Home Journals Articles Updates About
CN
image
收藏切换
The influence of water-sediment regulation on macrobenthic community structures in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) Estuary during 2012–2016
收藏切换
PDF
Shaowen Li1, *, Fan Li1, Xiukai Song1, Mingliang Zhang1
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(10) : 120 - 128
Less
收藏切换
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(10): 120-128
• Marine Biology •
The influence of water-sediment regulation on macrobenthic community structures in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) Estuary during 2012–2016
Full
Shaowen Li1, *, Fan Li1, Xiukai Song1, Mingliang Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
Published: 2020-10-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1664-3
Outline
收藏切换

To determine if water-sediment regulation has affected macrobenthic community structure in the Huanghe River Estuary, China, macrobenthic samples were collected following regulation events from 2012 to 2016. We identify seven phyla and 138 macrobenthic species from within samples throughout the survey area, over time. Species richness and abundance in 2012 were significantly higher than in 2016. Biomass did not differ significantly during 2012–2016. Dominant species were mostly small polychaetes, with mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms all being relatively rare. In 2016, dominant species were small polychaetes. MDS reveals macrobenthic communities at all surveyed distances from the estuary to have become the same community structure over time. Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef richness indexes trended down over time. CCA reveals the most dominant sediment-dwelling species to prefer lower dissolved oxygen, sulfides, and pH, and sediments with high D50 and low clay content. We speculate that water-sediment regulation has affected seabed communities, particularly Region A in our survey area.

Huanghe River Estuary  /  macrobenthos  /  water-sediment regulation  /  community structure
Shaowen Li, Fan Li, Xiukai Song, Mingliang Zhang. The influence of water-sediment regulation on macrobenthic community structures in the Huanghe River (Yellow River) Estuary during 2012–2016[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2020 , 39 (10) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-020-1664-3
Full Text
Less
1 Introduction
Less
Estuarine ecosystems are important and fragile habitats, and provide important nutrients for marine organisms (Zhuang, 2006). Both natural and anthropogenic factors have dramatically changed estuarine ecosystems. For example, after decreased runoff and sediment into the sea, Nile Delta salinity increased rapidly and input of biogenic elements decreased, leading to a 95% reduction in phytoplankton biomass and an 80% reduction in catches (Walling, 2006). Due to serious siltation in the Huanghe River, the channel is now flushed by the strategic discharging of large reservoirs containing water and sediment in a process referred to as the Huanghe River water-sediment regulation (Li and Sheng, 2011). From 2002 to 2016, water-sediment regulation has occurred 14 times from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, increasing the flow in the lower Huanghe River from 1800 m3/s to 4000 m3/s. A few studies have reported that, during water-sediment regulation, salinity decreased rapidly in a short term and transport volume of nutrients reached about half of the year’s transport volume (Li, 2010). The sediment discharge was more than two thirds of the annual amount (Yang et al., 2008). The concentration and composition of nutrients in the lower Huanghe River have changed obviously (Chen et al., 2013). This large influx of fresh water and sediment into the estuary inevitably affects the environment and its biological resources (Liu et al., 2010; Yu, 2014).
Macrobenthos in the Huanghe River Estuary ecosystem contributes to biogeochemical cycles through feeding, burrow construction, and other activities, and maintains the structure and function of the ecosystem (Liu et al., 2007; Somerfield et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2009). At present, most studies on the macrobenthos of this estuary have focused on community composition and diversity (Li, 2011; Dong et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2009; Leng et al., 2013b), productivity (Wang et al., 2012; Yao, 2010), and benthos size spectra (Hua and Zhang, 2009). Few reports have considered the effects of water-sediment regulation project on local macrobenthic communities.
From 2012 to 2016, we have surveyed the macrobenthos of and adjacent to the Huanghe River Estuary, following water-sediment regulation events. Our objective was to identify any change in macrobenthic community structure, and, if possible, to correlate this with relevant environmental variables. Results both improve our understanding of the impact of large-scale projects on estuarine ecosystems, and provide baseline scientific information for this area.
