:1 (v:v) solution of 50% ethanol/glycerol under the stereoscopic microscope. Then they were placed in anhydrous glycerol, mounted on permanent slides after ethanol evaporated (Zhang and Platt, 1983). Photographs were taken using a differential interference contrast microscope (Nikon 50i). Drawings were made using a high magnification microscope (Olympus CX41) which with a camera lucida. Holotype and paratype specimens are deposited in College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, China.
Abbreviations are as follows: a=body length/maximum body diameter, b=body length/oesophagus length, c=body length/tail length, abd=anal body diameter, c′=tail length/abd, cbd=corresponding body diameter, V%=distance from vulva opening to the anterior end as a percentage of body length, cbd=corresponding body diameter, Outer labial setae%=outer labial setae length as percentage of corresponding body diameter, and Amphid%=amphid diameter as percentage of corresponding body diameter.
3 Results
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Description
Order Enoplida Lorenzen, 1981
Suborder Tripyloidina Lorenzen, 1981
Family Tripyloididae Filipjev, 1918
Genus Tripyloides de Man, 1886
Diagnosis
(Modified from Tchesunov et al. (2010)) Thick outer labial setae, buccal cavity consists of 2–4 separate chambers. Stoma configuration varies because of the angle of the specimen under microscope, and the degree of stoma compression make the stoma more difficult for discrimination of Tripyloides species. The characters of anterior setae, body width and the position of the amphideal fovea are the most valuable diagnostic features in Tripyloides. Other characters such as tail shape and the arrangement of preanal and postanal supplementary papillae are also suitable for species discrimination.
Type species
Tripyloides caudaensis Tchesunov, Mokievsky and Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2010
Other species
Tripyloides acherusius Gerlach, 1952
Tripyloides amazonicus (Gerlach, 1957) Riemann, 1970
Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp.
Tripyloides brevis Gerlach, 1958
Tripyloides gracilis (Ditlevsen, 1918) Filipjev, 1927
Tripyloides granulatus (Cobb, 1913) Wieser, 1956
Tripyloides imitans Wieser, 1959
Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp.
Tripyloides marinus (Bütschli, 1874) de Man, 1886
Tripyloides omblaica Micoletzky, 1924
Tripyloides pallidus Tchesunov, 1981
Tripyloides septentrionalis Schuurmans Stekhoven and De Coninck, 1933
Tripyloides soyeri de Bovée, 1977
Tripyloides taafi de Bovée, Coineau, Soyer and Travé, 1973
Tripyloides undulatus Gerlach, 1962
Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp.
(Figs 1, 2 and Table 1)
Type material
Two males and four females were measured and studied. Male holotype, slides XTW201402B208. Paratypes, male slides, HMD201609BSA106, females, slides XTW201402B103, XTW201402B204, XTW201402B204 and XTW201402G201.
Etymology
The species name is derived from mangrove wetlands where meiofauna samples were collected.
Measurements
Morphometric characteristic of the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 1.
Description
Male. Body 1 219–1 725 μm long. Body cylindrical, cuticle smooth. Mouth opening wide. Inner labial sensilla as minute papillae, six stout outer labial setae about 7 μm long, counting 31% of corresponding body diameter. Four cephalic setae, 5–7 μm long, slightly shorter and thinner than the outer labial setae. Amphid small, circular, situates at level of posterior pockets of buccal cavity. Buccal cavity with strongly cuticularised walls, divided by distinct transversal cuticular ring into two chambers, anterior chamber irregularly cup-shaped and armed with a triangular, solid, dorsal tooth. Posterior chamber includes an irregularly cylindroid-conical part and two lateral hemispherical pouches. Pharynx posteriorly enlarged, not forming a true bulb. Cardia small. Nerve ring near middle of pharynx. Secretory-excretory pore situated posteriorly to nerve ring. Intestine with numerous sausage-like granules.
Anterior testis single, outstretched, situates ventrally of intestine. Spicules short and strong, slightly curved, distally pointed, proximally with a ring-shaped structure, strengthened by longitudinal cuticularisations. Gubernaculum parallel to the spicule, slightly sclerotized, with solid semi-rectangular structure distally. Tail conical proximally, 2/3 of the tail cylindrical, slender cylindrical distally without swollen terminally, three preanal setae. Three caudal glands.
Female. Body 1 095–1 763 μm in length, outer labial 7–9 μm long, four cephalic setae 4–6 μm long. Amphid diameter 7–8 μm, about 17%–19% of corresponding body diameter. Reproductive system didelphic with reflexed ovaries, 17 mature eggs were observed in uteri of a paratype female.
Diagnosis and relationships
Body length 1 095–1 763 μm, a 17–23. Outer labial and cephalic setae smooth, amphid small, circular, situated at level of posterior lateral pouches of buccal cavity. Tail 1/3 proximal conical and 2/3 distal cylindrical portions, three preanal setae present, slender cylindrical distally without swollen terminally.
Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp. is close to a group of species of T. caudaensis Tchesunov, Mokievsky and Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2010, T. gracilis (Ditlevsen, 1918) Filipjev, 1927, T. marinus (Bütschli, 1874) de Man, 1886 and T. pallidus Tchesunov, 1981 with similar morphometric characteristics, and most resembles T. caudaensis which was also collected from mangrove habitat in terms of buccal cavity and tail with distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical portion. Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp. can be distinguished from T. caudaensis by circular amphid (comma-shaped loop in T. caudaensis) and presence of ring-shaped structure in spicules. Tripyloides mangrovensis n. sp. can be distinguished from other three species T. gracilis, T. marinus and T. pallidus by tail with distinctly set-off cylindrical portion.
Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp.
(Figs 3, 4 and Table 2)
Type material
One male and six females were measured and studied. Male holotype, slide XTW201402B211. Female paratypes, slides XTW201402B103, XTW201402G201, XTW201402G202, XTW201402G202, XTW201402G202 and XTW201402G204.
Etymology
The species name is derived from Amoy which city T. amoyanus n. sp. has been collected.
Measurements
Morphometric characteristic of the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 2.
Description
Male. Body length 1 578 μm, cylindrical, stout, cuticle smooth. Mouth opening narrow, 30 μm long. Buccal cavity with distinctly sclerotised walls, cylindroid-conoid with small denticle and could be divided into three parts. Inner labial sensilla as minute papillae. Six outer labial setae 9 μm long, about 42% of corresponding body diameter. Four cephalic sensilla 6 μm long. Outer labial setae stout, composes of two-joints and longer than cephalic setae, arranged in one circle with the cephalic setae. Amphid small and rounded, as a comma-shaped loop, situates behind the buccal cavity with diameter 7 μm long, counting about 19% of corresponding body diameter. Pharynx gradually swelling, not forming a distinct bulb. Cardia small. Nerve ring not distinct. Intestine wall consisting of cells containing colourless granules.
Anterior testis single, outstretched, situates ventrally of intestine. Spicules short, 39 μm long, slightly curved, with some longitudinal ribs, distally acute and proximally non-knobbed. Gubernaculum not sclerotized, with four denticles pointing to the ventral side. 2/3 of the tail conical proximally and 1/3 of the tail slender cylindrical distally without swollen terminally. The length of tail is 3.5 times of anal corresponding body diameter.
Female. Body 1 410–1 813 μm in length, outer labial setae 6–9 μm long, four cephalic setae 4–7 μm long. Amphid diameter 7–9 μm, about 15%–21% of corresponding body diameter. Reproductive system didelphic with reflexed ovaries.
Diagnosis and relationships
Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. is characterized by body cylindrical, stout, body length 1 410–1 813 μm, a 19–24, outer labial setae stout, two-jointed, amphid rather small, comma-shaped loop, male without preanal papillae, gubernaculum with four denticles in the ventral side, and tail conico-cylindrical without swollen terminally.
Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. differs from most other species of the genus, except T. gracilis (Ditlevsen, 1918) Filipjev, 1927, T. marinus (Bütschli, 1874) de Man, 1886 and T. pallidus Tchesunov, 1981 in the presence of conico-cylindrical tail, not with distinctly set-off cylindrical portion. Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. can be distinguished from T. marinus by three-chambered buccal cavity (four-chambered in T. marinus) and gubernaculum with four denticles. Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. differs from T. pallidus by oviparity vs. viviparity. Tripyloides amoyanus n. sp. can be distinguished from T. gracilis by comma-shaped loop amphid (spiral amphid in T. gracilis) and gubernaculum with four denticles.
