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Cloning and functional analysis of the calreticulin gene from the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata
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Yuanjia Huang1, Yanping Zhang1, Huipai Peng1, Jigui Yuan1, Li Liu1, *
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(6) : 58 - 64
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(6): 58-64
• Marine Biology •
Cloning and functional analysis of the calreticulin gene from the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata
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Yuanjia Huang1, Yanping Zhang1, Huipai Peng1, Jigui Yuan1, Li Liu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
Published: 2020-06-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1590-4
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Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly conserved Ca2+-binding protein and chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, which mainly participates in adjusting calcium level and directing proper conformation of proteins. Here, we cloned the crt gene of the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata, named Gacrt, and analysed its ability to drive bacterial agglutination. The full-length Gacrt cDNA consisted of 1 792 nucleotides and contained a 77 bp 5’ untranslated region (UTR), a 380 bp 3’ UTR and a 1 335 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a 444 amino acid protein. The deduced peptide possessed a signal peptide domain, an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal sequence (KDEL), two potential calreticulin family signature motifs and a set of triplicate repeats. We also found that the recombinant GaCRT protein could promote agglutination of both the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. These results show that the GaCRT protein can enhance bacterial agglutination, hinting that GaCRT is an immune-relevant molecule involved in host defense against bacterium.

Galaxea astreata  /  calreticulin  /  bacterial agglutination
Yuanjia Huang, Yanping Zhang, Huipai Peng, Jigui Yuan, Li Liu. Cloning and functional analysis of the calreticulin gene from the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2020 , 39 (6) : 58 -64 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-020-1590-4
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1 Introduction
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Calreticulin (CRT) was first isolated from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of rabbit skeletal muscle (Ostwald and MacLennan, 1974), and first cloned in 1989 from mouse liver (Smith and Koch, 1989). Typical CRT has three functional domains: the N-terminal domain, the P-terminal domain and C-terminal domain (Michalak et al., 1999; Baksh and Michalak, 1991). The N-terminal domain has a signal peptide and two conserved CRT-family label sequences (KHEQNIDCGGGY and IMFGPDICG). The P-terminal domain is proline rich and has a high affinity and low capacity Ca2+ binding site and two groups of three repeat sequences. The C-terminal domain has a high capacity and low affinity Ca2+ binding site and a typical endoplasmic reticulum retention signal peptide (K/H)DEL, which enables CRT to enter and reside in the ER.
As an ER retention protein, CRT is responsible for maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and functions as a molecular chaperone to help proteins fold correctly (Michalak et al., 1999). In addition, CRT is also found in other membrane structures and is involved in many physiological processes, such as transcriptional regulation and gene expression, cell adhesion and recognition, and removal of apoptotic cells (Qiu and Michalak, 2009; Gu et al., 2008; Gold et al., 2010). As an important Ca2+ binding protein, CRT participates in a variety of biological calcification processes, such as in the production of teeth (Kobylewski et al., 2017) and bone (Fischer et al., 2017). Studies of highly calcified organisms, including the marine shellfish Pinctada martensi and the freshwater shellfish Hyriopsis cumingii, have shown that CRT is highly expressed in the mantle, suggesting that it is important for calcification (Xia et al., 2013). Moreover, the role of CRT in immunity has attracted more and more attention. In plants, over-expression of CRT confers resistance to drought or cold weather (Jia et al., 2008). In mammals, CRT is considered to be a potential tumour-associated molecular marker (Wang et al., 2013). In fish, CRT expression is significantly upregulated after infection with Edwardsiella, a pathogen associated with septicaemia (Peatman et al., 2007). The amphioxus CRT protein can specifically bind the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (Liu et al., 2013). In invertebrates, CRT regulates insect immune responses by participating in early encapsulation (Zhang et al., 2006), and the transcription of CRT is upregulated in the white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda (Duan et al., 2014) and the shrimp Penaeus monodon (Wang and Chen. 2006) after infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In one study, it was found that the expression of CRT in the reef coral Acropora tenuis increases in response to exposure to the antifouling agent tributyltin chloride (TBT-Cl); the same authors found that the protein works alongside the heat shock proteins in the high-temperature stress recovery process (Yuyama et al., 2012). In fact, Dunlap et al. (2013) have classified CRT as a stress response protein after analysing the proteome of Acropora digitifera. Here, to enrich our knowledge of this protein, we identified the crt gene of one of the scleractinian corals, Galaxea astreata (designated as Gacrt) and investigated its bioactivity in bacterial agglutination.