2 Materials and methods
Less
2.1 Study area
A total of 18 sampling stations were located at 37°40′–38°09′N, 119°00′–119°40′E. Survey stations were further divided into four regions based on their distance from the estuarine mouth (Fig. 1, Table 1).
2.2 Sampling design
2.2.1 Macrobenthos
From 2012 to 2016, sampling was undertaken once a year in late July following water-sediment regulation. Surveys were performed according to The Specification for Oceanographic Survey (GB/T 12763–2007). Five replicate samples were taken at each site using a Van Veen grab (0.05 m2). Grab contents were sieved in the field through a 0.5-mm mesh screen, placed into appropriately labelled pottles or bags, and immediately fixed in 5%–7% buffered formaldehyde solution. In the laboratory, macrobenthos were sorted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, counted, and weighed; taxa were referable to one of Annelida, Molluska, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, or a group of miscellaneous phyla, hereafter called “others” (e.g., Nemertea, Turbellaria, and Cnidaria).
2.2.2 Environmental variables
Bottom water temperature (TEM), salinity (SAL), depth (DEP), pH, suspended solids (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, including NO3-N, NO2-N, and NH4-N), total organic carbon (TOC), sulfide (S), petroleum (Oil), and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As), were recorded for each sampling event. Grain-size analysis was also performed, with sediments divided into fractions of sand (63–500 μm), fine silt (4–63 μm), and clay (<4 μm); median particle diameter was expressed as D50. Among these, TEM, SAL, DEP, pH, and DO were recorded using a profiler (YSI EXO Handheld, Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Inc., USA). DIN were filtered through a 40 μm Whatman GF/F glass-fiber filters. The filtrate was analyzed by segmented flow analysis (SFA) Heavy metals were determined by flame atomic adsorption spectrometer (PE-4100ZL) and AF Spectrophotometer (AF–610A). Oil was measured by Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (FL-4500). COD was measured by the basic potassium permanganate method. Sediment grain size analysis was performed on a laser particle size analyzer (Malvern Mastersize 2000, UK).
2.3 Data analysis
Biological properties include total biomass (B), abundance (A), number of species (S), and Margalef richness (d), Shannon–Wiener diversity (H′), Pielou evenness (J′), and the dominant (Y) indexes, in accordance with:
$d = \left({S - 1} \right)/{\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}N,$
$H' = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^S {{P_i}} {\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}{P_i},$
$J' = H'/{\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}S,$
$Y = \left({{n_i}/{N_{\rm{t}}}} \right) \times {f_i},$
where N is the total abundance of individuals in a sample, Nt is the total abundance of individuals at all stations, S is the total number of species, ni is the total abundance of the ith species at all stations, Pi is the ratio between ni and N (ni/N), and fi is the frequency of occurrence of the ith species at all stations. S, d, H′, and J′ were calculated using PRIMER 6.0 software, as were characteristics of the macrobenthic community (using the CLUSTER and nMDS functions). To analyze relationships between dominant macrobenthic species and environmental parameters, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed using Canoco for Windows 4.5; the significances of all CCA ordination axes were examined by Monte Carlo test (Ter Braak, 1987). Species i is defined as dominant when Y>0.02. ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 17.0.
3 Results
Less
3.1 Species, abundance, and biomass
A total of seven phyla and 138 macrobenthic species were collected from the Huanghe River Estuary between 2012 and 2016. Among them, mollusk species were most rich (48), followed by polychaetes (47) and arthropods (33). In addition, six species of echinoderms, two nemerteans, and one each of a cnidarian and planarian, were found. Throughout the study period, the highest number of species occurred in 2013 and the lowest in 2016. Temporal changes in the number of species are presented in Table 2.
ANOVA revealed the number of species in 2012 and 2013 to be significantly higher than in 2016, and for species abundance in 2012 to be significantly higher than in 2016. Biomass did not differ significantly over time (Table 3).