Emended identification key to valid species of the genus Tripyloides de Man, 1886 (emended after Tchesunov et al. 2010)
1. Tail not consisting of distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical portions...................................................2
– Tail consisting of distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical portions................................................................5
2. Large multi-spiral amphideal fovea........................................... ....................................................T. acherusius Gerlach, 1952
– Non-spiral amphideal fovea...........................................3
3. Supplement present....................................................4
– Supplement absent..................................T. brevis Gerlach, 1958
4. Prominent pre- and postanal mid-ventral supplementary papillae.....................................T. undulates Gerlach, 1962
– Only pre-ventral supplementary papillae................................ ...............................................................T. imitans Wieser, 1959
5. Relatively long and stout three-jointed outer labial setae..... ......................................................T. soyeri de Bovée, 1977
– Short, not three-jointed outer labial setae....................................6
6. Preanal midventral papillae minute..........................................................................T. amazonicus (Gerlach, 1957) Riemann, 1970
– Preanal midventral papillae absent.............................................7
7. Short outer labial (3–5 μm), tail with longer cylindrical portion (c= 5.6)...........................T. granulatus (Cobb, 1913) Wieser, 1956
– Longer outer labial setae, tail with shorter cylindrical portion (c>5.6).........................................................................................8
8. Distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical por tions...................................................................................9
– Not distinct proximal conical and distal slender cylindrical por tions................................................................................10
9. Single loop amphideal fovea, a ring-shaped structure in spic ules....................................................T. mangrovensis n. sp.
– Comma-shaped loop amphideal fovea, no ring-shaped struc ture in spicules.......................................................................T. caudaensis Tchesunov, Mokievsky and Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2010
10. Four-chambered buccal cavity............................................. ................................T. marinus (Bütschli, 1874) de Man, 1886
– Two or three chambered buccal cavity...............................11
11. Viviparity........................................T. pallidus Tchesunov, 1981
– Oviparity..............................................................................12
12. Gubernaculum with four denticles, tail tip without swollen terminally...............................................T. amoyanus n. sp.
– Gubernaculum without denticles and tail tip is swollen termi nally..........................T. gracilis (Ditlevsen, 1918) Filipjev, 1927
Acknowledgements
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The authors thank Dahms Hans-U. from Kaohsiung Medical University and He Enming from Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany for providing valuable comments on the manuscript, and thank Rao Yiyong, Chen Xinwei, Yan Lulu, Li Xiang, Li Wenjun and Li Guoqiang for great assistance in the sampling.
Funding
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  • The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2016YFC0502904; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41376113; the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No. 201505004.
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Chen Yuzhen, Guo Yuqing. 2015. Two new species of Lauratonema (nematoda: Lauratonematidae) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea. Journal of Natural History, 49(29–30): 1–12
de Man J G. 1886. Anatomische Untersuchungen über freilebende Nordsee-nematoden. Leipzig (Verlag von Paul Frohberg), 1886: 1–82
Guo Yuqing, Chang Yu, Chen Yuzhen, et al. 2015. Description of a marine nematode Hopperia sinensis sp. nov. (Comesomatidae) from mangrove forests of Quanzhou, China, with a pictorial key to Hopperia species. Journal of Ocean University of China, 14(6): 1111–1115
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Huang Hongliang, Liu Shengfa. 2002. One new species of free-living marine nematodes from southeastern beach of Xiamen Island. Journal Oceanography in Taiwan Strait (in Chinese), 21(2): 177–180
Kathiresan K, Rajendran N, Thangadurai G. 1996. Growth of mangrove seedlings in the intertidal area of Vellar estuary, southeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 25: 240–243
Li Yongxiang, Guo Yuqing. 2016. Two new free-living marine nematode species of the genus Anoplostoma (Anoplostomatidae) from the mangrove habitats of Xiamen Bay, East China Sea. Journal of Ocean University of China, 15(1): 11–18
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Tchesunov A V, Mokievsky V O, Thanh N V. 2010. Three new free-living nematode species (Nematoda, Enoplida) from mangrove habitats of Nha Trang, Central Vietnam. Russian Journal of Nematology, 18(2): 155–173
Zhang Zhinan, Platt H M. 1983. New species of marine nematodes from Qingdao, China. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 45(5): 253–261
Zou Chaozhong. 2000. Research on free-living marine nematodes near the Xiamen Island—description of two species of the family Axonolaimidae (Filipjev, 1918). Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science in Chinese), 6: 862–868
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Year 2018 volume 37 Issue 10
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Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1321-2
  • Receive Date：2018-01-19
  • Online Date：2026-04-14
  • Published：2018-10-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2018-01-19
  • Accepted：2018-05-10
Funding
The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2016YFC0502904; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41376113; the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean under contract No. 201505004.
Affiliations
    1 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
    2 College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
    3 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Tan KahKee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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