In swine production, stress is a common encounter that leads to serious bacterial infection and adverse effects on growth performance. Though antibiotics have been frequently used to control pathogen spread, sustained negative impacts from antibiotics have been found to affect intestinal integrity and the immune system. Multiple nutritional strategies have shown potential to counteract stress and replace antibiotics, including functional amino acids, low protein diet, plant extracts, organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, minerals and vitamins. These additives relieve the stress response in swine via different mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. Based on the overview of signaling pathways and stress models, this review highlights the potential of nutritional strategies in swine for preventing or treating stress-related health problems. For wider application in the pig industry, the dose ranges measured require for further validation in different physiological contexts and formulations. In the future, microfluid devices and novel stress models are expected to enhance the efficiency of screening for new antistress candidates.
| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |