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Short-term post-COVID-19 symptoms in 21,012 patients: a cross-sectional study
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Lujia Cao1, 2, 3, Xiaolei Wu1, 2, 3, Chenyao Zhang1, 2, 3, Chuanchi Wang4, Wenliang Lyu5, Li Liu6, Wei Liu7, Zhimin Yang8, 9, Yan Shi10, Shuguang Yu11, Candong Li12, Ming Yang13, Xing Yan1, 2, 3, Xinyao Jin1, 2, 3, Hui Wang1, 2, 3, Wenke Zheng1, 2, 3, Bo Pang1, 2, 3, Wentai Pang1, 2, 3, Jingqing Hu4, *, Junhua Zhang1, 2, 3, *
Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine | 2025, 5(3) : 291 - 300
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Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine | 2025, 5(3): 291-300
• Original Articles •
Short-term post-COVID-19 symptoms in 21,012 patients: a cross-sectional study
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Lujia Cao1, 2, 3, Xiaolei Wu1, 2, 3, Chenyao Zhang1, 2, 3, Chuanchi Wang4, Wenliang Lyu5, Li Liu6, Wei Liu7, Zhimin Yang8, 9, Yan Shi10, Shuguang Yu11, Candong Li12, Ming Yang13, Xing Yan1, 2, 3, Xinyao Jin1, 2, 3, Hui Wang1, 2, 3, Wenke Zheng1, 2, 3, Bo Pang1, 2, 3, Wentai Pang1, 2, 3, Jingqing Hu4, *, Junhua Zhang1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of National Medical Products Administration: Evidence-Based Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 2Chinese Core Outcome Sets Research Center, Tianjin, China
  • 3Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 4Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 5Institute of Epidemic Research, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
  • 6Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
  • 7Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
  • 8State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, guangdong, China
  • 9The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong 510006, China
  • 10Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
  • 11Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
  • 12Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
  • 13Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
About Author:

Lujia Cao, Xiaolei Wu, Chenyao Zhang, and Chuanchi Wang contributed equally as co-first authors.

Published: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000166
Outline
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Objectives:

This study aimed to clarify the short-term symptoms, duration, and influencing factors in people recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after China's dynamic zero-COVID-19 policy was implemented in December 2022.

Methods:

We included data from a large-scale on-line survey conducted in China between January 14 and February 1, 2023. Participants were individuals of all ages. Chi-squared tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with different symptoms.

Results:

Overall, 21,012 patients from seven regions of China were included in this study (female: 71.22%). For most patients, the period from symptom onset to a negative nucleic acid test result was ≤10 days (72.33%). The distribution of symptoms varied at different times, with respiratory (1-4 weeks) and psychocardiology (5-8 weeks) symptoms being the most common. Multivariate analysis identified male sex, no comorbidity, and living in northeast and northwest China (compared with central China) as independent factors associated with a lower risk of symptoms, while age (41-60 years) was a possible risk factor (compared with 18-40 years).

Conclusions:

Short-term respiratory and psychocardiology symptoms were the most common after COVID-19 recovery. Sex, age, geographical region, and comorbidities were potential influencing factors for the development of short-term symptoms.

China  /  COVID-19  /  Influencing factors  /  Negative nucleic acid test  /  Short-term symptoms
Lujia Cao, Xiaolei Wu, Chenyao Zhang, Chuanchi Wang, Wenliang Lyu, Li Liu, Wei Liu, Zhimin Yang, Yan Shi, Shuguang Yu, Candong Li, Ming Yang, Xing Yan, Xinyao Jin, Hui Wang, Wenke Zheng, Bo Pang, Wentai Pang, Jingqing Hu, Junhua Zhang. Short-term post-COVID-19 symptoms in 21,012 patients: a cross-sectional study[J]. Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, 2025 , 5 (3) : 291 -300 . DOI: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000166
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Funding
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  • Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under(82305433; 82305437)
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Year 2025 volume 5 Issue 3
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Article Info
doi: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000166
  • Receive Date：2024-12-29
  • Online Date：2026-11-04
  • Published：2025-09-25
Article Data
Affiliations
History
  • Received：2024-12-29
  • Accepted：2025-07-30
Funding
Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under(82305433; 82305437)
Affiliations
    1Key Laboratory of National Medical Products Administration: Evidence-Based Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
    2Chinese Core Outcome Sets Research Center, Tianjin, China
    3Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
    4Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
    5Institute of Epidemic Research, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
    6Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
    7Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
    8State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, guangdong, China
    9The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong 510006, China
    10Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
    11Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
    12Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
    13Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China

Corresponding:

* Jingqing Hu, E-mail: ;
Junhua Zhang, E-mail: .
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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