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Distribution patterns of 210Po, 210Pb and the particle export in the Taiwan Strait during the winter
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Lihao Zhang1, 2, Weifeng Yang2, *, Min Chen2, Yinian Zhu1, *, Zhou Wang2, Ziming Fang2, Yusheng Qiu2, Yanhong Li1
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(2) : 12 - 21
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2020, 39(2): 12-21
• Marine Chemistry •
Distribution patterns of 210Po, 210Pb and the particle export in the Taiwan Strait during the winter
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Lihao Zhang1, 2, Weifeng Yang2, *, Min Chen2, Yinian Zhu1, *, Zhou Wang2, Ziming Fang2, Yusheng Qiu2, Yanhong Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Published: 2020-02-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1550-z
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210Po and 210Pb are increasingly used to constrain particle dynamics in the open oceans, however they are less used in coastal waters. Here, distributions and partitions of 210Po and 210Pb were examined in the Taiwan Strait, as well as their application to quantify particle sinking. Activity concentrations of dissolved 210Po and 210Pb (<0.6 μm) ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) and from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L), respectively. Activity concentrations of particulate 210Po and 210Pb varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) and from 3.11 to 38.06 dpm/(100 L). Overall, particulate 210Po and 210Pb accounted for the majority of the bulk 210Po and 210Pb. 210Po either in dissolved or particulate phases showed similar spatial patterns to 210Pb, indicating similar mechanisms for controlling the distributions of 210Po and 210Pb in the Taiwan Strait. The different fractionation coefficients indicated that particles in the Zhemin Coastal Current (ZCC) inclined to absorb 210Po prior to 210Pb while they showed an opposite effect in the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). Based on the disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb, the sinking fluxes of total particulate matter (TPM) were estimated to range from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d), showing an overall comparable spatial distribution to previous reported sediment accumulation rates. However, our sinking fluxes were lower than the sedimentation rates, indicating a sediment resuspension in winter and horizontal transport of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea.

Taiwan Strait  /  210Po  /  210Pb  /  resuspension  /  export flux  /  sedimentation
Lihao Zhang, Weifeng Yang, Min Chen, Yinian Zhu, Zhou Wang, Ziming Fang, Yusheng Qiu, Yanhong Li. Distribution patterns of 210Po, 210Pb and the particle export in the Taiwan Strait during the winter[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2020 , 39 (2) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-020-1550-z
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1 Introduction
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The Taiwan Strait is located in the southeast of China and its current system is significantly affected by the East Asian monsoon (Sun, 2016). In summer and winter, northeast and southwest monsoons prevail respectively. In the west of Taiwan Strait, several rivers, i.e., Oujiang River, Minjiang River and Jiulong River, input an amount of nutrients to the Taiwan Strait with low temperature and low salinity water (Shang et al., 2001; Xiao et al., 2002). The Zhemin Coastal Current (ZCC), flowing from the East China Sea (ECS) to the Taiwan Strait along the coastline, plays an important role in regulating the current system and ocean productivity in the Taiwan Strait (Hu et al., 1999; Xiao et al., 2002). Meanwhile, a large amount of biogenic particles produced in the ECS get into the strait along with the ZCC. In addition, the warm current, flowing from the Taiwan Strait to the ECS (Huh and Su, 1999), probably transports particles produced in the middle strait to the continental shelf of the ECS. Thus, the Taiwan Strait is an important area for our understanding of the material budget in both the ECS and South China Sea (Hu et al., 2010).
Due to the interactions among the Taiwan Strait branch of Kuroshio, South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC) and ZCC, the biogeochemical processes in the Taiwan Strait showed large variability over weekly to seasonal timescales. Radionuclides with half-lives matching these timescales would provide insights into the geochemical processes. In this study, 210Po (T1/2=138.4 d) and 210Pb (T1/2=22.3 a) were used to constrain the particle dynamics in the Taiwan Strait. Naturally occurring 210Po and 210Pb are both particle reactive radionuclides of 238U decay series, and 210Po is produced from the decay of 210Pb through 210Bi (Moore et al., 1973). Recently, 210Po and 210Pb have been widely utilized to study the kinetics of particle cycling and export flux of particle organic carbon in oceans (Chen et al., 2012; Fang et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2011). Though 210Po and 210Pb are particle-active, there is difference between them during adsorbing onto particles. 210Po is easier to be absorbed onto biogenic particles than 210Pb and get involved into the biogeochemical cycling (Nozaki et al., 1997; Fisher et al., 1987; Fowler, 2011; Yang et al., 2013, 2015). In general, the disequilibrium between 210Po and 210Pb is prevalent in the biogeochemical cycling processes.
