Article(id=1256541005856256654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=1733414400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777512321199, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777512321199, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777512321199, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512321199, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256541004312731999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, year='2026', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='270', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777512320831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512485032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256541693206213337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256541693210407642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256541006531539599, articleId=1256541005856256654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=EN, title=Study on Optimal Nitrogen Application Rate for Relay Cropped Rapeseed after Wheat under Different Planting Patterns in the Yellow River Irrigation Region, columnId=null, journalTitle=Crops, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to clarify the suitable planting pattern and nitrogen application rate for rapeseed relay cropped rapeseed after wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Dalad Banner, Inner Mongolia. Five nitrogen application rate gradients (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha) were set under three planting modes, including straw removal+tillage (T1), straw returning+tillage (T2), and straw removal+no tillage (T3). The optimal nitrogen rate was determined based on rapeseed biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits. The results showed that the aboveground biomass, carbon accumulation and potassium accumulation of rapeseed under T2 treatment were all higher than those under T1 and T3 treatments. Under T2 treatment, the average of fresh grass weight, dry grass weight, carbon accumulation, and potassium accumulation of all nitrogen application treatments could reach 60.5 t/ha, 8.0 t/ha, 2981 kg/ha, and 253 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen application rate significantly affected the biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed under different planting modes. The biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate within the nitrogen application rate range. Compared with no nitrogen application treatment, the fresh grass weight and dry grass weight of rapeseed increased by 39.8% and 35.1% respectively when the nitrogen application rate was 30 kg/ha, 63.0% and 67.9% at 60 kg/ha, 78.1% and 89.0% at 90 kg/ha, 86.5% and 98.1% at 120 kg/ha. The trend of nutrient accumulation of rapeseed green manure was basically consistent with that of biomass. The input costs and outputs of rapeseed for different purposes varied under different planting modes and nitrogen application rates. Considering the factors such as biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits of rapeseed for different purposes under different modes, rapeseed can be planted with no-tillage method with wheat straw removal following wheat harvest. The optimal nitrogen application rate for rapeseed as silage feed is 120 kg/ha, and for rapeseed as green manure, the optimal nitrogen application rate is 90 kg/ha.

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为明确麦后复种油菜的适宜种植模式和施氮量,在内蒙古达拉特旗开展田间试验,在3种种植模式秸秆移走翻耕(T1)、秸秆还田翻耕(T2)和秸秆移走免耕(T3)下设置5个施氮量梯度(0、30、60、90和120 kg/hm2),以油菜生物量、养分积累量和经济效益为依据研究适宜的氮肥用量。研究结果表明,T2处理的油菜地上部生物量、碳和钾积累量均高于T1和T3处理,T2处理下各施氮处理的鲜草重、干草重、碳积累量和钾积累量平均可以达到60.5 t/hm2、8.0 t/hm2、2981 kg/hm2和253 kg/hm2。施氮量显著影响油菜生物量和养分积累量,在本试验施氮量范围下油菜生物量和各养分积累量均随着施氮量的增加而提高,与不施氮相比,施氮量为30 kg/hm2时油菜地上部鲜草重和干草重分别增加39.8%和35.1%;施氮量60 kg/hm2时分别增加63.0%和67.9%;施氮量90 kg/hm2时分别增加78.1%和89.0%;施氮量120 kg/hm2时分别增加86.5%和98.1%,油菜绿肥各养分积累量随播种量变化的趋势与生物量基本一致。不同种植模式和施氮量下不同用途的油菜投入成本和产出不同,综合考虑不同模式下不同用途油菜的生物量和养分积累量、经济效益等因素,小麦收获后油菜可以采用麦秸移走免耕方式种植,在油菜做青贮饲料时适宜的施氮量为120 kg/hm2,做油菜绿肥时适宜施氮量为90 kg/hm2

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鲁剑巍,主要从事作物养分管理和土壤培肥研究,E-mail:
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刘陈,主要从事作物养分管理研究,E-mail:

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1256541069521596499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The effect of nitrogen application rate on the biomass of rapeseed under different planting modes

Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among nitrogen application rates under the same planting mode (P < 0.05), the same below.