2 Materials and methods
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2.1 Identification and characterization of Gacrt cDNA
Galaxea astreata colonies collected from the Xuwen Coral Reef National Nature Reserve (20°10′36″–20°27′00″N, 109°50′12″–109°56′24″E), Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China, were transferred to a flow-through aquaria system and maintained in (27±0.5)°C seawater at a salinity of 31, pH 8.1, and with a light:dark cycle of 12 h:12 h. Total RNA was extracted by the TRI Reagent (MRC Inc., USA), and the concentrations and quality were determined using the Thermo NanoDrop 2000 and 1% agarose gel. Reverse transcription of 1 μg total RNA was carried out using a PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit with gDNAEraser (Takara, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Gene-specific primers were designed based on the G. astreata transcriptome data (unpublished) (Table 1). To amplify the Gacrt cDNA fragment, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 45 s, 72°C for 30 s, and a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min.
To clone the full-length Gacrt gene, the cDNA template was synthesized with the SMARTerTM RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Takara, Japan), followed by nest- and touchdown-PCR for amplification of the 5' and 3' ends. The first and nested primers were designed based on the obtained partial nucleotide sequences of Gacrt. The universal primer mix (UPM) was a mixture of long and short primers (supplied with the SMARTerTM RACE cDNA Amplification Kit). The Gacrt-5ʹ-outer or Gacrt-3ʹ-outer primers and UPM were used in the first round of PCR, and the second round of PCR was performed using the Gacrt-5ʹ-inner or Gacrt -3ʹ-inner primers and the NUP (nested universal primer) for the 5ʹ and 3ʹ cDNA ends, respectively. The touchdown PCR procedure involved 3 min of initial denaturation at 94°C, 10 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 65°C (with 1°C decreases from 65°C to 55°C in every cycle) for 45 s, and extension at 72°C for 90 s followed by 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 45 s, 72°C for 90 s for 30 cycles, and 72°C for 10 min.
The PCR products were purified and subcloned into the pEASY-T5 Zero cloning vector (TransGen). After transformation into the Trans1-T1 Phage Resistant Chemically Competent Cells (TransGen), positive clones were sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai). Full length Gacrt cDNA was synthesized by aligning the three overlapping fragments.
2.2 Sequence analysis
Coding regions were predicted using ORF Finder (https://www. ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/). ProtParam was used to predict the molecular weight and isoelectric point (http://web. Expasy.org/ protparam/). Functional domain prediction was performed at http://smart.embl- heidelberg.de/. The SignalP 4.1 server was used to predict the signal peptide. Putative phosphorylation sites and N-glycosylation sites were predicted at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services /NetPhos/ and http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc/, respectively. MEGA 6.0 was used to construct a phylogenetic tree by the neighbour-joining method, with the bootstrap setting as 1 000. The protein sequences used for the alignment and to construct the phylogenetic tree were as follows: Orbicella faveolata (XP_020627206.1), Exaiptasia pallida (XP_020900968.1), Lottia gigantea (XP_009056939.1), Pinctada fucata (ABR68546.1), Ascaris suum (ADY44096.1), Danio rerio (AAH68336.1), Mus musculus (CAA33053.1) and Homo sapiens (AAA36582.1).
