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Using LA-ICP-MS to analysis elemental composition of statoliths of Scyphozoan jellyfish
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Tiezhu Mi1, 2, *, Shibin Zhao3, 4, Minzhi Qiu3, 4, Bochao Xu2, 3, Qingzhen Yao2, 3, Yu Zhen1, 2, Zhiqing Lai5, 6, Fang Zhang7, Zhigang Yu2, 3
Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2022, 41(11) : 81 - 87
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Acta Oceanologica Sinica | 2022, 41(11): 81-87
• Marine Chemistry •
Using LA-ICP-MS to analysis elemental composition of statoliths of Scyphozoan jellyfish
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Tiezhu Mi1, 2, *, Shibin Zhao3, 4, Minzhi Qiu3, 4, Bochao Xu2, 3, Qingzhen Yao2, 3, Yu Zhen1, 2, Zhiqing Lai5, 6, Fang Zhang7, Zhigang Yu2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2 Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 4 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 5 Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 6 College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 7 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Published: 2022-11-25 doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2034-0
Outline
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Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak events are drawing increasing attentions during the past decade. Elemental compositions of statoliths are helpful to understand jellyfish life history and blooming mechanisms, but very rare endeavor has been focused on the Scyphozoan class. In this work, we explored the feasibility of element analysis of Aurelia aurita (a representative Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak species in China) which may be used as proxies of environment parameters during jellyfish living and moving. Statolith crystals of Aurelia aurita were found to be a gathering of hexahedron type trigonal needle with size of 10−50 μm long, and 5−10 μm in diameter. By using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) downhole profiling method, elements such as Ca, Sr, Mg, Na and P were found to be above the limit of detection and limit of quantification. The epidermis of statocyst could significantly impact the element analyses, so the real statolith element signal section needs to be selected based on elements and Ca profiles together with care. By laser ablated a signal spot repeatedly, the analytical uncertainty was about 3%−4% for Sr/Ca content ratio and Mg/Ca content ratio, but above 10% for other element/Ca content ratios (n=3). Based on the analysis of statolith from temperature-control cultured jellyfish, Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths of the same jellyfish were about 6% (n=14), demonstrating biological processes/vital effects causing small variations compared with analytical uncertainties. Therefore, Sr/Ca content ratios may be used as a potential proxy to reveal the living environment variations the Scyphozoan jellyfish has experienced, such as temperature history, which is helpful to understand jellyfish bloom mechanisms.

LA-ICP-MS  /  statolith  /  element/Ca content ratios  /  Scyphozoan jellyfish  /  Aurelia aurita
Tiezhu Mi, Shibin Zhao, Minzhi Qiu, Bochao Xu, Qingzhen Yao, Yu Zhen, Zhiqing Lai, Fang Zhang, Zhigang Yu. Using LA-ICP-MS to analysis elemental composition of statoliths of Scyphozoan jellyfish[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2022 , 41 (11) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.1007/s13131-022-2034-0
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1 Introduction
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Under multiple pressures of global climate change and human activities, frequent occurrences of marine ecological disasters has become a notable problem (Purcell, 2005). For example, jellyfish blooms have been increasingly reported with negative impacts on marine human activities that prevail all around the world in last twenty years, such as the Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Japan Sea, the Chesapeake Bay (Lotan et al., 1994; Brodeur et al., 1999; Graham, 2001; Uye and Ueta, 2004; Condon and Steinberg, 2008; Richardson et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2012; Bosch-Belmar et al., 2017). In China, jellyfish bloom events have also started to draw increasing attention since the beginning of the 21st century (Sun et al., 2012). Dong et al. (2010) reported that jellyfish blooms are becoming an annual event in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea. For example, Nemopilema nomurai bloomed in the East China Sea in 2003 (Ding and Cheng, 2007); Cyanea nozakii bloomed in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea in 2004 (Wang et al., 2014); Aurelia aurita bloomed in Yantan and Weihai coast in 2007, and Qingdao coast in 2009, respectively (Sun, 2019). Offshore industries, fishery and tourism are all seriously disrupted and suffered economic losses during jellyfish proliferation (Purcell, 2009). However, the life histories of jellyfish are still largely unknown.
Elemental composition in calcified biologic sclerites can record information from the living aquatic environment under some circumstances (Gillanders and Kingsford, 1996). For example, element/Ca content ratios along growth rings in fish otoliths (Shen et al., 2002) and gorgonian coral skeletons (Foster et al., 2016) are reported to be useful for living environment reconstruction. By analyzing otoliths from squid, Arkhipkin et al. (2004) found the Sr/Ca ratio is inversely proportional to temperature and some other elements/Ca content ratios become lower with squid minishing. People found that elements would be proportionally incorporated into Cubozoa jellyfish statoliths during calcification, which might be helpful to reconstruct jellyfish life histories (Mooney and Kingsford, 2012, 2016).
Jellyfish statoliths are a gathering of calcium-rich particles located at the base of the rhopalia in pairs, serving as a sense of gravity and balance functions (Markl, 1978). Becker et al. (2005) found that except for the coral classes that have no medusa stage, statoliths are found in all other types of jellyfish, including Scyphomedusa, Cubozoan and Hydrozoa classes. It has been reported that statoliths first appears during the early stages of the acetabulum (Holst et al., 2007). Thus, jellyfish movements among water masses during specific periods could, in principle, be recorded by statoliths. Kingsford et al. (2012) inferred that core-to-edge Sr/Ca profiles could be used as a salinity indicator to study the migration life history of Chironex fleckeri (Cubozoa jellyfish). They later realized, based on their laboratory incubation experiments, that Sr/Ca content ratios are more of a temperature index rather than salinity (Mooney and Kingsford, 2016). Most recently, they further reported a physiological mechanism causing statolith Sr/Ca content ratio being affected by temperature, and proposed statolith Sr/Ca content ratio as a robust temperature proxy for Cubozoan jellfish living environment (Morrissey et al., 2020).
Temperature is a key parameter controlling the jellyfish population dynamics (Purcell, 2009; Zhang et al., 2012). Knowing jellyfish statolith elemental compositions is high possibly helpful to understand the thermal-regime life history, which may further assist evaluating the triggering mechanism of the bloom events. Thus far, publications about statolith elemental compositions have mainly focused on the Cubozoan class, but very rarely on the Scyphozoan class. However, Scyphozoan is more widely encountered jellyfish outbreak classes in China and many other places of the world. Here, we report our first attempt to obtain element/Ca content ratios from Scyphozoan jellyfish statoliths via Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method. We take Aurelia aurita as an example, which is a typical Scyphozoan genus that occurs in the jellyfish blooms in China. LA-ICP-MS downhole profiling was deployed to obtain the elemental signals on the statolith crystals. By analyzing element/Ca content ratios from a single statolith spot repeatedly, the analytical precision was assessed. Based on the variation of element/Ca content ratios of different statoliths from the same jellyfish, we evaluated the biological processes/vital effects on element/Ca content ratios, which is helpful to further understand the quality of these potential proxies.
2 Materials and methods
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2.1 Sampling and statolith preparation
The Aurelia auritas samples used in this study were cultured in a constant-temperature tank since ephyra period in the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Qingdao. During the period of cultivation, fresh seawater was directly pumped from the Qingdao coast. After passing through 50 μm pore size filters, clean seawater was continuously circulated within the tank. The water temperature was controlled to be at constant 21°C through a heating unit. The lab room temperature was controlled around 18−22°C. After about two months, ephyra would grow up to medusae with umbrella diameter of 15−20 cm. Three medusae with umbrella diameter of ~20 cm were captured with buckets and transported to lab. Five statoliths were obtained from each jellyfish and epoxy fixed immediately.
In order to analysis the element/Ca content ratios in the statolith, we first extracted the statoliths from the rhopalial tissue under a microscope using fine needles following the procedures in Morrissey et al. (2020). Each statolith was then fixed on a glass slide using double-sided adhesive tape and mounted by epoxy resin. Epoxy resin (A:B=3:1) was heated to 50°C and lowered onto the statolith. Once the epoxy resin cooled, each statolith was polished by abrasive paper (500 mesh) and lapping film (3 000 mesh) until a transverse section showing a smooth surface and statolith crystals could be observed under the microscope.
2.2 Analytical methods
Statolith morphology was observed via a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (FEI QUANTA200, 12.5V). Before SEM analysis, a thin layer of gold was sprayed on each crystal to increase conductivity and obtain a clear image.
Major content element composition was analyzed by an Electron Microprobe analysis (JXA-8230, Japanese electronics company). For the purpose of increasing conductivity, we sprayed a layer of carbon on the surface of the statolith before analysis. The analysis protocol was set for an accelerating voltage of 12 V, beam current of 10 nA and beam spot size of 1 μm.