, figureFileSmall=vuvPomXxRHJ+MhMgflWQxg==, figureFileBig=AKehB71xUxFU0uywvNMwtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541071190929501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同种植模式下施氮量对油菜生物量的影响

不同小写字母表示同一种植模式下不同施氮量处理差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。

, figureFileSmall=vuvPomXxRHJ+MhMgflWQxg==, figureFileBig=AKehB71xUxFU0uywvNMwtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541074500235382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The impact of soil physicochemical properties on the biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed

“***”,“**”, and“*”indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05 levels, respectively. OM: organic matter, TN: total N, AP: available P, AK: available K, FGW: fresh grass weight, DGW: dry grass weight, CA: carbon accumulation, NA: nitrogen accumulation, PA: phosphorus accumulation, KA: potassium accumulation.

, figureFileSmall=pehzM3uMEm9fBIHUNe9fjw==, figureFileBig=ONGubP3nNDO3FHm6C1Zytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541075230044289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=CN, label=图2, caption=土壤理化性质对油菜生物量和养分积累量的影响

“***”、“**”和“*”分别表示处理间在P < 0.001、P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平上差异显著。

, figureFileSmall=pehzM3uMEm9fBIHUNe9fjw==, figureFileBig=ONGubP3nNDO3FHm6C1Zytg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541076190539914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental soil basic physicochemical properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
种植模式
Cropping pattern
pH 有机质
Organic matter (g/kg)
全氮
Total N (g/kg)
速效磷
Available P (mg/kg)
速效钾
Available K (mg/kg)
T1 秸秆移走翻耕 8.49 8.22 0.42 10.27 158.80
T2 秸秆还田翻耕 8.32 12.36 0.61 11.51 162.50
T3 秸秆移走免耕 8.85 11.10 0.54 9.08 163.70
), ArticleFig(id=1256541077331390614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验土壤基础理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
种植模式
Cropping pattern
pH 有机质
Organic matter (g/kg)
全氮
Total N (g/kg)
速效磷
Available P (mg/kg)
速效钾
Available K (mg/kg)
T1 秸秆移走翻耕 8.49 8.22 0.42 10.27 158.80
T2 秸秆还田翻耕 8.32 12.36 0.61 11.51 162.50
T3 秸秆移走免耕 8.85 11.10 0.54 9.08 163.70
), ArticleFig(id=1256541078644207775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The effect of nitrogen application rate on nutrient accumulation in rapeseed under different planting patterns kg/hm2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量
Nitrogen application rate
碳积累量
Carbon accumulation
氮积累量
Nitrogen accumulation
磷积累量
Phosphorus accumulation
钾积累量
Potassium accumulation
T1 0 1689±68d 106±3d 33±2c 182±7d
30 2392±33c 146±1c 42±1b 253±2c
60 3095±187b 188±9b 54±3a 323±21b
90 3337±41a 200±4a 56±2a 345±6ab
120 3480±60a 203±4a 56±3a 353±11a
T2 0 1928±37e 116±5e 35±2d 203±5e
30 2530±59d 150±5d 43±2c 261±8d
60 3057±62c 178±4c 51±4b 314±3c
90 3589±77b 204±1b 56±1a 366±3b
120 3800±80a 215±3a 57±1a 381±11a
T3 0 1766±152d 110±12d 33±4c 190±17d
30 2407±46c 147±4c 42±3b 251±2c
60 2984±81b 180±7b 50±3a 310±8b
90 3439±220a 202±10a 54±4a 347±15a
120 3616±78a 208±3a 54±4a 359±7a
方差分析Analysis of variance F-value
种植模式Cropping pattern (C) 12.7*** 2.0ns 1.7ns 8.7**
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) 484.4*** 411.6*** 109.8*** 446.2***
种植模式×施氮量C×N 1.4ns 1.7ns 0.4ns 1.6ns
), ArticleFig(id=1256541079059443885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同种植模式下施氮量对油菜养分积累量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量
Nitrogen application rate
碳积累量
Carbon accumulation
氮积累量
Nitrogen accumulation
磷积累量
Phosphorus accumulation
钾积累量
Potassium accumulation
T1 0 1689±68d 106±3d 33±2c 182±7d
30 2392±33c 146±1c 42±1b 253±2c
60 3095±187b 188±9b 54±3a 323±21b
90 3337±41a 200±4a 56±2a 345±6ab
