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Taxonomic notes on Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria) from the South China Sea V: Families Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae, and Mitrocomidae (Leptomedusae)
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Chunguang WANG1, Zhenzu XU2, Donghui GUO2, *, Jiaqi HUANG2, Mao LIN1, 3
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10) : 104 - 111
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2018, 37(10): 104-111
• Articles •
Taxonomic notes on Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria) from the South China Sea V: Families Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae, and Mitrocomidae (Leptomedusae)
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Chunguang WANG1, Zhenzu XU2, Donghui GUO2, *, Jiaqi HUANG2, Mao LIN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2 College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Hangzhou 31002, China
Published: 2018-10-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1309-y
Outline
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This study reviews all species belonging to the families Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae, and Mitrocomidae in the South China Sea. Two new species, Eucheilota carinata sp. nov. and Halopsis nanhaiensis sp. nov., are described and illustrated. One genus, Staurostoma, and two species, Staurostoma sp. and Octophialucium aphrodite (Bigelow, 1928), are first recorded in China seas. The key to all medusa genera and species of Lovenellidae and Malagazziidae are presented. Other data are briefly summarized to the list and distribution of species presented on the family Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae and Mitrocomidae in the South China Sea. The type specimens are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China.

Leptomedusae  /  new species  /  new recorded genus and species  /  South China Sea
Chunguang WANG, Zhenzu XU, Donghui GUO, Jiaqi HUANG, Mao LIN. Taxonomic notes on Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria) from the South China Sea V: Families Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae, and Mitrocomidae (Leptomedusae)[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2018 , 37 (10) : 104 -111 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-018-1309-y
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1 Introduction
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This is the fifth paper of the series of taxonomic revision and reviews on Hydroidomedusae from the South China Sea (Lin et al., 2016; Xu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016).
The present publication treats the families Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae, and Mitrocomidae. Based on previous reports (Xu, 1965; Xu and Zhang, 1964, 1978; Xu and Huang, 1983, 1990a, b, 2004; Zhang and Lin, 1984; Huang, 1987; Lin, 1989; Li and Chen, 1991; Lin and Zhang, 1991; Xu et al., 2007, 2014; Lin et al., 2009, 2010; Huang et al., 2010a, b) and recent records of the authors, a total of 36 medusa species including 2 genera of Laodiceidae, 3 genera of Lovenellidae, 3 genera of Malagazziidae and 2 genera of Mitrocomidae were identified in the South China Sea.
This study describes two new species (Eucheilota carinata Xu, Huang and Guo sp. nov. and Halopsis nanhaiensis Xu, Huang and Guo, sp. nov.). One genus, Staurostoma, and two species, Staurostoma sp. and Octophialucium aphrodite, are newly recorded in the South China Sea.
2 Materials and methods
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The samples were collected from the South China Sea (4°00′–18°30′N, 109°00′–119°00′E) during August to September, 2011. All planktonic samples collected using a large-type zooplankton net (80 cm diameter of net mouth, 0.505 mm mesh size) and WP2 zooplankton net (57 cm diameter, 0.202 mm mesh size) by vertical towing from the near bottom (or 200 m in deeper water) to the surface.
Samples were fixed in 5% formaldehyde buffered in seawater, and stored in this solution, and examined by stereoscopic and light microscopy. All drawings were made from preserved specimens using an attached camera lucida. Microphotographs were taken using either an Axiocam MRes (Zeiss) dissecting microscope or a Micaren DC200 camera mounted on a BH-2 Olympus microscope. Type specimens are deposited in the Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration.
3 Taxonomy
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List of species presented on the family of Laodiceidae, Lovenellidae, Malagazziidae and Mitrocomidae in the South China Sea (SCS)
(N: northern SCS, M: middle SCS, S: southern SCS, T: Taiwan Strait)
Class Hydroidomedusa Claus, 1877
Subclass Leptomedusae Haeckel, 1866 (1879)
Order Conica Broch, 1910
Family Laodiceidae L. Agassiz, 1862
Genus Laodicea Lesson, 1843
Laodicea indica Browne, 1905 T N M S
Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir, 1853) T N M S
Genus Staurostoma Haeckel, 1879 new record in China
Staurostoma sp. M S
Family Lovenellidae Russell, 1953
Genus Eucheilota McCrady, 1859
Eucheilota bakeri (Torrey, 1909) T N
Eucheilota bitentaculata Huang, Li and Zhong, 2010 N
Eucheilota carinata Xu, Huang and Guo sp. nov. S
Eucheilota duodecimalis A. Agassiz, 1862 N
Eucheilota hongkongensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014 N
Eucheilota macrogona Zhang and Lin, 1984 N S
Eucheilota menoni Kramp, 1959 T N S
Eucheilota multicirris Xu and Huang, 1990 T N
Eucheilota paradoxica Mayer, 1900 T N S
Eucheilota tropica Kramp, 1959 T N S
Eucheilota ventricularis McCrady, 1859 T N S
Eucheilota xiamenensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014 T
Genus Lovenella Hincks, 1868
Lovenella assimilis (Browne, 1905) T N M S
Lovenella haichangensis Xu and Huang, 1983 T N
Lovenella macrogona Lin, Xu Xianzhong, Wang, Xu Zhen zu and Huang, 2010 T N
Lovenella sinuosa Lin, Xu, Huang and Wang, 2009 T
Genus Paralovenia Bouillon, 1984
Paralovenia bitentaculata Bouillon, 1984 T N M
Paralovenia latigaster Xu and Huang, 2004 T S
Family Malagazziidae Bouillon, 1984
Genus Malagazzia Bouillon, 1984
Malagazzia carolinae (Mayer, 1900) T N M S
Malagazzia condesum (Kramp, 1953) T N S
Malagazzia curviductum (Xu and Zhang, 1978) T N
Malagazzia taeniogonia (Chow and Huang, 1958) T N
Genus Octophialucium Kramp, 1955
Octophialucium aphrodite (Bigelow, 1928) new record in China M S
Octophialucium bigelowi Kramp, 1955 N
Octophialucium funerarium (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827) T
Octophialucium huangweiae Xu, Huang and Guo, 2007 T
Octophialucium indicum Kramp, 1958 T N
Octophialucium medium Kramp, 1955 T N S
Octophialucium sinensis Huang, Xu, Guo and Qiu, 2010 T
Octophialucium solidum (Menon, 1932) T
Genus Tetracanna Goy, 1979
Tetracanna octonema Goy, 1979 T
Family Mitrocomidae Haeckel, 1879
Genus Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863 new record in China
Halopsis nanhaiensis Xu, Huang and Wang, sp. nov. S
Genus Mitrocomella Haeckel, 1879
Mitrocomella grandis Kramp, 1965 T
Family Laodiceidae L. Agassiz, 1862
Laodiceidae Russell, 1953: 229; Bouillon et al., 2006: 342; Xu et al., 2014: 597.
Diagnosis. Medusa with marginal cordyli, with or without cnidocysts; with 4 or 8 simple radial canals; marginal tentacles hollow; gonads on radial canals, on radial canals and lobes of manubrium or into manubrial pouches; with or without marginal cirri; with or without adaxial ocelli; without statocysts.
Remarks. The family Laodiceidae L. Agassiz, 1862 comprises six genera: Guillea Bouillon, Pagès, Gili, Palanques, Puig and Heussner, 2000, Laodicea Lesson, 1843, Melicertissa Haeckel, 1879, Ptychogena A. Agassiz, 1865, Staurophora Brandt, 1834 and Wuvula Bouillon, Seghers and Boero, 1988 (Bouillon et al., 2006). Unfortunately, the generic name of Staurophora Brandt, 1834 was already preoccupied by Staurophora Reichenbach, 1817 (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Schuchert (2016) proposed a replacement name Staurostoma Haeckel, 1879 for Staurophora Brandt, 1834. Thus, the Laodiceidae are represented in Chinese waters by two genera, Laodicea Lesson, 1843 and Staurostoma Haeckel, 1879 (=Staurophora Brandt, 1834). The two genera are at once distinguishable by the form of the mouth which is of the normal leptomedusan type in Laodicea, but which in Staurostoma is radial canals as open grooves forming large cruciform mouth.