In marine environments, particle sinking depends on hydrodynamic conditions, physicochemical and biological processes (Xu and Chen, 1999). In the west of Taiwan Strait, sediments usually have high sand content with respect to the southward shale muddy and riverine particles (Zhou, 1987). In the north of Taiwan Strait, currents often introduce sediment resuspension (Wang et al., 2014a). A few reports used 210Pb to study the sedimentation patterns of particle in the last century in the Taiwan Strait (Huh et al., 2011). Li et al. (2015) reported that small river plume could affect the along-strait or cross-strait transport of total particulate matter (TPM) in the western Taiwan Strait. However, the sinking of particles within the Taiwan Strait and their influence on the mass balance of sediments in the strait are poorly understood. In addition, the seasonal variability in the fate of particulate matters is rarely reported in the Taiwan Strait. In this study, the disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb in the northwestern Taiwan Strait during winter were examined as well as the particle dynamics. Moreover, the sinking fluxes of 210Po and TPM were quantified to provide insights into the seasonal fate of particles in the Taiwan Strait.
2 Methods
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2.1 Sampling
Seawater samples were collected onboard R/V Yanping II during the winter cruise in the northwestern Taiwan Strait from January 3 to February 22, 2012. Sampling stations were shown in Fig. 1. About 5 L seawater was collected using the CTD rosette system and filtered immediately on board through PC Millipore membrane filters to separate particulate from dissolved phase (<0.6 μm). Filters containing particulate matter were put into pre-cleaned plastic bags and then stored at –18°C before analysis. Dissolved fraction (~5 L) was transferred into a clean polyethylene bottle and acidified with concentrated HCl to pH<2 for analysis in the land laboratory.
2.2 210Po, 210Pb and TPM analysis
The filter membranes containing particulate matter were dried at 60°C and weighed to a constant weight. TPM contents were calculated based on the difference in the weight between particle-contained dry membrane and pre-filtered membrane.
The activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb in dissolved and particulate phases were determined following the procedures described by Yang et al. (2013) and Zhang (2015). Briefly, 3.13 mg Pb2+, quantitative spike of 209Po and icon carrier (FeCl3) were added into the filtrate while stirring. After 8 h for isotopic equilibration, the solution was adjusted to a pH value of 9 with ammonia solution to form Fe(OH)3 precipitates. The Fe(OH)3 precipitates were collected by siphoning and centrifuging, and then re-dissolved with 6 mol/L HCl. Then the solution was transferred into a 100 mL Teflon beaker. After adjusting pH to about 1.5, ascorbic acid for sheltering Fe3+, 2 mL of 25% sodium citrate and 2 mL of 25% hydroxylamine hydrochloride were added, and then the pH value was adjusted to 1.5–2.0. Po isotopes were deposited on a silver disc through a magnetic stirrer at 85–90°C for about 4 h. The silver disc was rinsed with Milli-Q water and dried naturally. Activities of 209Po and 210Po on the disc were measured using an alpha spectrometer (OctéteTM PC, EG&G). For particulate samples, particles were digested with HNO3 and HClO4. The auto-deposition and measurements of Po were the same as dissolved samples. Solution after Po deposition was preserved for more than 1 year to determine the activity of 210Pb via its daughter 210Po. In this study, sampling date and time, reagent blanks, instrument backgrounds, decay, ingrowth and error propagation were corrected on the base of ±1σ counting errors (Yang, 2005; Zhang, 2015).
2.3 Partition and fractionation coefficient
The partition coefficient (Kd) of nuclides between dissolved and particulate phases could be applied to explain the difference of nuclides in distribution between solid and liquid phases, and it is calculated using the following equation (Wei et al., 2012; Jones et al., 2015):
${K_{\rm{d}}} ={{{PA}}} /({{DA}} \times {{TPM}}),$
where DA and PA denote the activities of dissolved and particulate nuclides respectively, and TPM represents the concentration of the total particulate matter. The calculated partition coefficients were shown in Table 1.
Based on the partition coefficients of nuclides, the fractionation coefficient (α) were calculated via Kd and presented in Table 1.