120 3480±60a 203±4a 56±3a 353±11a
T2 0 1928±37e 116±5e 35±2d 203±5e
30 2530±59d 150±5d 43±2c 261±8d
60 3057±62c 178±4c 51±4b 314±3c
90 3589±77b 204±1b 56±1a 366±3b
120 3800±80a 215±3a 57±1a 381±11a
T3 0 1766±152d 110±12d 33±4c 190±17d
30 2407±46c 147±4c 42±3b 251±2c
60 2984±81b 180±7b 50±3a 310±8b
90 3439±220a 202±10a 54±4a 347±15a
120 3616±78a 208±3a 54±4a 359±7a
方差分析Analysis of variance F-value
种植模式Cropping pattern (C) 12.7*** 2.0ns 1.7ns 8.7**
施氮量Nitrogen application rate (N) 484.4*** 411.6*** 109.8*** 446.2***
种植模式×施氮量C×N 1.4ns 1.7ns 0.4ns 1.6ns
), ArticleFig(id=1256541079663423674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of nitrogen application rate on nutrient accumulation of rape seed under different cropping patterns 元/hm2 yuan/hm2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量
Nitrogen
application
rate
种植成本Planting cost 收益Earning 净收益Net earning
机械
Mechanical
氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer
磷肥
Phosphorus
fertilizer
其他
Others
鲜草产值
Fresh grass
output
可替代化肥价值
Alternative
fertilizer value
饲料油菜
Forage rape
seed
绿肥油菜
Manure
rape
T1 0 2775 0 297 280 12 964 3144 9592 -228
30 2775 209 297 280 19 286 4327 15 705 746
60 2775 417 297 280 23 168 5534 19 379 1745
90 2775 626 297 280 24 593 5897 20 595 1899
120 2775 835 297 280 25 172 6000 20 965 1793
T2 0 1950 0 297 280 14 852 3510 12 305 963
30 1950 209 297 280 19 846 4501 17 091 1745
60 1950 417 297 280 22 795 5384 19 831 2420
90 1950 626 297 280 24 317 6221 21 143 3048
120 1950 835 297 280 26 105 6478 22 723 3096
T3 0 825 0 297 280 13 670 3296 12 248 1874
30 825 209 297 280 18 734 4350 17 104 2719
60 825 417 297 280 21 446 5343 19 606 3504
90 825 626 297 280 24 717 5976 22 668 3928
120 825 835 297 280 25 919 6150 23 662 3893
), ArticleFig(id=1256541080330318029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005856256654, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同种植模式下施氮量对油菜养分积累量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
施氮量
Nitrogen
application
rate
种植成本Planting cost 收益Earning 净收益Net earning
机械
Mechanical
氮肥
Nitrogen
fertilizer
磷肥
Phosphorus
fertilizer
其他
Others
鲜草产值
Fresh grass
output
可替代化肥价值
Alternative
fertilizer value
饲料油菜
Forage rape
seed
绿肥油菜
Manure
rape
T1 0 2775 0 297 280 12 964 3144 9592 -228
30 2775 209 297 280 19 286 4327 15 705 746
60 2775 417 297 280 23 168 5534 19 379 1745
90 2775 626 297 280 24 593 5897 20 595 1899
120 2775 835 297 280 25 172 6000 20 965 1793
T2 0 1950 0 297 280 14 852 3510 12 305 963
30 1950 209 297 280 19 846 4501 17 091 1745
60 1950 417 297 280 22 795 5384 19 831 2420
90 1950 626 297 280 24 317 6221 21 143 3048
120 1950 835 297 280 26 105 6478 22 723 3096
T3 0 825 0 297 280 13 670 3296 12 248 1874
30 825 209 297 280 18 734 4350 17 104 2719
60 825 417 297 280 21 446 5343 19 606 3504
90 825 626 297 280 24 717 5976 22 668 3928
120 825 835 297 280 25 919 6150 23 662 3893
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沿黄灌区不同种植模式下麦后复种油菜适宜施氮量研究
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刘陈 1 , 王伟妮 2 , 廖世鹏 1 , 任涛 1 , 郭晨 3 , 许源源 1 , 于道海 1 , 刘俊梅 2 , 张豪强 2 , 孙霞 2 , 鲁剑巍 1
作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026,42(1): 104-110
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作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026, 42(1): 104-110
沿黄灌区不同种植模式下麦后复种油菜适宜施氮量研究
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刘陈1 , 王伟妮2, 廖世鹏1, 任涛1, 郭晨3, 许源源1, 于道海1, 刘俊梅2, 张豪强2, 孙霞2, 鲁剑巍1
作者信息
  • 1华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,430070,湖北武汉
  • 2鄂尔多斯市农牧业生态与资源保护中心,017010,内蒙古鄂尔多斯
  • 3内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院植物保护研究所,010031,内蒙古呼和浩特
  • 刘陈,主要从事作物养分管理研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