Genus Staurostoma Haeckel, 1879 new record in China
Staurostoma Haeckel, 1879: 130.
Staurophora Brandt, 1834: 230; Haeckel, 1879: 148; Kramp, 1961: 148; Bouillon et al., 2006: 345.
Type species: Staurostoma mertensii (Brandt, 1834)
Diagnosis. Medusa with 4 radial canals which in the greater part of their length are open grooves forming a large, cruciform mouth; gonads on diverticula in lateral wall of cruciform, enlarged, mouth-radial canal complex; no cirri; with adaxial ocelli.
Remarks. This genus is recorded from Chinese waters for the first time.
Staurostoma sp. (Fig. 1)
Material examined. Two specimens (TIO 023–024) collected from the southern South China Sea, 22 August 2011, Sta. NT11002 (17°44′N, 111°15′E), depth 1 866 m, collector Xiang Peng.
Description. Umbrella 3.5–4.0 mm in height, 7–8 mm in width, bell almost hemispherical, jelly thick and exumbrella with numerous short centripetal furrows; manubrium, mouth and radial canals combined to form a large perradial cross reaching nearly umbrella margin; mouth opening extending along the 4 radial canals transformed for a long distance into open grooves, only distal parts remaining free and closed; mouth arms slit-like, without folded marginal lips; gonads on lateral walls of the radial canals; 4 open radial canals without lateral branched diverticula; about 100 marginal tentacles short, hollow, with elongate conical marginal bulbs; without cirri.
Remarks. The medusa is placed under the genus Staurostoma because of the following characters: 4 radial canals as open grooves forming large cruciform mouth; mouth arm slit-like; gonads on lateral walls of mouth-radial canals.
Only one species, Staurostoma mertensii (Brandt, 1834), is reported in the genus Staurostoma. The unnamed medusa is similar to S. mertensii, but it can be separated from the latter by: (1) 4 open radial canals above mouth without lateral branched diverticula; (2) gonads on lateral walls of open radial canals; (3) 4 long slit-like arm of mouth without folded marginal lips; and (4) bell 7–8 mm in wide, about 100 short marginal tentacles.
The unnamed medusa is found in the preserved samples, the medusae from the southern South China Sea probably are a new species. As only two immature animals were found and the adult morphology in Staurostoma is considerably different, it seems advisable to deter creation of a new species name until the life cycle is known.
Family Lovenellidae Russell, 1953
Lovenellidae Russell, 1953: 306; Kramp, 1961: 172; Bouillon et al., 2006: 347–348; Xu et al., 2014: 599–600.
Diagnosis. Medusa with short manubrium; no gastric peduncle; no excretory pores; 4 simple radial canals; marginal tentacles hollow, with lateral cirri; no marginal cirri; gonads on radial canals, not reaching manubrium; without or with 8 (exceptionally 4 or 12) or indefinite number of statocysts, 16 or more when adult; no ocelli.
Remarks. The family Lovenellidae was created by Russell (1953) for Leptomedusae with lateral cirri, 4 radial canals, no marginal cirri, peduncle and excretory pores. The family medusa comprises three genera: Lovenella Hincks, 1868, Eucheilota McCrady, 1859 and Paralovenia Bouillon, 1984 (Russell, 1953; Bouillon, 1984).
Genus Eucheilota McCrady, 1859
Eucheilota McCrady, 1859: 186–187; Mayer, 1910: 281; Kramp, 1961: 173; Bouillon et al., 2006: 349; Xu et al., 2014: 601.
Type species: Eucheilota ventricularis McCrady, 1859
Diagnosis. Medusa with lateral cirri; without marginal cirri; with fixed numbers of statocyst; usually 8, occasionally 12.
Remarks. Members of the genus are easily distinguished from all other genera by medusae with 8 statocysts (exceptionally 12) and with lateral cirri. The genus comprises following species: Eucheilota bakeri (Torrey, 1909), E. birabeni Tundisi, 1962, E. bitentaculata Huang, Li and Zhong, 2010, E. carinata Xu, Huang and Guo, sp. nov., E. comata (Bigelow, 1909), E. duodecimalis Agassiz, 1862, E. flevensis Van Kampen, 1922, E. foresti Goy, 1979, E. hongkongensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014, E. maasi Neppi and Stiasny, 1911, E. macrogona Zhang and Lin, 1984, E. maculata Hartlaub, 1894, E. menoni Kramp, 1959, E. minima Bouillon, 1984, E. multicirris Xu and Huang, 1990, E. paradoxica Mayer, 1900, E. tropica Kramp, 1959, E. ventricularis McCrady, 1859 and E. xiamenensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014 (Bouillon et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2014), of which only twelve species are known in the South China Sea.
Eucheilota carinata Xu, Huang and Guo, sp. nov. (Fig. 2)
Material examined. Holotype (TIO 025) collected from South China Sea, Sta. NNXD12001 (18°15′N, 110°15′E), 24 September 2012, depth 100 m, collector Xiang Peng.
Diagnosis. Umbrella nearly hemispherical; manubrium short, quadratic shape; gonads thick swollen, situated in the near umbrellar margin on radial canals; 4 large perradial tentacles with spindly basal bulbs, clasping umbrella margin, bulge and prominence in abaxial part, forming an abaxial carinate, each flanked by 4–5 pairs of lateral cirri, and in each quadrant with 3 small bulbs, without cirri.
Description. Umbrella nearly hemispherical, 1.5 mm in height, 3.0 mm in width, with slightly thicker jelly at apex, thinning towards the lateral walls; manubrium short, quadratic shape, about 1/4 as long as bell cavity; mouth quadrangular with 4 simple lips; gonads thick swollen, nearly globular, situated in the near umbrellar margin on radial canals; 4 perradial tentacles with a large, spindly basal bulbs, laterally compressed, clasping umbrella margin, each with bulge and prominence in abaxial part, forming an abaxial carinate and with four or five pairs of lateral cirri, and each quadrant three small marginal bulbs without lateral cirri; all tentacular bulbs and marginal bulbs without black pigment; 8 marginal statocysts, each with one concretions; 4 radial canals and a circular canal narrow.
Distribution. The southern South China Sea.
Etymology. The specific name derives from the Latin carinata meaning carinate, in reference to the perradial tentacular bulbs with an abaxial carinate.
Remarks. This new species has following characters which are in common with Eucheilota McCrady, 1859, medusa with lateral cirri and 8 statocysts.
The new species can be easily distinguished from the other species of Eucheilota by: (1) 4 large gonads on the distal end of the radial canals; (2) 4 perradial tentacular bulbs with an abaxial carinate, and 4–5 pair lateral cirri; (3) all basal bulbs without black pigment; and (4) umbrella margin in each quadrant with 3 small bulbs without lateral cirri.
Key to medusae of all known species in genus Eucheilota
1. With 12 statocysts; no marginal warts; 4 tentacles with one pair of lateral cirri..............................E. duodecimalis Agassiz, 1862
– With 8 statocysts..........................................................................2
2. With medusa-buds on gonads; 4 large tentacles and 4 or more marginal warts, all with 1–3 pair of lateral cirri....................... E. paradoxica Mayer, 1900 (= E. taiwanensis Xu and Huang, 1990)
– Without medusa-buds......................................................................3
3. 16 or more well developed tentacles............................................4
– No more than 2–8 well developed tentacles.................................9
4. 16–46 well developed tentacles.....................................................5
– 16 well developed tentacles......................................................8
5. Manubrium with 4 interradial black spots; 1–3 marginal warts between tentacles, all basal bulbs with 1 pair of lateral cirri... ......................................................E. maculata Hartlaub, 1894
– Manubrium without black spots...................................................6
6. Gonads elongated sinuous, along entire length of radial canals; 15–46 marginal tentacles with 1 pair of lateral cirri, 17–65 marginal warts without lateral cirri.................................... ................................................E. birabeni Tundisi, 1962
– Gonads elongated linear, along middle 1/3 of radial canals..........7
7. 16 well developed tentacles and 16 marginal warts with 1 pair of lateral cirri, about 24 minute marginal knobs without lateral cirri..................................................E. ventricularis McCrady, 1859
– 17 well developed tentacles and 23 marginal warts with 1–3 pairs of lateral cirri...................................E. comata (Bigelow, 1909)
8. 16 well developed tentacles with 2 pairs of lateral cirri; without marginal warts............................E. flevensis Van Kampen, 1922
– 16 well developed tentacles with 2 pairs of lateral cirri, and 16 large marginal warts and 32 small marginal warts without lateral cirri ........................................................E. foresti Goy, 1979
9. 2 perradial tentacles and 2 perradial marginal warts with 3 pairs of lateral cirri, 4 interradial marginal warts without cirri; all marginal warts without black spots.................................. ...................................E. bitentaculata Huang, Li and Zhang, 2010
– 4–8 well developed tentacles..................................................10
10. 8 well developed tentacles......................................................11
– 4 well developed tentacles.........................................................13
11. Gonads elongated, linear-shaped, along entire length of radial canals; 8 tentacular bulbs with 2–5 pairs of lateral cirri; 1–2 marginal warts between tentacles with 2–3 pairs of lateral cirri.........................................................E. tropica Kramp, 1959
– Gonads elliptical-shaped.......................................................12
12. Gonads on the nearly middle of radial canals; tentacular bulbs with 2–3 pairs of lateral cirri; marginal wart without lat eral cirri....................E. xiamenensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014
– Gonads hanging on the nearly manubrium; tentacular bulbs with 2 pair of lateral cirri; marginal wart with 1 pair lateral cirri................................................E. bakeri (Torrey, 1909)
13. Tentacular bulbs with black pigment.......................................14
– Tentacular bulbs without black pigment...............................15
14. Each tentacular bulbs with 2–3 pairs of lateral cirri; 20 mar ginal warts without lateral cirri; all tentacular bulbs, marginal warts and manubrium wall with black pigment.............. .............................................................E. menoni Kramp, 1959
– Each tentacular bulbs with 6–7 pairs of lateral cirri; 12 mar ginal warts without lateral cirri; only tentacular bulbs with black pigment.......................E. multicirris Xu and Huang, 1990
15. Gonads on nearly middle of radial canals..............................16
– Gonads on nearly umbrellar margin of radial canals...........18
16. Manubrium short, about 1/5–1/4 as long as bell cavity; tentacles with 1–2 pairs of lateral cirri, marginal warts without lateral cirri........................E. macrogona Zhang and Lin, 1984
– Manubrium narrow elongated, about 1/2 as long as bell cavity................................................................................17
17. 4 long tentacles with 2–3 pairs of lateral cirri, with conical base; 4 marginal warts without lateral cirri....................... ...............................................................E. minima Bouillon, 1984
– 4 short tentacles with 1 pair of lateral cirri, with thick, round bulbs; a number of marginal warts also with lateral cirri........ .............................................E. maasi Neppi and Stiasny, 1911
18. Gonads sausage-shaped, hanging on nearly radial canals of umbrella margin; each tentacle with 3 pairs of lateral cirri; tentacles with conical base, without abaxial carinate............. .............................E. hongkongensis Xu, Huang and Guo, 2014
– Gonads globular-like, closely on nearly radial canals of um brellar margin; each tentacle with 4–5 pair of lateral cirri; tentacles with spindly basal bulbs, with an abaxial carinate.... ..................................E. carinata Xu, Huang and Guo sp. nov.
Family Malagazziidae Bouillon, 1984
Malagazziidae Bouillon, 1984: 77; Bouillon and Boero, 2000: 190; Bouillon et al., 2006: 352; Xu et al., 2014: 216.
Diagnosis. Medusae with small manubrium; without gastric peduncle; with 4–8, sometimes up to 12 radial canals; gonads completely surrounding radial canals, separated from manubrium; with adaxial excretory papillae; no permanent rudimentary marginal bulbs; closed statocysts; without ocelli and cirri.
Remarks. The family Malagazziidae was created by Bouillon (1984) for Leptomedusae with 4–8 radial canals (exceptionally 12), tentacular bulbs with excretory pores, without lateral cirri and marginal cirri. This family medusa comprises four genera: Malagazzia Bouillon, 1984, Octocanna Haeckel, 1879, Octophialucium Kramp, 1955 and Tetracanna Goy, 1979 (Bouillon et al., 2006).