$\alpha = {K_{{\rm{d,}}\;{\rm{Po}}}}/{K_{{\rm{d,}}\;{\rm{Pb}}}}.$
3 Results
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3.1 Temperature and salinity
During the cruise, temperature and salinity of the seawater in the western Taiwan Strait ranged from 9.1°C to 20.6°C and from 29.8 to 34.4 (n=67), respectively. The spatial distributions were shown in Fig. 2. These parameters indicated that the main current with low temperature and salinity in the western Taiwan Strait is the ZCC. This current, affected by the topography, played a role in the exchange of material between the Fujian coast and the middle strait. Within the upper 30 m, the ZCC paralleled to the coastline. Seawater with high temperature and salinity dominated the mid-strait from the south to north (Hu et al., 1999), representing the Kuroshio branch from the Luzon Strait joint to the SCSWC in the Taiwan Strait and formed the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) (Xiao et al., 2002; Shang et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2010) . A clear front was observed between the ZCC and the TWC (Fig. 2).
3.2 Activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb
Activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb were presented in Table 1 and their distributions were presented in Fig. 3. D210Po activity concentrations ranged from 1.21 to 7.63 dpm/(100 L) with the average of 2.41 dpm/(100 L), comparable to the value obtained in the Taiwan Strait (Wei et al., 2015). In the ZCC, D210Po activity concentrations were low and increased gradually from the Fujian coast to the central strait. In addition, D210Po gradually decreased from the south to north in the TWC, indicating the influence of the warm current (Wei et al., 2009; Wei et al., 2015). The TWC from the South China Sea and Kuroshio usually has higher D210Po due to its low biological productivity and scare particles (Yang et al., 2006). P210Po activity concentrations varied from 1.96 to 36.74 dpm/(100 L) (averaging 9.50 dpm/(100 L)) with the highest value near the coast. The distribution pattern of the total 210Po (D+P) was similar to P210Po, corresponding to the major contribution of P210Po to the total 210Po pool.
D210Pb activity concentrations varied from 1.07 to 6.33 dpm/(100 L) with a mean value of 2.88 dpm/(100 L) (Fig. 4). Overall, the distribution of D210Pb showed a similar pattern to that of D210Po. In the upper 30 m, the lowest concentration was observed in the northwest strait, indicating the influence of the ZCC. D210Pb activity concentrations in the southern strait were higher than those observed in the northern strait. Similarly, P210Pb showed high activity concentrations at the nearshore stations as P210Po.
The distributions of the total 210Po (T210Po) and 210Pb (D+P) were presented in Fig. 5. There is a similarity between T210Po and P210Po, corresponding to the higher percentages of P210Po in T210Po in northwestern strait in winter (Table 1). About 77% of T210Pb was in the particulate form, comparable to P210Po.
4 Discussion
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4.1 Influence of particle on the partition of 210Po and 210Pb
The ZCC contains plenty of riverwater from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River), Qiantang River, Oujiang River, Minjiang River and Jiulong River. A large amount of terrestrial particulate matters and nutrients discharged into the ZCC usually benefit phytoplankton growth along the coast and might lead to high biogenic particle contents in this area. Owing to their particle-reactivity, 210Po and 210Pb are ready to be absorbed onto particles. The enriched particulate matter in the ZCC may result in difference in the partition of both 210Po and 210Pb between dissolved and particulate phases.
As shown in Table 1, the average partition coefficients of 210Po and 210Pb in the ZCC were 0.57 L/mg and 0.55 L/mg, respectively. By contrast, the averages of Kd, Po and Kd, Pb in the TWC were 0.92 and 1.53 L/mg. It is obvious that there is discernible difference in the Kd values between the ZCC and TWC. There are significant linear correlations between TPM contents and Kd values (Table 2), suggesting that particulate matters indeed control the partition of both 210Po and 210Pb in the Taiwan Strait. In addition, Kd, Po significantly correlated with Kd, Pb in the ZCC and TWC with different relationships between the two water masses (Fig. 6). The fractionation coefficients, averaging 1.17 in the ZCC, implied that particles seemed to preferably absorb 210Po to 210Pb. In comparison, particles in the TWC are likely to scavenge 210Pb prior to 210Po with the fractionation coefficient of 0.25. Such a difference is ascribed to the abundant biogenic particulate matters in the ZCC, probably induced by the amount of riverine nutrients. Biogenic particles usually contain plentiful organic compounds than terrestrial particles. Studies suggested that particle types with different chemical composition could lead to fractionation between 210Po and 210Pb (Yang et al., 2013, 2015). Thus, these results provided in situ evidence for the important role of particle composition in controlling the partition of 210Po and 210Pb between seawater and particles.
Further, the correlations between P210Po or P210Pb values and TPM contents lend supports to the important role of particles in scavenging 210Po and 210Pb. As shown in Fig. 7, activity concentrations of particulate 210Po and 210Pb in the TWC increased with the increasing TPM contents, indicating more particles would result in more 210Po adsorption on particulate matter (Fig. 8). Similar scenarios were also observed in the ZCC. Hence, 210Po and 210Pb could be used to trace the cycling of particles in the Taiwan Strait.
4.2 Particle sinking flux based on 210Po/210Pb
Based on the close relations between 210Po, 210Pb and TPM, particle sinking was estimated in the Taiwan Strait. Using the one-dimensional irreversible model (Bacon et al., 1976), the variability in the amount of 210Po (i.e., inventory) with time can be expressed as
$\frac{{{\rm{d}}{I_{{\rm{Po}}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} = {\lambda _{{\rm{Po}}}}\left({{I_{{\rm{Pb}}}} - {I_{{\rm{Po}}}}} \right) + {F_{{\rm{atm}}.{\rm{Po}}}} - {F_{{\rm{Po}}}},$
where IPo and IPb represent the inventories of 210Po and 210Pb in the water column (dpm/m2), λPo represents the decay constant of 210Po (0.005 d–1), Fatm.Po is the atmospheric deposition flux of 210Po (dpm/(m2·d)), and FPo denotes the sinking flux of the total 210Po. Recent researches suggested that the residence time of 210Po in the Taiwan Strait, calculated using the depositional flux ratio of 210Po to 210Pb, was less than half a month above the Taiwan Strait (Wang et al., 2014b; Wei et al., 2012). Therefore, atmospheric 210Po deposition of (2.46±0.22) dpm/(m2·d) within 15 d before sampling was adopted in the west coast of the Taiwan Strait (Zhang, 2015). FPo is the sinking or export flux of 210Po out of the water column; positive FPo values represent a net sinking and negative FPo would denote a net resuspension of sediment.
The export fluxes of 210Po were presented in Table 3 and Fig. 9. In general, 210Po fluxes showed inhomogeneous distribution in the study area. Higher values occurred in the northern and southwest areas. The lowest values were observed around the Pingtan Island with no net sinking of 210Po. Stations close to Taiwan also showed relatively low 210Po fluxes. Since the total 210Po decreased gradually during the TWC transport from the south to north in the Taiwan Strait (Table 1), the spatial patterns of 210Po sinking revealed the continuous deposition of 210Po along the TWC transport. The export of 210Po could be used to constrain the sedimentation of particles.
To examine the details of 210Po removal at different depths, the removal rates of 210Po at each sampling depth were calculated based on the mass-balance model (Yang et al., 2006). As shown in Fig. 10, sinking of 210Po out of the upper 20 m water column showed a similar pattern to the 210Po fluxes out of the whole water column (Fig. 9), indicating that the removal of 210Po mainly occurred in the upper 20 m water in the Taiwan Strait during winter.
Based on the hypothesis that TPM has the same residence time as P210Po (Eppley, 1989), we could calculate the sinking flux of TPM out of the water column via 210Po:
${F_{{\rm{TPM}}\left(\tau \right)}} = {F_{{\rm{PPo}}}} \times \frac{{{I_{{\rm{TPM}}}}}}{{{I_{{\rm{PPo}}}}}},$
where FTPM(τ) (g/(m2·d)) represents the sinking flux of TPM out of the whole water column, ITPM and IPPo are the inventories of TPM and PPo, respectively. FPPo (dpm/(m2·d)) is the flux of P210Po, and ITPM/IPPo denotes the inventory ratio of TPM to P210Po. Results showed the sinking flux of TPM ranged from –0.22 to 3.84 g/(m2·d) with a mean value of 1.04 g/(m2·d) (Table 3). Using the ratio of TPM content to P210Po content (PPo) at the export depth, the sinking flux of TPM can also be estimated (Buesseler et al., 1992):
${F_{{\rm{TPM}}\left({\rm{R}} \right)}} = {F_{{\rm{Po}}}} \times \frac{{{{TPM}}}}{{{{PPo}}}},$
where FTPM(R) is the sinking flux of TPM. FTPM(R) varied from –0.62 to 2.87 g/(m2·d), comparable to FTPM(τ) (Fig. 11) . Statistically, there is not difference between the two approaches (t-test, p>0.05). Our results were lower, to a varying degree, than the sediment accumulation rates of 3.29–47.95 g/(m2·d) obtained using excess 210Pb in sediments (Fig. 12) in the Taiwan Strait (Huh et al., 2011). The phenomenon revealed that particle sinking in winter is less efficient than some other seasons in the Taiwan Strait, probably owing to the low primary productivity and strong mixing of seawater in winter. In some other seasons, TPM sinking fluxes would be much higher than the sediment accumulation rate to compensate the deficit of TPM sinking in winter.
