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Seasonal variation of Caligus rotundigenitalis infestation on the host fish Etroplus suratensis from the Cochin Backwaters, southwest coast of India
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Jemi Job N1, *, A A Mohamed Hatha1, C K Radhakrishnan1
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2022, 41(6) : 132 - 136
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2022, 41(6): 132-136
• Marine biology •
Seasonal variation of Caligus rotundigenitalis infestation on the host fish Etroplus suratensis from the Cochin Backwaters, southwest coast of India
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Jemi Job N1, *, A A Mohamed Hatha1, C K Radhakrishnan1
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  • 1 Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682016, India
Published: 2022-06-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1904-1
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Investigation of four edible fishes (Etroplus suratensis, Oreochromis mossambicus, Lates calcarifer, Chanos chanos) collected from a fish landing center along Cochin Backwaters has done for caligid infestation. Of these, caligids were detected only from Etroplus suratensis and was identified to be Caligus rotundigenitalis. Parasites were attached to the inner side of operculum of host which indicates strong site preference. The annual observation of prevalence, mean intensity and abundance were found to be 19.21%, 1.051 and 0.202 respectively. Variation of prevalence with respect to the different length groups of E. suratensis has discussed in this paper. Damages of the inner side of operculum and increase in mucous production were noticed as a result of copepod attachment.

Caligidae  /  Caligus rotundigenitalis  /  copepod  /  crustacean parasites  /  Etroplus suratensis
Jemi Job N, A A Mohamed Hatha, C K Radhakrishnan. Seasonal variation of Caligus rotundigenitalis infestation on the host fish Etroplus suratensis from the Cochin Backwaters, southwest coast of India[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022 , 41 (6) : 132 -136 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-021-1904-1
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1 Introduction
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Crustaceans act as the topmost parasites in finfish cultures in various parts of the world (Papapanagiotou et al., 1999; Papapanagiotou and Trilles, 2001; Del Mundo et al., 1996) including India (Rajkumar et al., 2005a, b; Sanil et al., 2009) that result in fish mortalities. Etroplus suratensis, Lates calcarifer, Oreochromis mossambicus, Chanos chanos are the popular edible and economically important (Vijayaraghavan et al., 1981; Philipose et al., 2013; Pandey et al., 2014; Jaikumar et al., 2013) fishes of India especially in Kerala, which have high market demand. They have been regarded as a potential species for commercial culturing in various parts of India (Munilkumar et al., 2013; Balkhande, 2019). In many culture systems, fish mortalities have been related to Caligus spp. infestation (Yuasa et al., 1998; Costello, 2009; Zafran et al., 2000) which may lead to significant economic losses. Some host fishes have exhibited the disease signs (erosion and haemorrhages on the skin, eyes and fins) and 10% mortality, because of the heavy infestation by Caligus species such as Caligus epidemicus (Cruz-Lacierda et al., 2011). In other cases, caligids act as the intensifying factor of the existing bacterial infection in the host fishes and enhance the chance of host death (Arriagada et al., 2019). It is either through reducing the survival of infected fish due to the stress induced by sea lice infestation (González et al., 2016) or through increasing the vulnerability of host fish to pathogens, due to the skin lesions produced by copepods (González et al., 2015, 2016). As the parasitic infestation is a major problem to be solved in the marine finfish culturing worldwide, it is very necessary to improve our knowledge about the prevalence of parasitic infestation.
Investigations showed that the parasitic copepods belonging to the family Caligidae have been infested many species of fishes (Lin and Ho, 1993, 2003; Hayward et al., 2008; Jithendran et al., 2008; Hamilton-West et al., 2012; Okawachi et al., 2012; Nagasawa, 2013; Morales-Serna et al., 2014, 2016). Caligus rotundigenitalis Yu, 1933 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida) has regarded as the most dangerous caligid that infests the pearl spot (Solanki et al., 2016) and other fishes (Ho, 2004). The infestation of Ca. rotundigenitalis had resulted in negative effects such as slow growth and mortalities in cultured fishes so that it was also considered as a killer species in Asian aquaculture (Ho, 2000). Hence their monitoring is very important in pearl spot cultures to develop effective prevention and control measures. According to Ho et al. (2000), Ca. rotundigenitalis is regarded as a cosmopolitan species and infest a broad range of hosts. This is the most common species in cultured marine fish (Muhd-Faizul et al., 2012) and wild fish (Ho et al., 2004) in East Asia. However, the literature on Ca. rotundigenitalis those including its prevalence are very limited from India (Pillai, 1985; Solanki et al., 2016; Vinoth et al., 2010). In this context, we report the prevalence, mean intensity, and abundance of Ca. rotundigenitalis on the pearl spot, Etroplus suratensis that collected from a fish landing center along Cochin Backwaters from the southwest coast of India.
2 Materials and methods
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The study area, Munambam Harbour (10°10'N, 76°10'E), is a major fish landing center situated at the side of the Cochin Backwaters in Kerala State along the southwest coast of India (Dinesh Kumar et al., 2009). Fish samples were collected from Munambam Harbour and monthly sampling of four edible fishes from four different families: E. suratensis (Cichlidae), O. mossambicus (Cichlidae), L. calcarifer (Latidae), Ch. chanos (Chanidae) for caligid copepod parasitisation carried out from January to December 2018. Copepods were removed with forceps, after the thorough checking of fish samples. Fishes were identified (Froese and Pauly, 2018) and their lengths were measured with meter rule. Some damages on the operculum have detected where the copepods were attached. Parasites were preserved in 70% ethanol for further analyses. The identification of copepod specimens was done by using the descriptions of Pillai (1985). Sampling months were grouped into three seasons, viz., monsoon (June–September), postmonsoon (October–January) and premonsoon (February–May), to explain the seasonal differences. The prevalence infestation (number of infested fishes/number of observed fish×100), mean intensity (number of particular parasitic copepod species collected/number of infested fish) and abundance (number of particular parasitic copepod species collected/number of observed fish) in different seasons were evaluated (Margolis et al., 1982; Bush et al., 1997). Variation of prevalence with respect to the lengths of the fishes was also calculated by the same procedure. ANOVA was performed to compare the seasonal differences in prevalence, mean intensity and abundance. The graphs were constructed using Microsoft Excel spread sheet version 2007.
3 Results and discussion
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Although the presence of parasitic copepods has been detected on Etroplus suratensis and Lates calcarifer during the study period, the Caligus sp. was found only on E. suratensis (Table 1). Only a very small number of Lernanthropid copepods were recovered from L. calcarifer. Altogether 203 captured specimens of E. suratensis were examined during January to December 2018 and the infestation of parasitic copepod Ca. rotundigenitalis (Caligidae) was recorded in present study (Table 1). Generally they are attached to the gill filaments, body surface, and inner operculum of the fishes. In this study, we have observed that the parasites were attached to the left and right inner operculum of pearl spot throughout the investigation period. This indirectly disclosed the preference for the infestation site of Ca. rotundigenitalis which has been previously reported by Yuniar et al. (2007) and Leaw et al. (2012).
The recovered specimens of Ca. rotundigenitalis were distinguished (Pillai, 1985) by a sub-circular cephalothorax shield, 2-segmented abdomen, genital complex wider than long, slightly ovate and bulged. Most of the specimens of Ca. rotundigenitalis (except three for males) were females with the egg sacs in the present study. Occurrence of Ca. rotundigenitalis has been recorded from South Africa (Grobler, 2004), India, Malaysia, Philippines (Rangnekar, 1959; Pillai, 1985; Maran et al., 2009, 2016; Kua and Muhd-Faizul, 2010). Recently, Vinoth et al. (2010) and Solanki et al. (2016) have added information about this species from Indian waters in Mugil cephalus and Etroplus suratensis. Presence of this species has previously recorded from South Kerala (Pillai and Natarajan, 1977) on Gnathanodon speciosus, Lutjanus malabaricus and Scatophagus argus; from North Malabar on Caranx ignobilis, Etroplus suratensis and Scatophagus argus (Nikhila et al., 2019) without other information in detail. Nikhila et al. (2019) has also reported its presence on Mugil cephalus from Kalamukku fish landing center along Cochin Backwaters; no other information about prevalence of infestation, mean intensity and abundance were available.
