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Traditional Chinese medicine for long COVID-19: the potential roles of immunity remodeling
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Qianru Zhao1, Annalisa Bucchi2, Xinyu Duan3, Zhihua Yang4, David Molla2, Mirko Baruscotti2, *, Yanyan Wang5, *
Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine | 2025, 5(4) : 400 - 419
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Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine | 2025, 5(4): 400-419
• Review Articles •
Traditional Chinese medicine for long COVID-19: the potential roles of immunity remodeling
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Qianru Zhao1, Annalisa Bucchi2, Xinyu Duan3, Zhihua Yang4, David Molla2, Mirko Baruscotti2, *, Yanyan Wang5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 2Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
  • 3School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 4First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
  • 5School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
About Author:

Qianru Zhao, Annalisa Bucchi, and Xinyu Duan contributed equally to this work.

Published: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000175
Outline
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Given that the immunity imbalance in patients with Long COVID-19 (LC) may pose a significant global health and economic post-pandemic burden, there is an emergent need to identify therapeutic targets and treatment options. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as an evidence-based therapeutic approach, can effectively improve the sequelae of LC patients by eliminating pathogenic factors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how immune remodeling contributes to the pathogenesis of LC, the clinical evidence supporting TCM's treatment of LC, and the mechanism of TCM modulating immune remodeling and relieving chronic inflammation to develop new ideas for the treatment of LC as well as the development of drugs. Data were retrieved using appropriate keywords from a variety of internet databases, including PubMed and Web of Science. Current evidence shows that LC can affect multiple organ systems, and its prominent manifestations include respiratory complications, neurological symptoms and cardiovascular dysfunction. Immunoassay showed a characteristic increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and T helper (Th)17/regulatory T (Treg) imbalance. TCM interventions have shown great therapeutic potential, with active compounds such as baicalin reducing lung inflammation and ginsenosides improving heart function. Clinical research reports that Qingfei Paidu decoction (QFPD) can effectively alleviate respiratory symptoms, and Sini powder (SNP) has antidepressant effects. TCM interventions can be tailored based on the specific clinical symptoms of individual patients. This article elucidates the crucial role of inflammation and immune dysfunction in alleviating multiple organ symptoms of LC. TCM used in LC treatment is an important source of new molecules. These new molecules may act synergistically to combat adverse effects such as COVID-19 infection-induced inflammation and oxidative stress.

Immunity remodeling  /  Inflammation  /  Long COVID-19  /  Multi-system complications  /  SARS-CoV-2  /  Traditional Chinese Medicine
Qianru Zhao, Annalisa Bucchi, Xinyu Duan, Zhihua Yang, David Molla, Mirko Baruscotti, Yanyan Wang. Traditional Chinese medicine for long COVID-19: the potential roles of immunity remodeling[J]. Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, 2025 , 5 (4) : 400 -419 . DOI: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000175
  • National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFE0200300)
  • Science and Technology Program of Tianjin(22JCQNJC00480)
  • Tianjin Education Commission(2022KJ151)
  • Graduate Research Innovation Project of TUTCM(YJSKC-20240013)
Year 2025 volume 5 Issue 4
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Article Info
doi: 10.1097/HM9.0000000000000175
  • Receive Date:2025-04-03
  • Online Date:2026-11-04
  • Published:2025-12-25
Article Data
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History
  • Received:2025-04-03
  • Accepted:2025-11-16
Funding
National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFE0200300)
Science and Technology Program of Tianjin(22JCQNJC00480)
Tianjin Education Commission(2022KJ151)
Graduate Research Innovation Project of TUTCM(YJSKC-20240013)
Affiliations
    1Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
    2Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
    3School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
    4First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
    5School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China

Corresponding:

* Mirko Baruscotti, E-mail: ;
Yanyan Wang, E-mail: .
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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