4.3 Sinking pattern of particles in the Taiwan Strait
The spatial pattern of TPM sinking benefits our understanding of the sediment accumulation in the Taiwan Strait. Stations close to the Pingtan Island showed sediment resuspension with negative TPM fluxes (Fig. 11), indicating that this area is a source site of sediment for around areas in winter. Thus, winnowing and focusing of sediment might be an important mechanism of sediment redistribution in the Taiwan Strait. High sinking rate occurred in the northern strait connecting the ECS and the southwest of the study area close to land. The central strait represents a moderate sinking flux area (Fig. 11), showing a resemblance to the spatial pattern of sedimentation rate obtained via sediments in the Taiwan Strait (Fig. 12; Huh et al., 2011).
Notably, there are differences in the distribution patterns of particle sinking between our results and those from Huh et al. (2011) though both patterns showed an overall similarity (Figs 11 and 12). First, our results indicated a net resuspension at sites close to the Pingtan Island (around Sta. Y21) in winter; however, the long-term record (i.e., sediment accumulation) suggested that all the study stations are net particle sedimentation sites. Such a difference implied significant seasonal variability in both the sinking of particles and resuspension of sediments in the Taiwan Strait. In some seasons, the net effect of the two processes results in a net sedimentation of particle, while it shows a net resuspension in other seasons. Over a long timescale, particles showed a transport from the water column to sediment. Second, the sinking fluxes of particle seemed to be lower than the sedimentation accumulation rates (Huh et al., 2011). For example, the flux at Y12 was about 30% of the sedimentation rate obtained at the same site (OR2-1638-GC21 in Huh et al., 2011). The fluxes at Y23 and Y25 were about 2% of those sedimentation rates (Stas OR1-841-GC-14 and OR2-1442-GC29). Probably, the strong mixing in winter benefits the resuspension process and leads to a low sinking fluxes of particle. Considering the fact that inorganic minerals contribute the majority of the bulk particle regime, the lower sinking fluxes in winter indicated that the Taiwan Strait might be an important source region of sediment for adjacent ECS. A large amount particulate matter probably transported to the ECS along the TWC in winter.
5 Conclusions
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Distributions of 210Po and 210Pb revealed the important role of the ZCC and TWC in affecting their spatial characteristics in the Taiwan Strait. Particle composition, probably organics and minerals, greatly influences the fractionation between 210Po and 210Pb. In winter, the Taiwan Strait showed lower particle sinking fluxes comparing with some other seasons, indicating a significant seasonal variability in sedimentation and a transport of a large amount of particulate matter from the Taiwan Strait to the ECS. Thus, the intra-annual variations in the sinking of particles are crucial to our understanding of the material-balance in either the Taiwan Strait or the ECS.
Acknowledgements
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We appreciate the insightful suggestions from two anonymous reviewers and Zongqiang Zhu in Guilin University of Technology. We also thank the laboratory staff and the crew of R/V Yanping II for their help during sampling and analysis.
Funding
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  • The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41076043 and 51608142; the Guangxi Young and Middle-aged Teachers’ Basic Ability Upgrading Project under contract No. 2019KY0298; the Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project under contract No. GuiKe-AD18126018.
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doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1550-z
  • Receive Date：2018-11-05
  • Online Date：2026-03-31
  • Published：2020-02-25
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History
  • Received：2018-11-05
  • Accepted：2019-02-19
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41076043 and 51608142; the Guangxi Young and Middle-aged Teachers’ Basic Ability Upgrading Project under contract No. 2019KY0298; the Guangxi Science and Technology Planning Project under contract No. GuiKe-AD18126018.
Affiliations
    1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
    2 State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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