Genus Octophialucium Kramp, 1955
Octophialucium Kramp, 1955: 256; 1961: 183; Bouillon et al., 2006: 354; Xu et al., 2014: 621.
Type species: Octophialucium medium Kramp, 1955
Diagnosis. Normally medusa with 8 radial canals; 8 gonads on radial canals; mouth with 8 lips.
Remarks. The genus Octophialucium was erected by Kramp (1955) for the type species Octophialucium medium Kramp, 1955, and to comprise several species previously referred to Octocanna. The genus comprises following species: O. aphrodite (Bigelow, 1928), O. bigelowi Kramp, 1955, O. funerarium (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827), O. huangweiae Xu, Huang and Guo, 2007, O. indicum Kramp, 1958, O. krampi Bouillon, 1984, O. medium Kramp, 1955, O. mollis Bouillon, 1984, O. sinensis Huang, Xu, Guo and Qiu, 2010 and O. solidum (Menon, 1932). In China seas, only eight species are known.
Octophialucium aphrodite (Bigelow, 1928) new record in China (Fig. 3)
Octocanna polynema Maas, 1905: 95, Pl. 3, Fig. 10.
Octocanna aphrodite nom. nov. Bigelow, 1928: 307, Pl. 42, Figs 1–2.
Octophialucium aphrodite Kramp, 1955: 259; 1961: 183; 1968: 87–89, 156, Fig. 239; Bouillon et al., 2006: 354.
Material examined. Four specimens (TIO 026–029) collected from the South China Sea, Sta. ND11027 (10°59′N, 114°59′E), depth 653 m, 6 September 2011, and Sta. NNXW12022 (7°40′N, 113°20′E), depth 2 000 m, 19 September 2012, collector Xiang Peng.
Description. Umbrella 21–24 mm diameter; bell flatter than a hemisphere; jelly thick except at umbrella margin; subumbrellar cavity extremely shallow; stomach large, with base in form of eight-rayed star; mouth with eight short and slender lips, with slightly wavy margin; usually with 8 straight radial canals and ring canal narrow; gonads short, spindle-shaped, about 1/2 or 1/3 length of radial canals, one at distal end of each radial canal, not quite reaching ring canal; about 72–128 tentacles with well developed tentacular bulbs and excretory papillae, with large basal bulbs closely crowded on the bell margin, without permanent rudimentary bulb; one or two, usually one statocyst between every two tentacles, each with one to four concretions.
Distribution. The species is an offshore neritic species, it occurs in the southern South China Sea from September, which is recorded here for the first time in China seas. It also has been recorded in Amboina, Indonesia (Maas, 1906), Philippines (Bigelow, 1928), Java Sea (Stiasny, 1928), east Mozambique Channel (Kramp, 1957) and Indian Ocean (Kramp, 1968).
Remarks. The synonymy and taxonomic history of this Octophialucium aphrodite see Bigelow (1928) and Kramp (1955).
The medusa Octophialucium aphrodite can be difficult to distinguish from O. funerarium. The following differences help to differentiate them. The marginal tentacular bulb is elongated conically in O. aphrodite whereas in O. funerarium there is almost rectangular (Figs 3b, c). The excretory papilla of tentacular bulb is large in O. aphrodite whereas in O. funerarium is very small. The number of statocysts between adjacent marginal tentacles is one in O. aphrodite whereas in O. funerarium is two.