3.2 Dominant species
Dominant macrobenthic species in the Huanghe River Estuary from 2012 to 2016 were mostly small polychaetes (Table 4); mollusks, arthropods, while echinoderms were relatively rare. In 2016, only polychaetes were dominant. Heteromastus filiformis was always dominant over the survey period. SIMPER revealed all dissimilarity indexes among years to exceed 70%. The 2016 community differed markedly from that between 2012 and 2014 because of differing abundances of Cirratulus cirratus, and all dissimilarity indexes exceeded 80% (Table 5).
3.3 Community structure
MDS (Table 6, Fig. 2) revealed that from 2012 to 2015, a single community comprising small polychaetes, gammarids, bivalves, and ophiuroids occurred in Regions 3 and 4 in the outer study area. Stations nearest the estuary represented a single community type characterized by small polychaetes. However, communities in 2016 were significantly different from those between 2012 and 2015 (pairwise tests R2012, 2016 = 0.198, p = 0.001; R2013, 2016 = 0.293, p = 0.001; R2014, 2016 = 0.236, p = 0.001; R2015, 2016 = 0.098, p = 0.008), with the macrobenthos at most stations similar throughout the survey area, characterized by small polychaetes, while other taxa were rare.
3.4 Diversity
Averages Shannon–Wiener diversity, Margalef richness, and Pielou evenness indexes were 2.73, 2.26, and 0.82, respectively. Shannon–Wiener and Marglef richness indexes trended down over time, with the lowest values for each occurring in 2016. Pielou evenness index fluctuated from 2012 to 2016. While the Marglef richness index in 2016 differed significantly from that in 2012 and 2013, there was no significant difference in any other index over time (Fig. 3).
3.5 Relationship with environmental factors
The Pearson correlation between 25 environmental factors and the community structure of the macrobenthos were analyzed based on the data of five cruises. The result showed that species abundance was positively correlated with bottom water salinity (p<0.05), and negatively correlated with clay (p<0.05) (Table 7).
Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) with species reveals the first axis gradient length to be 3.106, so CCA can be used. Seven environmental factors with significant impact (p<0.01) were selected: pH, TEM, DEP, DO, S, clay, and D50. Dominant species in Table 4 were also selected.
CCA identified species-environment correlations with the first and second axes to be 0.823 and 0.718, respectively. All four axes explained 89.9% of variability, with Axis 1 contributing 35.9% and Axis 2, 25.2%. DO (R=0.466) was most highly, positively correlated with Axis 1, then pH (R=0.427). DEP (R=−0.487) was most highly, negatively correlated with Axis 2. In the Huanghe River Estuary, most polychaetes preferred lower DO, S, and pH, while some echinoderm and arthropod taxa preferred the opposite. Most species preferred high D50 and low sediment clay content (Fig. 4).
3.6 The temporal and spatial variation of main environmental factors
ANOVA revealed that, for temporal variation, SAL, pH, DO, and clay content in 2016 were significantly lower than in 2012 (p<0.05). TEM was opposite. For spatial variation, SAL, DEP, and pH increased from Regions 1 to 4. The values between the two regions were significantly different (p<0.05). Clay content was the highest in Region 2, while D50 was the lowest. In terms of clay and D50, there were significant differences between Region 2 and other three regions (p<0.05) (Tables 8 and 9).
Compared with 2012, in 2016, the low-value area of bottom TEM, SAL, pH, DO, and S moved to the west of survey region, near Region A. Moreover, the high-value area of D50 that appeared in Region A in 2012 almost disappeared in 2016. The clay content in estuary mouth in 2016 was higher than that in 2012 (Fig. 5).
4 Discussion
Less
In recent decades, changes in natural characteristics and anthropogenic disturbance have reduced or stopped the Huanghe River water-sediment flux to the sea. This has created an increasingly saline, low-temperature estuarine environment, and affected reproduction of surrounding biological resources. Water-sediment regulation in the Huanghe River is an effective strategy to deal with the settling of sediment, and each year large volumes of water and sediment have been transported into the estuarine environment within a short period of time (Fan et al., 2009; Li et al., 2015). However, few studies have reported on the transport and settlement of sediments, and any lethal effects of this activity or effect it might have on species in the receiving environment.
