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Traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt homeostasis of bovine mammary cells by altering cell permeability and innate immune function
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Ran Xua, Umesh K. Shandilyaa, Alexandros Yiannikourisb, Niel A. Karrowa, *
Animal Nutrition | 2023, 12(1) : 388 - 397
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Animal Nutrition | 2023, 12(1): 388-397
Original Research Article
Traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt homeostasis of bovine mammary cells by altering cell permeability and innate immune function
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Ran Xua, Umesh K. Shandilyaa, Alexandros Yiannikourisb, Niel A. Karrowa, *
Affiliations
  • aDepartment of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
  • bAlltech Inc., Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA
Published: 2023-03-10 doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.007
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High incidence of traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains and silages can be a potential threat to feed safety and ruminants. Inadequate biodegradation of Fusarium mycotoxins by rumen microflora following ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated feeds can lead to their circulatory transport to target tissues such as mammary gland. The bovine udder plays a pivotal role in maintaining milk yield and composition, thus, human health. However, toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on bovine mammary gland are rarely studied. In this study, the bovine mammary epithelial cell line was used as an in-vitro model of bovine mammary epithelium to investigate effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin B (ENB) and beauvericin (BEA) on bovine mammary gland homeostasis. Results indicated that exposure to DON, ENB and BEA for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (P< 0.001). Exposure to DON at 0.39 μmol/L and BEA at 2.5 μmol/L for 48 h also decreased paracellular flux of FITC-40 kDa dextran (P< 0.05), whereas none of the mycotoxins affected transepithelial electrical resistance after 48 h exposure. The qPCR was performed for assessment of expression of gene coding tight junction (TJ) proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cytokines after 4, 24 and 48 h of exposure. DON, ENB and BEA significantly upregulated the TJ protein zonula occludens-1, whereas markedly downregulated claudin 3 (P< 0.05). Exposure to DON at 1.35 μmol/L for 4 h significantly increased expression of occludin (P< 0.01). DON, ENB and BEA significant downregulated TLR4 (P< 0.05). In contrast, ENB markedly increased expression of cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P< 0.001), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) (P< 0.05) and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) (P< 0.01). BEA significantly upregulated IL-6 (P< 0.001) and TGF-β (P= 0.01), but downregulated TNF-α (P< 0.001). These results suggest that DON, ENB and BEA can disrupt mammary gland homeostasis by inducing cell death as well as altering its paracellular permeability and expression of genes involved in innate immune function.

Fusarium mycotoxin  /  Invitro cell culture  /  Bovine mammary epithelial cells  /  Epithelial paracellular permeability  /  Innate immunity
Ran Xu, Umesh K. Shandilya, Alexandros Yiannikouris, Niel A. Karrow. Traditional and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins disrupt homeostasis of bovine mammary cells by altering cell permeability and innate immune function[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2023 , 12 (1) : 388 -397 . DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.007
Year 2023 volume 12 Issue 1
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Article Info
doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.007
  • Receive Date:2021-12-18
  • Online Date:2026-02-03
  • Published:2023-03-10
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History
  • Received:2021-12-18
  • Revised:2022-09-28
  • Accepted:2022-10-08
Affiliations
    aDepartment of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
    bAlltech Inc., Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA

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* Corresponding author. E-mail address: (N.A. Karrow).
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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