Trace content element compositions were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS (Coherent GeoLas-HD system). Statoliths were placed in a sealed sample cell mounted on an automated sample stage. Ablation was operated under a helium (He) gas flow condition. We deployed a down-hole profiling method for sample analysis. All instrumental parameters used are shown in Table 1. Each down-hole analysis was performed for 100 s. Background checks were run for the first 20 s, and then the laser ablation operation was performed for the next 50 s. The carrier He gas would flush for the last 30 s to lower the background influence to the next analysis. Calibration of the ICP-MS was achieved by using the reference material NIST610 (a synthetic glass containing known quantities of several elements). Since the major component of a statolith is CaSO4, we measured 43Ca as the internal standard during calibration. Elemental intensity ratios (cps/cps, cps is counts per second) were converted to molar ratios by calibration against a NIST 610 glass standard with an internal precision of <3%.
3 Results
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3.1 Statolith morphology
Under microscope, the statolith growth point was observed to be the red-brown point on the top right corner of the statocyst (Fig. 1a), which used to connect with the base of rhopalia. The SEM image shows that each crystal can be morphologically described as a trigonal needle of the hexahedron type (Fig. 1b). Previously, Becker et al. (2005) reported that statoliths of all scyphomedusae species (including Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata, Cyanea lamarckii, Periphylla periphylla and Rhizostoma octopus) can be morphologically described as trigonal needles based on SEM analysis. The size of the statolith crystals of Aurelia aurita is about 10−50 μm long, and 5−10 μm in diameter. When the inside of the statocyst was polished to be exposed, we observed the statocyst consists of an accumulation of tiny crystals (Fig. 1c). Along with jellyfish growth, the statoliths are increased in numbers and size (Sötje et al., 2017). We observed the sizes of these single crystals increase slightly along with the growth direction to the opposite end of the growth point. When crystals were newly formed near the growth point, the previously formed ones would be pushed further away from the growth point to the edge. This is similar to the previously reported “helmet-like” morphology (Ueno et al., 1995; Becker et al., 2005; Sötje et al., 2011). The morphological characteristics of scyphomedusae (especially the numbers of statoliths) was mainly influenced by temperature, but minor by other environmental factors, such as salinity and food availability (Hopf and Kingsford, 2013). Before sexual maturation, the number of statoliths has a nice positive correlation with the jellyfish ages, but the trend becomes weak after the development of gonads which may due to the resources re-partitioning during different biological development periods of the jellyfish life history (Hopf and Kingsford, 2013).
3.2 Element composition of statoliths
The Electron Microprobe point analysis results showed that calcium and sulfur are the two major elements in the statolith crystals, based on the full spectrum of Electron Microprobe analysis from the element of fluorine to uranium (Fig. 2). There was no apparent elemental signals in Ch1 TAP (Fig. 2a), only Ca, S and Cl appeared in Ch2 PETJ (Fig. 2b), and Ca in Ch3 LIFH (Fig. 2c). The compound matching function of the Electron Microprobe software further indicates that the composition of major elements is in the form of CaSO4·0.5H2O (basanite). Through X-ray diffraction analysis, Tiemann et al. (2002) also reported that basanite is the major component of Aurelia aurita’s statoliths.
Elements in statolith which could be quantitatively assessed by LA-ICP-MS downhole profiling method are Ca, Mg, Na, Sr and P. The backgrounds can be evaluated based on the counting signals of the beginning 20 s of each down-hole measurement, revealing the influence of carrier gas and tubing. The average backgrounds (n=9) were (24±15) cps (counts per second), (130±35) cps, (24 000±430) cps, (2±4) cps, (1 100±110) cps for Ca, Mg, Na, Sr and P, respectively. We then calculated each element about their limit of detection (LOD=BG+3.3×STDEV) and their limit of quantification (LOQ=BG+10×STDEV) in Table 2 (Petersen et al., 2018). For all the jellyfish statoliths in this study, counting signals (the section of 40−70 s, Fig. 3) of these elements on the statolith crystals were all well above their respective LOQs (the section before 25 s and after 80 s, Fig. 3). The Sr counting rates were about three orders of magnitudes higher than its LOQ. Mg, Ca and Na were about 10−50 folds higher than their LOQs. P was the only about 1−6 folds higher than its LOQ.