2.3 Construction and induction of the Gacrt expression vector
The Gacrt ORF was amplified with primers containing BamHI and HindIII restriction enzyme cutting sites (Table 1). The PCR program is the same as the touchdown-PCR mentioned above. This PCR product was digested with BamHI and HindIII and sub-cloned into the pET32a vector, which was previously cut with the same enzymes. Escherichia coli BL21 competent cells were transformed with the recombinant plasmid and cultured in LB liquid medium containing ampicillin. When the culture reached an OD600 of 0.6–0.9, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mmol/L to induce expression of the recombinant protein at 37°C for 4 h. The recombinant protein was concentrated and purified by a Ni-NTA resin column and Amicon® Ultra-0.5 centrifugal filter (Merck Millipore). The protein concentration was determined by the Easy Protein Quantitative Kit (Bradford) (TransGen).
2.4 Effect of recombinant protein on bacterial agglutination
The Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli were grown to an OD600 of 0.07. Moreover, 30 μL of the recombinant protein (100 μg/mL) was mixed with an equal volume of E. coli or M. luteus, the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 min, and then 30 μL aliquots of the microbial suspensions were sampled and applied to microscope slides, the bacterial agglutination was observed under a microscope. BSA was substituted in the control groups.
3 Results
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3.1 Sequence analysis of Gacrt
The full-length Gacrt cDNA was 1 792 bp long, with a 77 bp 5ʹ-untranslated region (UTR), 380 bp of 3' UTR, and a 1 335 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encodes 444 amino acid residues. The 3' UTR had a polyadenylation signal AATAAA at nucleotide positions 1 744–1 749 and a 29 bp polyadenylation tail. A Kozak consensus sequence (PuNNATGPu) was found surrounding the initiation codon (ATG). This cDNA featuring 99% nucleotide was compared with the corresponding sequence of the published G. astreata transcriptome (Kenkel and Bay, 2017). We therefore concluded that Gacrt encoded the G. astreata crt gene. The gene has been uploaded to GenBank with the accession number MH128130.
According to the deduced amino acid sequence, GaCRT has the molecular formula C2295H3474N570O778S11, a molecular weight of 51.85 kDa, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.43. This deduced protein can be considered hydrophilic, since the grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) is –1.301. Signal P 4.1 server analysis revealed that it had a signal sequence of 17 amino acid residues. Putative phosphorylation sites were predicted, showing there were 13 serine (Ser),16 threonine (Thr), and 9 tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation sites. However, no N-glycosylation site existed. Two conserved CRT-family sequences were found (K100HEQSIDCGGGYVKIF115 and I132MFGPDICG140), and a set of triplicate repeats was also present (I210KDPEAKKPEDWD222, I227DDPEDKKP EDWD239, and I244PDPDAKKPDDWD256). In addition, an ER signal sequence (KDEL) is located at the C-terminal (Fig. 1).
3.2 Multiple sequences and phylogenetic analysis
When compared to other animal species, Clustal Omega alignment result indicated that the peptide sequence is highly conserved in all of the selected animals (Fig. 2). However, the C-terminal end of CRT from coelenterates is more than 20 amino acid residues longer than in the other animals. In addition, the ER signal sequence of the sea anemone E. pallida is RDEL, which is inconsistent with the typical motif KDEL or HDEL. According to the neighbour-joining method (MEGA 6.0), all of the CRT amino acid sequences clustered into 2 branches: one is invertebrate, and the other is vertebrate. Galaxea astreata CRT clustered with O. faveolata and E. pallida in the coelenterate clade (Fig. 3).
3.3 Prokaryotic expression of rGaCRT
The recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and one major protein with an apparent molecular weight between 70–100 kDa was detected, consistent with the predicted molecular mass of the GaCRT protein (51.85 kDa), plus the fusion protein added during pET-32a expression (approximately 21 kDa) (Fig. 4). The concentration of the purified recombination protein was 103.02 μg/mL, as determined by the Bradford method.
3.4 The promoting effect of rGaCRT on bacterial agglutination
Compared with the blank control group and the BSA control group, the obvious agglutination phenomenon was observed in the Gram-positive bacterium M. luteus and the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli after incubation with the recombinant protein rGaCRT. These results indicate that rGaCRT can promote the agglutination of these two bacteria (Fig. 5).