Overall prevalence, mean intensity, and abundance at different seasons were found to be 19.21%, 1.051 and 0.202 respectively. However, most of the literature related to Ca. rotundigenitalis has not highlighted the prevalence, mean intensity with respect to the seasons and the damages caused by this species on the host. Previously, prevalence and mean intensity of Ca. rotundigenitalis has been documented during pre-southwest monsoon by Leaw et al. (2012) on Lutjanus erythropterus in Malaysia as 81.4 and 5.6% respectively and by Yuniar et al. (2007) on Mugil cephalus in Indonesia as 24.3 and 2.3% respectively. Vinoth et al. (2010) also recorded 10% of prevalence of infestation on Mugil cephalus along southeast coast of India. In the present study, maximum prevalence of infestation was observed in pre-monsoon followed by post-southwest monsoon (Fig. 1). Seasonal differences of the prevalence of infestation is significant (ANOVA, P<0.05). In this study, higher abundance (0.4) was observed during April and December (Fig. 1); while mean intensity (Fig. 2) was comparatively high in March (1.17) followed by December (1.14). Investigations of Muhd-Faizul et al. (2012) revealed that Ca. rotundigenitalis would tolerate only a narrow salinity range (25–28) and even a low percentage of this species would be able to produce a challenge for the commercial culturing of fishes due to their capacity to make infestation. The highest prevalence of infestation was noted to be 23.86% relating to the different length groups of the host fish, E. suratensis (Table 2). Prevalence of Ca. rotundigenitalis infestation with respect to the fish length on another host (Lutjanus erythropterus) was analysed by Leaw et al. (2012). In the present study maximum prevalence was noticed in the host having the length range of 20.0–23.5 cm and the least prevalence in the host having the range of 16–19.5 cm in length (Table 2).
Substantial information on the harmful effects on fishes by caligids has been documented by Johnson et al. Symptoms of many diseases were studied in host fishes due to Caligus sp. (Noor El-Deen et al., 2012). In the case of severe infestations, disease outbreaks caused by Ca. flexispina (González et al., 2000), C. minimus (Pavoletti et al., 1999) and Ca. rotundigenitalis (Ho, 2000) has been reported. Lesion on the epithelium of operculum (inner surface) was noticed due to the strong attachment and the feeding of copepods in the present study. None of the previous studies reported the damages on the operculum of host fishes by Ca. rotundigenitalis. Presence of large quantity of mucous production at the site of attachment indicated the response of tissue against the parasite infestation. Even the presence of one parasite (Ca. rotundigenitalis) also triggered the mucous secretion from the attachment position and the copepod itself has seen as covered by the mucous during observation. More than half of the infested fishes showed a similar response during the parasite examination in our study. A similar situation of increase in mucous secretion following the attachment of parasitic copepod on affected fishes has been described by Fast et al. (2002) and González et al. (2016). Opercular lesions in host fish caused by Ca. rotundigenitalis may act as the location for bacterial adhesions as suggested by Tully and Nolan (2002). Microbial analysis to verify the presence of bacterial pathogens at the attachment site of copepod has not done in the present study. Only physical damages (lesion and increase in mucous production) due to the attachment of copepods were noticed in our study.
Recently, Khoa et al. (2019) reported the advantage of neem oil (which is an eco-friendly substance) for controlling C. rotundigenitalis on Malaysia at the specific concentration on the host fish L. calcarifer. However, the basic information on the seasonal variations in the prevalence of each particular parasitic copepod species is very essential factor for the effective use of anti-parasitic drugs or substances (such as neem oil) at exact concentration; for controlling the caligid copepods with no risks for the host fishes in different environments. Our study confirmed the presence of Ca. rotundigenitalis only on pearl spot, E. suratensis revealed that the prevalence of this parasite becomes higher during pre-southwest monsoon. It was found that this copepod species has preferential infestation towards the particular length of the host fish. Since the copepods recovered from pearl spot is denoted by Ca. rotundigenitalis and they cause damages to the host fish due to their attachment and feeding, an inclusive study on the parasitic copepods is required along this coastal area for making the effective controlling measures to prevent secondary microbial infection in pearl spot.
Acknowledgements
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We thankfully acknowledge Head of the Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology for providing facilities.
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Year 2022 volume 41 Issue 6
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doi: 10.1007/s13131-021-1904-1
  • Receive Date：2021-08-14
  • Online Date：2025-11-21
  • Published：2022-06-25
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  • Received：2021-08-14
  • Accepted：2021-10-11
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    1 Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682016, India

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* jemicheeran@gmail.com
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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