Except Sr, elemental signals (such as Mg, Na and P) all appeared about 5 s ahead of Ca in the section between 25−30 s (Fig. 3). After reaching peak at about 30 s, elemental signals decreased and reversely varied with increasing Ca signals from 30−40 s. From 40−80 s, all elemental signals were correspondingly varied with Ca. However, the Sr signals matched with Ca profile fairly well all the time.
4 Discussion
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4.1 Advantages of LA-ICP-MS for Scyphozoan statoliths element analysis
Since the whole statocyst was embedded into glues, the statocyst epidermis was ablated and analyzed even before the statolith crystals. Because CaSO4 is the major component of the statoliths, Ca could be used as a proxy to indicate which section of the downhole profile was actually from statolith crystals instead of the statocyst epidermis. Based on the downhole profiles including statocyst, almost all elements (except Sr) signals appeared earlier than the Ca profiles (Fig. 3). By comparing the peaks before the appearance of Ca and the section overlapped with Ca peak, we can see the contribution of epidermis to the statolith elements analysis could be very significant. Taken the P in Fig. 3b as an example, the P signals in epidermis were about 4 times higher (12 000 cps vs. 3 000 cps) than which in statolith crystals; the Ca signals in statocyst epidermis however were much lower than which on statolith crystals, leading to a more serious bias elements/Ca content ratios because of the influence of epidermis.
In order to illustrate further, we stripped off the epidermis and directly analyzed the exposed crystals by LA-ICP-MS. Profiles of all four elements now matched the Ca curves very well (Fig. 4). These observations suggest that Sr and Ca are proportionally incorporated into the epidermis and the statolith crystals. Therefore, variations of the Sr profile always match the Ca distributions with or without the polishing operation, leading to reliable Sr/Ca results for both line scanning and 2D mapping analysis.
The influence of epidermis was found to be significant, however, the operation of stripping off the epidermis is very challenging. Based on our own experience during sample preparations, the scyphozoan statolith crystals are very fragile, and not sticked together tightly; it is thus difficult to polish a smooth surface with all statolith crystals staying in their original positions. This is especially harsh for researchers who do not have their own LA-ICP-MS facilities and need to do analysis in other labs after long distance travelling. When the scyphozoan statoliths are analyzed by LA line-scanning or area-mapping approaches, special care should be taken to make sure the epidermis has been fully removed. Fortunately, one can use the downhole profiling method to get rid of the epidermis influence by choosing the section with significant Ca signals.
4.2 Data quality of element/Ca ratios in statolith as potential aquatic proxies
Convincing proxy should only corresponded with environmental variations, but not analytical or vital effects. We therefore carefully checked the analytical uncertainty by laser ablating one single spot multiple times (n=3). The ratios range from 2.6 mmol/mol to 2.8 mmol/mol with an average of (2.7±0.1) mmol/mol for Sr/Ca content ratios, from 5.3 mmol/mol to 6.9 mmol/mol with an average of (6.1±0.8) mmol/mol for P/Ca content ratios, from 22.9 mmol/mol to 24.0 mmol/mol with an average of (23.4±0.6) mmol/mol for Mg/Ca content ratios, and from 79 mmol/mol to 94 mmol/mol with an average of (84±8) mmol/mol for Na/Ca content ratios (Table 3). The ratios of Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca are fairly stable among three repeated ablation analysis, with uncertainties of about 3%−4% (Table 3). The well reproducibility is expected, because Sr, Mg and Ca are all belonged to the alkaline metal group. Similar biogeochemical behaviors may result in homogenous distribution of these elements in statolith crystals (Campana, 1999). Other element/Ca content ratios are more variable, with uncertainties of about 10%. Large counting variations are caused by the bump element profile during ablation analysis, which might be influenced by heterogeneously distributed element content in statolith crystals. Similar findings were reported in other marine mineral samples analyzed by laser ablation down-hole profiling approach, such as foraminifera shells (Guo et al., 2019). Therefore, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca content ratios have higher possibility to be used as potential environment proxy.
