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The first record of Ophioleila elegans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from a deep-sea seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
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Dongsheng ZHANG1, Bo LU1, Chunsheng WANG1, 2, *, Timothy D O'HARA3
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10) : 180 - 184
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10): 180-184
• Articles •
The first record of Ophioleila elegans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from a deep-sea seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
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Dongsheng ZHANG1, Bo LU1, Chunsheng WANG1, 2, *, Timothy D O'HARA3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3 Marine Invertebrates, Science, Museum Victoria, Melbourne 3000, Australia
Published: 2018-10-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1323-0
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The rare ophiuroid species, Ophioleila elegans, was collected by the submersible Jiaolong from 1 660 m depth on the Caiwei Guyot located in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. This is the first published record of this species since the types were described from similar habitat off Hawaii. We provide more detailed morphologic characteristics of arm skeleton and a phylogenetic analysis based on CO1 sequences. Both morphology and phylogeny results suggest that the genus Ophioleila is more closely related to Ophiactids than Hemieuryalids.

Ophioleila elegans  /  systematics  /  deep-sea seamount  /  the Northwest Pacific Ocean
Dongsheng ZHANG, Bo LU, Chunsheng WANG, Timothy D O'HARA. The first record of Ophioleila elegans (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from a deep-sea seamount in the Northwest Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2018 , 37 (10) : 180 -184 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-018-1323-0
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1 Introduction
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Ophioleila with only one species, Ophioleila elegans A. H. Clark, 1949, is a rare ophiuroid genus previously reported from deep sea floor (748–1 342 m) habitat in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Clark, 1949). In this study, we redescribe this species based on two specimens collected from a deep-sea guyot in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Ophioleila was placed in the family Hemieuryalidae by Fell (1960). However, Martynov (2010) and O’Hara et al. (2017) have found the traditional Hemieuryalidae grouping to be a polyphyletic assemblage, and O’Hara et al. (2017) found that the type genus Hemieuryale to be related to the genus Ophioplocus. O’Hara et al. (2017) also managed to sequence exonic and mitochondrial DNA from one of these new Ophioleila specimens, which indicated a phylogenetic relationship with the genera Ophiothamnus and Histampica. They provisionally placed these three genera in a new family-level lineage, the “Ophiothamnidae” (yet to be officially described), sister to a clade containing the Ophiactidae sensu stricto, Ophiopholis and Ophiotrichidae.
We provide more detailed information about the morphology of Ophioleila in this study, and in particular the arm skeleton which supports the ophiactid affinities of Ophioleila.
2 Materials and methods
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During the China Ocean Mineral Resources R & D Association (COMRA)’s cruise DY35 in 2014, two specimens in this study were collected by the manned submersible vehicle Jiaolong on a glass sponge (Fig. 1) from the Caiwei Guyot located in the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The two specimens were fixed in 80% ethanol on board and deposited in the sample repository of the Second Institute of Oceanography (RSIO35101), Hangzhou, China.
Photographs were taken on board with a Nikon DSLR and in the laboratory using a dissection-microscope (Leica M205C) equipped with a camera (DFC450). Arm skeletal elements for scanning electron microscope (SEM) were processed as Gondim et al. (2015), which were submerged in commercial bleach (2.5% NaOCl), until all soft issue dissolved, then washed in tap water, air-dired and mounted on aluminum stubs, metalized with gold and imaged using a Hitachi TM1000 scanning electron microscope.
DNA extraction was done with DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) following the protocol supplied by the manufacturer. COI sequence was amplified using primers Oph-COI-F and Oph-COI-R (O’Hara et al., 2014a). PCR mixtures contained ddH2O, 0.8 μmol/L of each primer, 0.5 U of Taq polymerase (TAKARA, China), 2.5 μL of buffer solution (supplied by the polymerase manufacturer), 0.5 μL of 2.5 mmol/L dNTPs solution and 2 μL template DNA in a mixture of total 25 μL. The temperature profile was as follows: 95°C for 5 min, (94°C for 15 s, 50°C for 60 s, 68°C for 60 s) with 35 cycles, and then 68°C for 10 min. PCR products were purified with QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, CA, USA) following the protocol supplied by the manufacturer. Sequencing was performed by Sangon Biotech (Shanhai, China) on an ABI 3730XL DNA analyser (Applied Biosystems). The new sequence is deposited in NCBI GenBank (MH492319). Alignments were performed using Genious 9.0 with default settings. A maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was conducted by RAxML GUI 1.5 beta (Stamatakis, 2014) with 1 000 replicates.
3 Results
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Systematics
Genus Ophioleila A. H. Clark, 1949
Ophioleila elegans A. H. Clark, 1949
Ophioleila elegans A. H. Clark, 1949: Figs 2a–f and 3a–j
Material examined
The Caiwei Guyot of the Magellan Seamount Chain in the Northwest Pacific Ocean; 15°40.98′N, 154°55.80′E; 1 660 m; 2 specimens (RSIO35101); July 25, 2014.
Description
The disc is 9 mm in diameter. Ten enlarged swollen lobes, sack shape, longer than wide, curving around the edge of the disc and expanded more than 2 mm on the aboral side, covering most part of the disc. These lobes, covered by imbricated scales, bearing cylindrical or conical granules with a terminal crown of thorns, which are 0.2 mm high, slightly separated radially, contiguous interradially at the proximal end but separated distally by the arm bases (Fig. 2a).
Primary plates, round or irregular polygons, about 0.5 mm in diameter, covering the center of the disc, with one thorny granule similar to those on the swollen lobes on each plate (Fig. 2a).
Oral shields small and triangular, about 0.4 mm wide, with an acute proximal angle, slightly sunken compared with the adoral shields. Madreporic oral shield larger than the others and convex along the distal side (Figs 2b and c). Adoral shields, enlarged trapezoid shape, longer than wide, contiguous in the proximally, separating the oral shields from the first lateral arm plates, bearing two cylindrical or subconical oral papillae along the proximal side, the distal one protecting the external oral tentacle pore. Oral plates small and as long as wide, slight convex in the middle, bearing a cluster of 3–5 oral or tooth papillae, similar to the papillae on the adoral shields (Figs 2b and c).
Five arms, more than 5 times of disc diameter. The first dorsal arm plates, wider than long, with a straight distal margin, proximal edge rounded with an obtuse apex in the middle, consecutive plates similar to the first plates, slightly reducing in size distally (Figs 2a, e and 3a). The ventral arm plates wider than long, widely separated by lateral plates, size progressively reducing towards the arm tip. The basal ventral arm plates triangular, with an acute proximal angle and flat distal margin, the second ventral arm plates triangular, similar to the basal plates, but with an obtuse proximal apex and slightly convex distal margin, succeeding plates fan-shaped, rounded distal margin, with a small elevation in the middle of the distal margin (Figs 2b, c, f and 3b).
Lateral arm plates, meeting ventrally and dorsally, with single perforation on the inner side, bearing up to 7 thorny arm spines on the proximal half arm (Figs 2d and 3c). On the first two segments, the uppermost arm spines longest, the lowest spines shortest, most spines slightly longer than one segment except the lowest ones. From the third segment, the lateral spines longest, about one segment in length (Figs 2e and f), the uppermost arm spines become similar to the lowest spines in length. The spine lengths decreasing distally, become shorter than one segment (Fig. 2d). One tentacle scale, enlarged basally, oval or triangular, with an obtuse tip, curving around the tentacle pore from inside, permanently erect, 1/2 as long as the ventral arm plate (Fig. 2f).
The arm spine articulations well developed, with two parallel ridges, of equal length, one or two large openings except the ventral articulation with two smaller openings (Figs 3c, f and g). The vertebrae zygospondylous articulation, as long as wide in the proximal segments and slightly longer than wide from the middle to the distal segments, not keeled, with distinct suture line in dorsal and ventral view (Figs 3d, e, h, i and j).
Remarks
Ophioleila elegans was first described on the basis of two specimens collected from deep sea bottom near the Hawaii. The two specimens examined in this study are similar to the description of the holotype. However, there are some slight differences also, such as the number of arm spines reach up to 7 on the first three segments, and there are more oral papillae on the edge of the oral plate and adoral shields, all of which are considered here as intra-species variations. With only two specimens at our disposal, we did not dissect out the dental, oral or genital plates.
Phylogeny
The maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on COI sequences, though support values are not very high, suggested that Ophioleila elegans falls into a separated lineage from the other hemieuyalids including the type genus Hemieuyale and another genus Sigsbeia (Fig. 4). Instead, O. elegans was closely related to Ophiothamnus, Ophiactis and Ophiopholis, which from Ophiacanthidae and Ophiactidae, respectively.
4 Discussion
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Ophioleila is probably one of the least known genera of Ophiuroidea, with respect to their ecology and morphology, and phylogeny. Ophioleila elegans, the only species of the genus Ophioleila, is so rare that it has not been reported for almost 70 years since its first record around the Hawaiian Islands (Clark, 1949).
The shape of the lateral arm plate and in particular the arm spine articulation surface has emerged as one of the key diagnostic characters for higher-level taxonomy within the Ophiuroidea (O’Hara et al., 2014b; Thuy and Stöhr, 2016). The arm spine articulation shown here, with two parallel ridges surrounding two large pores for nerve and muscle connections, is very similar to that described for the Ophiactidae, and in particular to the related genus Histampica, and not at all similar to Hemieuryale, the type genus of Hemieuryalidae (Martynov, 2010; Gondim et al., 2015; Thuy and Stöhr, 2016). Thus we demonstrate the ophiactid affinities of Ophioleila, and support for molecular data that places this genus in a separate family-level lineage with Histampica and Ophiothamnus. We also note the similarity of the oral frame (tiny oral shield surrounded by enlarged adoral shields) to that found in the genus Ophiothamnus (O’Hara and Stöhr, 2006).
Our observation extends the distributional range of O. elegans across the central Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to the Magellan Seamounts. The new specimens were found on a glass sponge (Fig. 1). The rocky habitat recorded from both our samples and the types indicates that this species might be epizoic at depths of 1 300–1 800 m. Water depth has been considered as one of the most important factors that drives biogeographic patterns of benthic species on seamounts (O’Hara, 2007). With most of the seafloor occurring at abyssal depths across the central Pacific Ocean, the most likely dispersal mechanism of O. elegans is to use the scattered seamounts as “stepping-stones” between the Hawaiian Islands and the Magellan Seamount Chain. This suggests a possibility that O. elegans may also be found on other seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean in future. More sampling is required to determine whether this species is endemic to the north central Pacific Ocean.
Acknowledgements
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The authors are grateful to all the scientists and crew on the R/V Xiangyanghong 9 and the submersible Jiaolong team, for the help in the collection of the deep-sea specimens.
Funding
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  • The National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China under contract No. 2015CB755902; the Foundation of China Ocean Mineral Resources R & D Association under contract Nos DY135-E2-2-03 and DY135-E2-2-06; Grant from the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR under contract No. JG1528; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41406175.
References
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Clark A H. 1949. Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P Bishop Museum, 195: 14–15
Fell H B. 1960. Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea. Zoology Publication from Victoria University of Wellington, 26: 1–44
Gondim A I, Pereira Dias T L, Christoffersen M L, et al. 2015. Redescription of Hemieuryale pustulata von Martens, 1867 (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) based on Brazilian specimens, with notes on systematics and habitat association. Zootaxa, 3925(3): 341–360
Martynov A V. 2010. Reassessment of the classification of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata), based on morphological characters: I. General character evaluation and delineation of the families Ophiomyxidae and Ophiacanthidae. Zootaxa, 2697: 1–154
O’Hara T D. 2007. Seamounts: centres of endemism or species richness for ophiuroids?. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16(6): 720–732
O’Hara T D, England P R, Gunasekera R M, et al. 2014a. Limited phylogeographic structure for five bathyal ophiuroids at continental scales. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 84: 18–28
O’Hara T D, Hugall A F, Thuy B, et al. 2014b. Phylogenomic resolution of the class Ophiuroidea unlocks a global microfossil record. Current Biology, 24(16): 1874–1879
O’Hara T D, Hugall A F, Thuy B, et al. 2017. Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107: 415–430
O’Hara T D, Stöhr S. 2006. Deep water Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) of New Caledonia: Ophiacanthidae and Hemieuryalidae. In: Richer de Forges B, Justine J-L, eds. Tropical Deep Sea Benthos, 24. Paris: Éditions du Muséum, 33–141
Stamatakis A. 2014. RaxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30(9): 1312–1313
Thuy B, Stöhr S. 2016. A new morphological phylogeny of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) accords with molecular evidence and renders microfossils accessible for cladistics. PLoS One, 11(5): e0156140
Appendix
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Year 2018 volume 37 Issue 10
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Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1323-0
  • Receive Date：2017-05-03
  • Online Date：2026-04-14
  • Published：2018-10-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2017-05-03
  • Accepted：2017-11-20
Funding
The National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China under contract No. 2015CB755902; the Foundation of China Ocean Mineral Resources R & D Association under contract Nos DY135-E2-2-03 and DY135-E2-2-06; Grant from the Scientific Research Fund of the Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR under contract No. JG1528; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41406175.
Affiliations
    1 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
    3 Marine Invertebrates, Science, Museum Victoria, Melbourne 3000, Australia

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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