4 Discussion
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This study identified the crt gene sequence of G. astreata (Gacrt) and analysed its structure, expression and biological effects. GaCRT possesses typical characteristics of calreticulin, including conserved CRT-family sequences (KHEQSIDCGGGYVKIF and IMFGPDICG), a set of triplicate repeats and an ER retrieval signal sequence (KDEL). Since the signature motif MELCRLIFLALVSCVLA was found in the N-terminal domain, G. astreata CRT can be predicted to be a secretory protein. Considering CRT is expressed at higher level at the post-settlement stage of A. millepora than at the pre-settlement stage (Hayward et al., 2011) and it plays an important role in cell adhesion, we speculated that CRT may participate in the attachment process of planula larvae. Through multiple sequence alignment, we found that CRT has strong similarity in both vertebrates and in invertebrates, indicating that CRT has been highly conserved during animal evolution. It is noteworthy that the C-terminal of the CRT amino acid sequence from coelenterates is obviously longer than in other animals by more than 20 amino acid residues. The C-terminal plays important roles in protein function and location. For example, the last 9 amino acids at the C-terminal end of myostatin (a member of the β-transforming growth factor family) are identical in vertebrates and invertebrates. When the C-terminal end was changed, myostatin had an opposite function (Zhuo et al., 2017). A study of the oyster (Pinctada fucata) calmodulin-like protein (CaLP) also indicated that the C-terminal tail plays important roles in the interactions between CaLP and its targets (Li et al., 2006). Based on the observation that the extra C-terminal fragment is located before the ER retrieval signal sequence, and the C-terminal domain is responsible for regulating the interaction with ER proteins (Corbett et al., 1999), the extra fragment may be related to a function in the ER.
CRT has been shown to be an immune-relevant molecule associated with immune responses in both vertebrates and invertebrates, including plants (Jia et al., 2008), mammals (Wang et al., 2013), fish (Peatman et al., 2007), cephalochordates (Liu et al., 2013), shrimp (Duan et al., 2014; Wang and Chen, 2006) and insects (Zhang et al., 2006). In coral, it was shown that CRT is involved in a stress response caused by pollutants and high temperature stress (Yuyama et al., 2012), and is considered to be a stress response protein (Dunlap et al., 2013). In this study, rGaCRT could promote the agglutination of the Gram-positive bacterium M. luteus and the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, suggesting that rGaCRT can participate in immune-related reactions, directly or indirectly play an immune-related role, to avoid the interference of bacteria. Amphioxus CRT also has a similar function, as demonstrated by work showing that Branchiostoma japonicum recombinant CRT was able to bind E. coli and S. aureus (Liu et al., 2013). It is likely that the ability of CRT to act as an immune-relevant molecule is highly conserved throughout animal evolution. In addition, since GaCRT is secreted, it may exist in the mucus of coral to support the mucus’ immune function.
In conclusion, in this study, the crt gene from G. astreata was cloned and characterized. The results show that rGaCRT can promote the agglutination of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as M. luteus and E. coli, supporting the hypothesis that CRT is an immune-relevant molecule that participates in host defense against bacterium.
Funding
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  • The National Marine Welfare Industry Research Project under contract No. 201105012; the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No. S2011010000269; the Guangdong Marine Fishery Science and Technology Extension Project under contract No. A201308E02; the Guangdong Ocean University Scientific Research Start-up Fund for the Doctoral Program under contract No. R17066.
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Year 2020 volume 39 Issue 6
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doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1590-4
  • Receive Date：2019-05-09
  • Online Date：2026-03-31
  • Published：2020-06-25
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  • Received：2019-05-09
  • Accepted：2019-06-17
Funding
The National Marine Welfare Industry Research Project under contract No. 201105012; the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under contract No. S2011010000269; the Guangdong Marine Fishery Science and Technology Extension Project under contract No. A201308E02; the Guangdong Ocean University Scientific Research Start-up Fund for the Doctoral Program under contract No. R17066.
Affiliations
    1 Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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