Key to medusae of all known species in genus Octophialucium
1. Gonads long, along greater part of radial canals.........................2
– Gonads short, no more than half as long as radial canals......4
2. 4 tentacles with excretory papillae, about 5–10 rudimentary bulbs between successive tentacles without excretory papillae .........................................................O. solidum (Menon, 1932)
– 8–16 tentacles with excretory papillae.....................................3
3. 8 tentacles; 1–3 rudimentary bulbs between successive tentacles .............................................O. bigelowi Kramp, 1955
– 16 tentacles; 3–5 rudimentary bulbs between successive tentacles............................................O. medium Kramp, 1955
4. Gonads nearly manubrium on radial canals................................5
– Gonads in the middle or distal on radial canals......................6
5. 16 tentacles; no rudimentary bulbs; 16 statocysts; gonads up side connected to manubrium........................................... ................................O. huangweiae Xu, Huang and Guo, 2007
– 18 tentacles; 20 rudimentary bulbs; 40 statocysts; gonads connected not with manubrium.......O. krampi Bouillon, 1984
6. Gonads in the middle on radial canals.......................................7
– Gonads in distal on radial canals..............................................8
7. 4 large, 4 middle and 24 small tentacles; no rudimentary bulbs; 1 statocyst between successive tentacles........................ ................................O. sinensis Huang, Xu, Guo and Qiu, 2010
– 30 tentacles; 1 rudimentary bulb and 3–6 statocysts between successive tentacles............................O. mollis Bouillon, 1984
8. 18–30 tentacles; 3–5 rudimentary bulbs between successive tentacles; all basal bulbs with excretory papillae; 1–2 stato cysts between tentacles.........................O. indicum Kramp, 1958
– 50–128 tentacles; without rudimentary bulbs..........................9
9. 64–128 tentacles with well developed bases almost rectangular, with excretory papillae small, usually 2 statocysts between ad jacent tentacles....O. funerarium (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827)
– 72–128 tentacles with well developed excretory papillae, tentacular bulbs large, elongate conical; usually 1 statocyst between adjacent tentacles.......O. aphrodite (Bigelow, 1928)
Family Mitrocomidae Haeckel, 1879
Mitrocomidae Haeckel, 1879: 163; Russell, 1953: 256; Kramp, 1961: 150; Bouillon et al., 2006: 357; Xu et al., 2014: 630.
Type genus: Mitrocomella Haeckel, 1879
Diagnosis. Medusa with base of manubrium attached to subumbrella along continuation of radial canals; 4 or more simple radial canals; marginal tentacles hollow; with or without marginal cirri; gonads on radial canals, oval or linear, separated from manubrium; with open marginal statocysts; no ocelli.
Remarks. The family Mitrocomidae comprises seven genera: Cosmetira Forbes, 1848, Cosmetirella Browne, 1910, Cyclocanna Bigelow, 1918, Foersteria Arai and Brinckmann-Voss, 1980, Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863, Mitrocoma Haeckel, 1864 and Mitrocomella Haeckel, 1879 (Bouillon et al., 2006). However, Foersteria Arai and Brinckmann-Voss, 1980 is a junior homonym of Foersteria Szépligeti, 1896 (Insecta), Collins et al. (2006) proposed Earleria Genzano and Mianzan, 2006 to replace Foersteria Arai and Brinckmann-Voss, 1980. From the Chinese waters, two genera Halopsis and Mitrocomella are known.
Key to medusa genera in family Mitrocomidae
1. Radial canals “S” shaped..............Cyclocanna Bigelow, 1918
– Radial canals straight.................................................................2
2. 4 radial canals.................................................................................3
– 12–16 radial canals..............................Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863
3. Marginal cirri.................................................................................5
– No marginal cirri....................................................................4
4. Numerous open statocysts.....Earleria Genzano and Mianzan, 2006
– Only 8 open statocysts....................Cosmetirella Browne, 1910
5. Flexile cirri, with cnidocysts throughout their length, 8 marginal statocysts................................Cosmetira Forbes, 1848
– Spiral marginal cirri with terminal cnidocyst cluster..............6
6. 8–16 open statocysts.........................Mitrocomella Haeckel, 1879
– Numerous (20–160) open statocysts.................................. .........................................................Mitrocoma Haeckel, 1864
Genus Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863 new record in China
Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863: 219; Kramp, 1961: 153; Russell, 1953: 273; Bouillon et al., 2006: 359.
Type species: Halopsis ocellata A. Agassiz, 1863
Diagnosis. Medusae with more than 8 radial canals; with or without marginal cirri spirally coiled; with linear gonads; numerous open statocysts.
Remarks. The Halopsis is immediately distinguishable from other genera in the family by its variable number of radial canals, twelve to sixteen. The genus comprises the following two species: Halopsis ocellata A. Agassiz, 1863 and Halopsis nanhaiensis Xu, Huang and Guo, sp. nov.. In China seas, only one species is known.
Halopsis nanhaiensis Xu, Huang and Guo, sp. nov. (Fig. 4)
Material examined. Two specimens collected from the southern South China Sea: Holotype (TIO 030) Sta. NT11003 (17°24′N, 111°59′E), depth 975.5 m, 23 August 2011; paratype (TIO 031) Sta. ND11022 (7°20′N, 115°09′E), depth 2 833 m, 2 September 2011, collector Xiang Peng
Diagnosis. Umbrella shallow bell-shaped; manubrium short and mouth with 4 simple short lips; branching of radial canals occurring without periphery of manubrium; with 46 large open statocysts; 7 to 12 between each successive pair of radial canals, about an equal number of marginal tentacles, and with broad conical basal bulb; gonad elongated linear, along nearly umbrella margin of radial canals; without marginal cirri.
Description. Medusa 2–9 mm in diameter, shallow bell-shaped, about four times as broad as high; jelly fairly thick, especially in centre of bell, diminishing in thickness evenly towards margin; base of stomach attached to subumbrella, nearly cruciform and only 1/4 as wide as the bell-diameter; manubrium short and mouth with 4 simple short lips, somewhat folded; radial canals arise from the periphery of manubrium in 4 radially situated clusters, usually 12 radial canals, with 2 to 4 canals in each cluster, some branch canals may end blindly, not having reached the ring canal; gonads elongated linear, along nearly umbrella margin of radial canals; about 46 marginal tentacles (diameter of umbrella 9 mm), with broad conical basal bulb, without marginal cirri; about 46 large open statocysts, 7 to 12 between each successive pair of radial canals, and about an equal number of marginal tentacles, each statocyst contains 12 concretions arranged in two rows; velum very well developed.
Distribution. The southern South China Sea.
Etymology. The species name is from the Latin nanhaiensis, meaning Nanhai. The species name refers to the type locality of Nanhai (the South China Sea).
Remarks. This new species has following characters which are in common with Halopsis A. Agassiz, 1863: medusae with numerous open marginal statocysts; no ocelli; with 12 radial canals straight; with linear gonads on radial canals; without marginal cirri.
At present time, only one species in the Halopsis is known. This new species differs from the Halopsis ocellata by following: (1) the former branching of radial canals occurring without periphery of manubrium (Fig. 4d), but later branching of radial canals occurring within periphery of manubrium (Fig. 4e); (2) the former with 46 large open statocysts, 7 to 12 between each successive pair of radial canals, about an equal number of marginal tentacles, but latter with 40–80 large open statocysts, 3–6 between each successive pair of radial canals, not more than number of marginal tentacles; (3) the former gonad elongated linear, along nearly umbrella margin of radial canals, but latter gonad elongated folded, along entire length of radial canals; and (4) the former a number of hollow marginal tentacles with 46 in number, about diameter of umbrella in length, but latter a large number of hollow marginal tentacles, up to at least 450 in number, about 1/3 to 1/2 diameter of number in length.
Funding
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  • The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41406216; the Global Climate Change and Ocean Atmosphere Interaction Research under contract Nos GASI-01-02-02-03, GASI-01-02-04 and GASI-01-02-02-01; the National Special Project on Gas Hydrate under contract No. GZH201100311; the Marine Biological Sample Museum of the Chinese Offshore Investigation and Assessment; the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China under contract No. 2011CB403604.
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Year 2018 volume 37 Issue 10
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Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-018-1309-y
  • Receive Date：2017-06-29
  • Online Date：2026-04-14
  • Published：2018-10-25
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2017-06-29
  • Accepted：2017-11-23
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41406216; the Global Climate Change and Ocean Atmosphere Interaction Research under contract Nos GASI-01-02-02-03, GASI-01-02-04 and GASI-01-02-02-01; the National Special Project on Gas Hydrate under contract No. GZH201100311; the Marine Biological Sample Museum of the Chinese Offshore Investigation and Assessment; the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China under contract No. 2011CB403604.
Affiliations
    1 Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
    2 College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
    3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Hangzhou 31002, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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