Vital effect was further evaluated by analyzing multiple spots on one single statolith, but just focused on Sr/Ca ratio. Fourteen ablation spots were uniformly setup to cover the statolith. The section between 40 s and 70 s of all the fourteen profiles were well overlapped together, demonstrating Sr/Ca ratios in the entire statolith were homogeneously distributed (Fig. 5). Singles on the sections of before 40 s and after 70 s are very bumpy, which might be influenced by the epidermis introduced heterogeneous elemental compositions. The vital effect on Sr/Ca ratios is therefore very trivial. The calculated Sr/Ca ratios were ranged from 2.6 mmol/mol to 3.1 mmol/mol, with an average of (2.9±0.2) mmol/mol (n=14). The reproducibility of the 14 analysis was about 6%, which is only 2% above the reproducibility of one single spot analysis. Therefore, variations of Sr/Ca ratios caused by vital effect from one single statolith is trivial.
We also compared ablation Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths from the same jellyfish, and different individual jellyfishes (Table 4). There was no significant difference of Sr/Ca content ratios among different statolithes of the same jellyfish. Because the analyzed jellyfishes were all cultured under the same temperature and seawater environment, the steady statolith Sr/Ca ratio values were well corresponded with their stable living aquatic environment.
In recent experiments, temperature has been shown to be the dominant variable to control Sr/Ca content ratios in Cubozoa jellyfish statoliths (Martin et al., 2004; Mooney and Kingsford, 2016). Sr ions are similar to Ca ions in valence values and ionic radius, so they can be easily merged into the calcified structures by solid substitution for Ca (i.e., Sr2++CaCO3→SrCO3+Ca2+) (Martin et al., 2004). Theoretically, a higher temperature aquatic environment would offer more energy to accelerate the substitution reaction (Freitas et al., 2006). The temperature secondary control on physiologic processes could also explain apparent correlations between Sr incorporation and temperature (Takesue and Van Geen, 2004).
Knowing the temperature records would be helpful to understand the mechanism of jellyfish blooms. Temperature has been well documented as a key parameter controlling the jellyfish population dynamics (Purcell, 2009; Zhang et al., 2012). However, since tracking the jellyfish movement during its life history is very challenging, it is difficult to know the aquatic temperature conditions which the jellyfish encountered during their movement and how long they stayed in different scenarios. Therefore, it is very significant to establish a reliable high resolution temperature record. However, because of the unique morphology, studies related to Scyphozoan jellyfish statoliths elemental compositions has not been reported yet. Based on the result of this study, we found LA-ICP-MS downhole analysis might be a strong technique to fulfil this requirement. This will help people to better understand the thermal-regime life history of the jellyfish, which may further assist evaluating the mechanisms of the bloom event formation and development.
Element chemistry in fish otoliths has been widely applied to trace fish migration history for years (Campana, 1999). Since the uptake of elements into otolith lattice differ in response to their concentration on the ambient, temporal changes in otolith can fluctuate in association with somatic growth and consequently generate discernible rings that provide time-series information (Gonzalvo et al., 2021). In particular, Sr/Ca content ratio is frequently used proxy to track movements between marine and freshwater environments in euryhaline fishes (e.g., Secor and Rooker, 2000; Gillanders, 2005). Although Scyphozoan jellyfish statoliths do not have daily growth rings as otoliths of fishes, statolith elemental composition on statolith crystals along the growth direction may also provide a potential relationship between the growth of age increment and the aqueous environment based on the technique explored in this work.
5 Conclusions
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We explored the elemental composition of statoliths in the Scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita for the first time. Downhole profile analysis via LA-ICP-MS indicates the statocyst epidermis significantly influenced the results of Mg, Na, and P over a wide range (up to 4 times higher). However, variation of Sr signals always matched the Ca profiles. The analytical uncertainty was about 3%−4% for Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca content ratios, but above 10% for other element/Ca content ratios (n=3) by laser ablated a signal spot repeatedly. Based on the analysis of statolith from temperature-control cultured jellyfish, Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths of the same jellyfish were about 6% (n=14), demonstrating biological processes/vital effects causing small variations compared with analytical uncertainties. Element/Ca content ratios (e.g., Sr/Ca content ratio) are therefore strongly proposed as a potential environment proxy to reveal the living history the Scyphozoan jellyfish has experienced.
Funding
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  • The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2017YFC1404402; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos U1906210 and 41876075.
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Appendix
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Year 2022 volume 41 Issue 11
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Article Info
doi: 10.1007/s13131-022-2034-0
  • Receive Date：2021-11-01
  • Online Date：2025-11-21
  • Published：2022-11-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2021-11-01
  • Accepted：2022-02-14
Funding
The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No. 2017YFC1404402; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos U1906210 and 41876075.
Affiliations
    1 Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    2 Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
    3 Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    4 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    5 Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    6 College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
    7 Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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