鲁剑巍,主要从事作物养分管理和土壤培肥研究,E-mail:
Study on Optimal Nitrogen Application Rate for Relay Cropped Rapeseed after Wheat under Different Planting Patterns in the Yellow River Irrigation Region
Chen Liu1 , Weini Wang2, Shipeng Liao1, Tao Ren1, Chen Guo3, Yuanyuan Xu1, Daohai Yu1, Junmei Liu2, Haoqiang Zhang2, Xia Sun2, Jianwei Lu1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • 2Ordos Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Ecology and Resource Protection Center, Ordos 017010, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 3Plant Protection Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.013
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为明确麦后复种油菜的适宜种植模式和施氮量,在内蒙古达拉特旗开展田间试验,在3种种植模式秸秆移走翻耕(T1)、秸秆还田翻耕(T2)和秸秆移走免耕(T3)下设置5个施氮量梯度(0、30、60、90和120 kg/hm2),以油菜生物量、养分积累量和经济效益为依据研究适宜的氮肥用量。研究结果表明,T2处理的油菜地上部生物量、碳和钾积累量均高于T1和T3处理,T2处理下各施氮处理的鲜草重、干草重、碳积累量和钾积累量平均可以达到60.5 t/hm2、8.0 t/hm2、2981 kg/hm2和253 kg/hm2。施氮量显著影响油菜生物量和养分积累量,在本试验施氮量范围下油菜生物量和各养分积累量均随着施氮量的增加而提高,与不施氮相比,施氮量为30 kg/hm2时油菜地上部鲜草重和干草重分别增加39.8%和35.1%;施氮量60 kg/hm2时分别增加63.0%和67.9%;施氮量90 kg/hm2时分别增加78.1%和89.0%;施氮量120 kg/hm2时分别增加86.5%和98.1%,油菜绿肥各养分积累量随播种量变化的趋势与生物量基本一致。不同种植模式和施氮量下不同用途的油菜投入成本和产出不同,综合考虑不同模式下不同用途油菜的生物量和养分积累量、经济效益等因素,小麦收获后油菜可以采用麦秸移走免耕方式种植,在油菜做青贮饲料时适宜的施氮量为120 kg/hm2,做油菜绿肥时适宜施氮量为90 kg/hm2

沿黄灌区  /  麦后复种  /  油菜  /  种植模式  /  施氮量  /  经济效益

In order to clarify the suitable planting pattern and nitrogen application rate for rapeseed relay cropped rapeseed after wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Dalad Banner, Inner Mongolia. Five nitrogen application rate gradients (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha) were set under three planting modes, including straw removal+tillage (T1), straw returning+tillage (T2), and straw removal+no tillage (T3). The optimal nitrogen rate was determined based on rapeseed biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits. The results showed that the aboveground biomass, carbon accumulation and potassium accumulation of rapeseed under T2 treatment were all higher than those under T1 and T3 treatments. Under T2 treatment, the average of fresh grass weight, dry grass weight, carbon accumulation, and potassium accumulation of all nitrogen application treatments could reach 60.5 t/ha, 8.0 t/ha, 2981 kg/ha, and 253 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen application rate significantly affected the biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed under different planting modes. The biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate within the nitrogen application rate range. Compared with no nitrogen application treatment, the fresh grass weight and dry grass weight of rapeseed increased by 39.8% and 35.1% respectively when the nitrogen application rate was 30 kg/ha, 63.0% and 67.9% at 60 kg/ha, 78.1% and 89.0% at 90 kg/ha, 86.5% and 98.1% at 120 kg/ha. The trend of nutrient accumulation of rapeseed green manure was basically consistent with that of biomass. The input costs and outputs of rapeseed for different purposes varied under different planting modes and nitrogen application rates. Considering the factors such as biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits of rapeseed for different purposes under different modes, rapeseed can be planted with no-tillage method with wheat straw removal following wheat harvest. The optimal nitrogen application rate for rapeseed as silage feed is 120 kg/ha, and for rapeseed as green manure, the optimal nitrogen application rate is 90 kg/ha.

Yellow River Irrigation Region  /  Multiple cropping after wheat  /  Rape  /  Cropping pattern  /  Nitrogen application rate  /  Economic benefits
刘陈, 王伟妮, 廖世鹏, 任涛, 郭晨, 许源源, 于道海, 刘俊梅, 张豪强, 孙霞, 鲁剑巍. 沿黄灌区不同种植模式下麦后复种油菜适宜施氮量研究. 作物杂志, 2026 , 42 (1) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.013
Chen Liu, Weini Wang, Shipeng Liao, Tao Ren, Chen Guo, Yuanyuan Xu, Daohai Yu, Junmei Liu, Haoqiang Zhang, Xia Sun, Jianwei Lu. Study on Optimal Nitrogen Application Rate for Relay Cropped Rapeseed after Wheat under Different Planting Patterns in the Yellow River Irrigation Region[J]. Crops, 2026 , 42 (1) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.013
春小麦是我国北方重要的粮食作物,一般在7月中下旬收获,春小麦收获后到霜降前往往还有2~3个月秋闲,因此在生产中春小麦种植区普遍存在“一季有余效益不高、两季不足下茬低效”的现象,导致北方300万hm2以上麦后土地闲置[1-3]。选择合适的作物进行复种能充分利用7月下旬到10月上中旬光温资源,提高土地利用率,发挥麦后秋闲田生产潜力。
油菜是我国重要的油料作物,也是一种适应性广的优质绿肥和饲料,与紫云英和毛叶苕子等传统绿肥作物相比,油菜用作绿肥具有种子成本低、容易获得、种植和管理技术简单、较强的适应性和抗逆性、生物量大和养分含量高等优势[4-5],此外,油菜作饲料时还具备营养价值高、适口性高和饲养效果优良等优点[6-7]。目前沿黄灌区麦后复种油菜已经有一定规模,不仅可以充分利用休闲期光热水资源,形成绿色覆盖,有效减少土壤水分蒸发,降低土壤盐碱度,也可以缓解冬季饲料不足问题,增加农民收益[8-10],但其配套栽培技术与传统油菜存在差异,不够完善,因此在区域内开展麦后复种油菜种植技术研究是非常必要的。
施氮量是决定油菜产量和养分积累量的关键因素之一,马致慧等[11]在宁夏试验区研究发现,施肥肥效表现为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。油菜氮素吸收量较大,依靠土壤提供的氮素远远不能满足自身生长,随着氮肥用量的增加,油菜叶面积增大,光能利用率增加[12],但施氮量过多可能导致经济效益下降,因此探究油菜适宜的施氮量是合理种植与利用的必要前提。此外,麦后复种油菜减少了种植环节中整地次数,是节省成本和实现轻简化的有效途径[13-14]。因此,本试验通过研究不同种植模式下不同施氮量对麦后复种油菜生物量、养分积累量及经济效益的影响,以期确定麦后复种油菜适宜的种植模式和施氮量,从而为麦后复种油菜的推广和应用提供理论依据。
试验于2022年7-10月在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗东海新村(40°28′20″ N,109°55′4″ E)进行,该地位于沿黄灌区,属典型的温带大陆性气候,干燥少雨,日照充足,年均日照时数约3000 h。试验田前茬作物均为小麦,供试土壤为潮土,基础理化性质见表1,试验田土壤偏碱性,有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均处于低水平;试验期间,试验点月平均气温17.3~24.1 ℃,降水量约178.0 mm。
供试油菜品种为华中农业大学选育的“华油杂62”,该品种适应范围广,在南方可作冬季油料作物,在北方夏秋播适合作饲料和绿肥,具有生育期适中、生物量大和耐盐碱等特点[4,15]。供试肥料为尿素(N 46%)和重过磷酸钙(P2O5 40%)。