For macrobenthic communities, Zhang et al. (1990a, b) reported 150 macrobenthic species within the Huanghe River Estuary and adjacent waters in May 1985. Both bivalves and echinoderms had significant advantages in abundance and biomass respectively. However, we report an average of about 75 species each year. Leng et al. (2013a) reported 153 species in the Huanghe River Estuary from 2004 to 2009, with dominant species such as Glycinde gurjanovae, Raphidopus ciliatus, and Iphinoe tenera, slightly more than the 138 species we have reported from 2012 to 2016 (this study). Dominant species are now small polychaetes (e.g., H. filiformis, Capitella capitata, and C. cirratus), the likes of which Pearson and Rosenberg (1978) identified as opportunistic, which can rapidly proliferate when sedimentary organic content increases. These taxa can be used to indicate environmental pollution, climate change, and human disturbance (Vandalfsen et al., 2000; Yoana et al., 2018). Li et al. (2015) studied macrobenthos alteration during water-sediment regulation period. It revealed by BOPA index and statistical analysis of environmental variables that the pollution in mouth region tended to be worse, and the proportion of benthic opportunistic polychaetes increased. There was certain negative effect on macrobenthos during the regulation. The present dominance of small polychaetes in our study indicates changed estuarine water quality, so we infer that water-sediment regulation has resulted in changed benthic community structure and estuarine ecology.
Hu et al. (2014) reported during water-sediment regulation that runoff mixed with seawater, and diluted water then diffused into the open sea. The diffusion extended dramatically to the northwest, with diffusion to the southeast representing only a third of the total. In this study, eight bottom water and sedimentary environmental factors were selected, which were closely related to macrobenthic communities. The analysis of temporal and spatial variation revealed that, to a certain extent, the low-value region of important bottom water environmental factors moved to Region A. The sediment particle in Region A became smaller and the value of D50 decreased. Meanwhile in our study Region A, located in the northwestern survey area, the number of species, biomass, and macrobenthic diversity index were the lowest of the five survey regions we identified, but density was the highest, with large numbers of small individuals occurring there. For example, in 2015, C. capitata reached 1 180 ind./m2 at Station A2. These high abundances may be related to the diffusion of diluted water from water-sediment regulation, or to near-shore impacts.
Many studies have investigated relationships between benthos distribution and sediment types. Long and Lewis (1987) found that the number, abundance, and diversity of benthos increased with the proportion of coarse gravel in sediments. Coleman et al. (2007) reported the abundance of macrobenthos to be 25% higher in coarse sand than other sediment types. Shou et al. (2018) considered macrobenthos could not easily utilize nutrients in fine particles with small pore size, and that spatial heterogeneity in coarse sediments provided suitable habitat for various types of benthos. These results are consistent with our conclusions. According to CCA, most macrobenthos preferred high D50 and low sediment clay content. Many studies have demonstrated that during water-sediment regulation a southward passage with high-concentrations of suspended sediment occurred in the Huanghe River Estuary, and that sediment grain size near the estuary was more coarse (Hu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to establish survey stations south of the Laizhou Bay to further study the ecological impact of water-sediment regulation.
5 Conclusions
Less
The Huanghe River Estuary is a transitional zone where the land, freshwater, and ocean meet. It is affected by natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and has a fragile ecosystem. Since implementation of water-sediment regulation in 2002, the local estuarine ecology has changed. We conducted a 5-year post-regulation survey, sampling macrobenthos within and adjacent to this estuary from 2012 to 2016. We report: (1) a total of seven phyla and 138 macrobenthic species in this region. The number of species and their abundance in 2012 were significantly higher than those in 2016. Dominant species in 2016 are small polychaetes. (2) MDS depicts macrobenthic communities near and away from the estuary to have become the same community structure over time. Diversity indexes trended down. (3) CCA reveals the most-dominant species prefer lower DO, S, and pH, low sedimentary clay content, but high sedimentary D50. We speculate that water-sediment regulation has affected Region A of our survey area.