试验采取裂区设计,主处理为3种不同种植模式,分别为秸秆移走翻耕(T1)、秸秆还田翻耕(T2)及秸秆移走免耕(T3),副处理为5个不同的施氮量处理,分别为0、30、60、90和120 kg/hm2,每个处理3次重复,小区面积为20 m2。小麦于2022年7月17日收获,油菜于7月22日撒播播种,播种量为18.75 kg/hm2,施肥随播种同时进行,施磷量均为34.5 kg/hm2,播种时灌水量为600 m3/hm2,生育期内无灌水,10月20日进行油菜取样及测产。同时播种前用30%噻虫嗪拌种,药剂使用量为播种量的0.2%,在油菜苗期时,喷施烯草酮420 mL/hm2和二氯吡啶酸150 g/hm2控草,喷施甲维·虫螨腈150 mL/hm2和虱螨脲300 mL/hm2防虫;除整地环节和施氮量外,不同模式间其他田间管理均一致。
两季田间试验油菜播种前,在试验田内采用“S”形均匀布点10个,取0~20 cm耕层土壤样品,在室温下风干磨细过20和100 mm筛备用,进行理化性质分析[16]。采用水土比法(2.5:1)和电位法测定pH,采用元素分析仪测定有机质和土壤全氮含量,采用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提―钼锑抗比色法测定速效磷含量,采用1 mol/L 醋酸铵浸提―火焰光度法测定速效钾含量。
收获前1 d在各小区选取具有代表性的样方1个,面积为0.25 m2(0.5 m×0.5 m),收获地上部所有植株称量鲜草重,随后将样品置于鼓风式干燥箱,在105 ℃条件下杀青30 min,然后在60 ℃条件下恒温干燥至恒重,称量干物质重,干燥样品制样后保存留作养分测定。各小区全区收获地上部所有植株,称量鲜草重,根据各小区样方的含水率换算成干草重。
采用元素分析仪测定植物全碳含量;采用H2SO4-H2O2联合消煮法测定全氮含量,采用流动注射分析仪测定全磷含量;采用H2SO4-H2O2联合消煮法和火焰光度计法测定全钾含量。1.4.4 经济效益 油菜种植成本分为机械成本、肥料成本和其他种植成本,T1、T2和T3处理机械成本分别为2775、1950和825元/hm2;不同施氮量氮肥成本分别为0、209、417、626和835元/hm2,磷肥用量各处理均一致,成本为297元/hm2;其他种植成本包括种子、农药和水费,各处理均一致,为280元/hm2。收益按饲料油菜和绿肥油菜分别计算,油菜作饲料用时,油菜鲜草按0.35元/kg计算[17];油菜作绿肥用时,N、P2O5、K2O分别按照7.0、9.9和11.6元/kg计算。
试验数据采用Excel 2022软件进行计算处理,利用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,通过LSD法检验处理间P<0.05水平的差异显著性。同时采用Origin 2022软件作图。
图1可知,T1、T2和T3处理下的油菜平均鲜草重分别为60.1、61.7和59.7 t/hm2,平均干草重分别为7.8、8.1和8.0 t/hm2,3种种植模式下油菜生物量整体上没有明显差异,T2处理较T1和T3处理鲜草重分别增加2.7%和3.4%,干草重增加3.8%和1.3%。随着施氮量的增加,不同种植模式下油菜生物量均呈上升趋势,与不施氮处理相比,施氮量为30 kg/hm2时3个处理鲜草重和干草重整体分别增加39.8%和35.1%;施氮量60 kg/hm2时分别增加63.0%和67.9%;施氮量90 kg/hm2时分别增加78.1%和89.0%;施氮量120 kg/hm2时分别增加86.5%和98.1%,3种模式下鲜草重和干草重均在施氮量为120 kg/hm2时达到最大。施氮量为90 kg/hm2时,T1和T3处理鲜草重和干草重与施氮量为120 kg/hm2时无显著差异;T2处理下在施氮量120 kg/hm2时鲜草重较90 kg/hm2时显著高出7.4%,干草重显著高出5.5%。
表2可知,相同施氮量下不同种植模式的碳和钾积累量间存在极显著差异,T2处理平均碳积累量为2981 kg/hm2,较T1和T3处理分别增加6.5%和4.9%;T2处理平均钾积累量为253 kg/hm2,较T1和T3处理均增加4.5%;相同施氮量下不同种植模式油菜氮和磷积累量不存在显著差异,3种种植模式下氮和磷积累量平均为171和48 kg/hm2。随着施氮量的增加,3种种植模式下油菜各养分积累量均呈现显著上升趋势。当施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,3个处理油菜碳、氮、磷和钾总积累量较不施氮处理总积累量分别平均增加102.2%、88.6%、65.3%和90.1%。其中,T1处理碳、氮、磷和钾积累量较不施氮处理平均分别增加106.0%、91.5%、69.7%和94.0%,但与施氮量为90 kg/hm2时无显著差异;T2处理较不施氮处理分别增加97.1%、85.3%、62.9%和87.7%;与施氮量90 kg/hm2处理相比,油菜碳、氮和钾积累量显著高出211、11和15 kg/hm2。T3处理下油菜养分积累量规律与T1处理基本一致,当施氮量为120 kg/hm2时油菜各养分积累量与90 kg/hm2时无显著差异,且较不施氮处理分别平均增加104.8%、89.1%、63.6%和88.9%。
不同种植模式下整体生物量和养分积累量与各试验地块土壤基础理化性质的相关性分析(图2)表明,尽管3个试验地块的基础土壤理化性质存在差异,但各指标与油菜整体生物量(鲜草重和干草重)及各养分积累量(碳、氮、磷和钾)之间均未呈现显著相关性。这可能由于土壤肥力处于同一丰缺等级范围内,不同种植模式下油菜生物量和养分积累量差异主要来源于种植模式和施氮量差异,而非地块间土壤基础条件的制约。
针对不同种植模式下油菜种植成本以及不同用途下经济效益进行分析(表3),除机械成本外整体上不同模式间肥料和种子等成本一致,其中T3处理减少了翻耕整地环节,机械成本较T1和T2处理分别节省70%和58%,T2处理减少了麦秸打捆移走的成本,又较T1处理减低了30%。按照青贮饲草的市场价格0.35元/kg计算,油菜作饲料时鲜草产值在12 964~26 105元/hm2不等,不同种植模式下平均产值差异不大,且产值随着氮肥投入的增加而增加,在施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,不同种植模式下饲料油菜净收益均达到最大,T1、T2和T3处理净收益分别为20 965、22 723和23 662元/hm2。与不施氮处理相比,氮肥投入成本增加209、417、626和835元/hm2时,产值分别增加4994~6322、7776~10 204、9465~11 629和11 253~ 12 253元/hm2。油菜作绿肥时当季无直接经济收益,以油菜氮、磷和钾养分积累量进行可替代化肥量价值计算,结果表明可替代化肥量随着施氮量的增加而增加,且不施氮时由于机械成本高,其产出低于投入,整体上油菜净收益往往在施氮量为90 kg/hm2时达到最大。
耕作模式是影响作物生长的关键因素[18]。本试验条件下T2处理较T1和T3处理油菜鲜草重分别增加2.5%和3.3%,干重增加3.1%和1.1%,但没有达到显著水平。与前人[19-20]研究结果一致,秸秆还田可以促进作物的生长和养分吸收积累,T2处理下油菜平均碳和钾积累量分别为2981和253 kg/hm2,显著高于2种秸秆移走模式,且较T1处理分别增加6.5%和4.5%,较T3处理分别增加4.9%和4.5%。相同施氮量下不同种植模式油菜氮和磷积累量不存在显著差异,3种种植模式下油菜氮和磷积累量平均分别为171和48 kg/hm2,种植模式差异对油菜氮和磷积累量无显著影响,这可能与小麦秸秆带入的氮、磷含量相对较低相关[21]。此外,土壤理化性质也会影响油菜生长,本试验不同种植模式在相邻小麦田开展,试验田土壤均偏碱性,有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均处于低水平,土壤理化性质与油菜生物量和养分积累量相关性分析结果表明,本试验条件下,土壤基础理化性质不是影响油菜生长的主要因素。
油菜对氮素吸收量较大,杨瑞吉等[12]研究表明,增施氮肥能明显提高复种油菜株高、叶面积指数、相对生长率以及群体同化率和生长率,进而促进油菜干物质积累和群体形态结构建成,达到适时丰产。本试验施氮量处理下,随着施氮量的增加,不同种植模式下油菜生物量各养分积累量均呈现显著上升趋势,T2处理下,当施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,油菜鲜重和干重较不施氮处理分别平均增加86.5%和98.1%,碳、氮、磷和钾养分积累量较不施氮处理分别平均增加102.2%、88.6%、65.3%和90.1%。T1和T3处理油菜生物量和养分积累量在120 kg/hm2时达到最大,但与90 kg/hm2时不存在显著差异,而秸秆还田模式下,施氮量为120 kg/hm2时油菜养分积累量显著高于低氮处理,可能与高氮条件下秸秆养分释放快有关,小麦秸秆的C/N在30~90左右,含有更多难分解的纤维素和木质素,氮肥的投入可以调节碳氮比,从而影响土壤微生物活动,进而影响油菜养分积累[22-23]。此外,已有研究[24-25]也表明高施氮量饲料油菜更有利于粗蛋白、粗脂肪的累积,从而达到更好的饲用价值。
减少整地次数是节省种植成本的有效方式,秸秆移走免耕复种油菜减少了翻地整地步骤,机械成本为825元/hm2,与2种翻耕模式相比,机械支出分别节省70%和58%;尽管由于免耕油菜鲜草重有所下降,鲜草产值较翻耕模式分别下降了139和686元/hm2,但净收益反而增加了1810和439元/hm2;做油菜绿肥时净收益较2种翻耕模式分别增加了929和1993元/hm2。秸秆还田翻耕模式中减少了麦秸打捆移走的成本,提高了秸秆就地利用率,同时秸秆的添加促进了油菜的生长,鲜草产值和可替代化肥值较秸秆移走模式分别平均增加616和217元/hm2
氮肥的投入显著增加了油菜的生物量和养分积累量,进而提高了经济效益。产值随着氮肥投入的增加而增加,在施氮量为120 kg/hm2时,3种种植模式下饲料油菜净收益均达到最大。与不施氮处理相比,氮肥投入成本增加209、417、626和835元/hm2时,产值分别增加4994~6322、7776~10 204、9465~11 629和11 253~12 253元/hm2。因此,当油菜作饲料时应适当增施氮肥。以油菜氮、磷和钾养分积累量进行可替代化肥量价值计算,油菜做绿肥时可替代化肥价值也随着施氮量的增加而增加,且当施氮量达到90 kg/hm2时油菜绿肥净收益在不同模式间达到最大或与更高施氮量不存在显著差异。此外,由于秸秆移走翻耕模式的机械成本高,油菜在不施肥条件下其产出低于投入,造成亏损228元/hm2。油菜做绿肥时施用氮肥在90 kg/hm2时能实现产量效益和环境效益协同增加。
本研究主要针对沿黄灌区麦后复种油菜栽培技术开展研究,探究了不同种植模式和施氮量下油菜地上部生物量和养分积累量差异,并通过评估不同利用模式下的经济效益来确定适宜施氮量,但种植不同用途油菜的适宜施氮量范围需要进一步确定。西北地区利用小麦等作物收获后秋闲田复种油菜既可用作饲料又可用作绿肥,如果作为饲料则需要进一步评估饲料油菜种植模式和施氮量对饲用价值的影响[26];另一方面,油菜根系生长可以优化土壤物理性状,减少水土流失和缓解土壤盐碱化[27],同时根系碳、氮、磷和钾积累量在盛花期为地上部各养分积累量的14.2%、5.1%、7.3%和5.3%[28],碳积累量相对丰富,对于土壤培肥的效应不可低估,因此需要进一步探究包括根系在内的整个油菜绿肥对土壤质量的提升效果和可替代后茬小麦化肥量的效果[29-30]。此外,针对秸秆移走免耕模式,可以探索秸秆全量还田免耕飞播模式[31],在保证一定生物量水平下进一步降低秸秆离田和整地投入。
种植模式和施氮量显著影响油菜生物量、养分积累量、种植成本投入和经济产出。综合考虑不同模式下不同用途油菜生物量和养分积累量、经济效益等因素,建议小麦收获后麦秸还田,油菜可以采用免耕方式播种,在油菜做青贮饲料时适宜的施氮量为120 kg/hm2,做油菜绿肥时适宜施氮量为90 kg/hm2
  • 鄂尔多斯市“盐碱地农牧业综合利用科技创新试验示范”项目(2023-KJCX-01)
  • 财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系”项目(CARS-12)
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doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.013
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
  • 修回日期:2024-12-06
基金
鄂尔多斯市“盐碱地农牧业综合利用科技创新试验示范”项目(2023-KJCX-01)
财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系”项目(CARS-12)
作者信息
    1华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,430070,湖北武汉
    2鄂尔多斯市农牧业生态与资源保护中心,017010,内蒙古鄂尔多斯
    3内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院植物保护研究所,010031,内蒙古呼和浩特

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鲁剑巍,主要从事作物养分管理和土壤培肥研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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