Acknowlegements
Less
We acknowledge Weijie Chen, Zhonghua Ren and Liangcheng Zhang for their assistance in field investigation and laboratory analysis.
Funding
Less
  • The Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No. ZR2018PD011; the Science and Technology Innovation Development Program of Yantai under contract No. 2020MSGY061; the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2018YFC1407605.
References
Less
Chen Peipei, Liu Sumei, Zhang Guiling, et al. 2013. Monthly variation of nutrient concentrations and fluxes in the lower Huanghe River: under the influence of artifical floods. Haiyang Xuebao (in Chinese), 35(2): 59–71
Coleman N, Cuff W, Moverley J, et al. 2007. Depth, sediment type, biogeography and high species richness in shallow-water benthos. Marine and Freshwater Research, 58(3): 293–305, doi: 10.1071/MF06098
Dong Guancang, Li Xiuqi, Liu Feng, et al. 2012. Community characteristics of macrozoobenthos and environmental qualityassessment in intertidal zone of the Huanghe Delta. Marine Environmental Science (in Chinese), 31(3): 370–374
Fan Hui, Liu Yanxia, Huang Haijun. 2009. Long-term trend and change point analysis on runoff and sediment fluxes into the sea from the Yellow River during the period of 1950–2007. Journal of Sediment Research (in Chinese), (5): 9–16
Hu Xiaolei, Chen Shenliang, Liu Xiaoxi, et al. 2014. Diffusion path and range of water flow and sediment in Yellow River Estuary during water-sediment regulation in 2012. Journal of Sediment Research (in Chinese), (3): 49–56
Hua Er, Zhang Zhinan. 2009. Benthic organism biomass size spectra in Huanghe River Adjacent Waters. Periodical of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 39(5): 971–978
Leng Yu, Liu Yiting, Du Ming, et al. 2013a. Temporal and spatial variation of macrofaunal communities in the Estuary of Yellow River during spring of 2004–2009. Haiyang Xuebao (in Chinese), 35(06): 130–141
Leng Yu, Liu Yiting, Liu Shuang, et al. 2013b. Community structure and diversity of macrobenthos in southern intertidal zone of Yellow River Delta, China. Chinese Journal of Ecology (in Chinese), 32(11): 3054–3062
Li Lingwei. 2010. Effects of exchange fluxes of nutrients at the sediment and water interface and the Huanghe input on nutrient dynamics of the Bohai Sea (in Chinese) [dissertation]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China
Li Jiarui. 2011. Macrobenthic ecology of the intertidal zones of Yellow River delta (in Chinese) [dissertation]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China
Li Guoying, Sheng Lianxi. 2011. Model of water-sediment regulation in Yellow River and its effect. Science China Technological Sciences, 54(4): 924–930, doi: 10.1007/s11431-011-4322-3
Li Shaowen, Zhang Ying, Li Fan, et al. 2015. Effects of water and sediment discharge regulation on macrobenthic community in the Yellow River Estuary. Research of Environmental Sciences (in Chinese), 28(2): 259–266
Liu Feng, Chen Shenliang, Zhou Yongdong, et al. 2010. Effect of water-sediment regulation in Yellow River on hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in its estuary. Journal of Sediment Research (in Chinese), (6): 3–10
Liu Lusan, Li Zhongyu, Meng Wei, et al. 2007. The community structure of zoobenthos and bioassessment of water quality in the lower reaches of the Songhua River. Reasearch of Environmental Sciences (in Chinese), 20(3): 81–86
Liu Lusan, Meng Wei, Li Xinzheng. 2009. Studies on macrobenthos in the northern waters of Liaodong Bay: II. Biodiversity and community structure. Reasearch of Environmental Sciences (in Chinese), 22(2): 155–161
Long B, Lewis J B. 1987. Distribution and community structure of the benthic fauna of the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence described by numerical methods of classification and ordination. Marine Biology, 95(1): 93–101
Pearson T H, Rosenberg R. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 16: 229–231
Somerfield P J, Cochrane S J, Dahle S, et al. 2006. Free-living nematodes and macrobenthos in a high-latitude glacial fjord. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 330(1): 284–296, doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.034
Shou Lu, Liao Yibo, Tang Yanbin, et al. 2018. Seasonal distribution of macrobenthos and its relationship with environmental factors in Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36(3): 772–782, doi: 10.1007/s00343-018-6271-1
Ter Braak C J F. 1987. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Advances in Vegetation Science, (8): 69–77
Vandalfsen J, Essink K, Toxvigmadsen H, et al. 2000. Differential response of macrozoobenthos to marine sand extraction in the north sea and the western mediterranean. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5): 1439–1445, doi: 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0919
Walling D E. 2006. Human impact on land–ocean sediment transfer by the world’s rivers. Geomorphology, 79(3–4): 192–216, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.019
Wang Zhizhong, Zhang Jinlu, Chen Shujiang, et al. 2012. Community characteristics and secondary production of macrozoobenthosin intertidal zone of the Yellow River Estuary. Marine Environmental Science (in Chinese), 31(5): 657–661
Wang Miaomiao, Sun Zhigao, Lu Xiaoning, et al. 2015. Effects of long-term implementation of the flow-sediment regulation scheme on grain and clay compositions of inshore sediments in the Yellow River Estuary. Environmental Science, 36(4): 118–124
Xia Jiangbao, Li Chuanrong, Xu Jingwei, et al. 2009. Quantitative characteristics of macrobenthos in the Yellow River Delta estuary. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (in Chinese), 18(4): 1368–1373
Yang Zuosheng, Li Guogang, Wang Houjie, et al. 2008. Variation of daily water and sediment discharge in the lower reaches of Huanghe (Yellow river) in the past 55 years and its response to the dam operation on its mainstream. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology (in Chinese), 28(6): 9–18
Yao Xiao. 2010. Study on the benthic productivities in the southern intertidal area of the Yellow River Delta (in Chinese) [dissertation]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China
Yoana D, Jose A D, Francisca G, et al. 2018. Effects of a brine discharge over soft bottom polychaeta assemblage. Environmental Pollution, 156(2): 240–250
Yu Shuai. 2014. Suspended sediment dispersal off the Huanghe (Yellow River) river mouth and its morphological effects under impact of the Water-sediment Regulation Scheme (in Chinese) [dissertation]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China
Zhang Zhinan, Tu Lihong, Yu Zishan. 1990a. Preliminary study on the macrofauna in the huanghe river estuary and its adjacent waters:I. The biomass. Journal of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 20(1): 37–45
Zhang Zhinan, Tu Lihong, Yu Zishan. 1990b. Preliminary study on the macrofauna in the huanghe river estuary and its adjacent waters (II) in relation to the sedimentary environment. Journal of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 20(2): 43–52
Zhuang Ping. 2006. Fishes of the Yangtze Estuary (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 17–46
Appendix
Less
Year 2020 volume 39 Issue 10
PDF
64
34
Cite this Article
BibTeX
Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1664-3
  • Receive Date：2020-05-09
  • Online Date：2026-03-31
  • Published：2020-10-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2020-05-09
  • Accepted：2020-07-14
Funding
The Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No. ZR2018PD011; the Science and Technology Innovation Development Program of Yantai under contract No. 2020MSGY061; the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2018YFC1407605.
Affiliations
    1 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China

Corresponding:

References
Share
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/aos/EN/10.1007/s13131-020-1664-3
Share to
QR

Scan QR to access full text

Cite this article
BibTeX
Citations
表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏
  • BibTeX
  • EndNote
  • RefWorks
  • TxT
Links
Articles
Latest Articles
Most Read
Collections
Updates
Events
News
Multimedia
About
About Us
Contact
No. 86 Xueyuan South Road, Haidian District, Beijing
100081
010-62199257
qkjq@cast.org.cn

Copyright © 2025 China Association for Science and Technology. All rights reserved. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
Sponsored by the Office of the Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization of CAST, and supported by Science and Technology Review Publishing House