Article(id=1256541005612966240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728403200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-09, revisedDate=1733760000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777512321141, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1771084800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777512321141, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777512321141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512321141, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256541004312731999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, year='2026', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='270', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1777512320831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777512485032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256541693206213337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256541693210407642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256541004312731999, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=217, endPage=224, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256541006078533988, articleId=1256541005612966240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=EN, title=Simulation of Spring Wheat Yield Response to Precipitation, Nitrogen Application, and Straw Mulching under Different Precipitation Year Types, columnId=null, journalTitle=Crops, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the mechanism of the coupled effects of precipitation, nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and straw mulching on dryland spring wheat yield under different precipitation year types, the APSIM model was calibrated using spring wheat yield, soil, and meteorological data under no-tillage and no-tillage with straw mulching from 2013 to 2018. Combined with historical data from 1970 to 2022 to drive the calibrated model, yields were simulated under 5×5×5 combinations of precipitation changes (±20%, ±10% and 0%), nitrogen application rates (0.0, 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg/ha), and straw mulching rates (0, 1125, 2250, 3375, and 4500 kg/ha). The coefficient of variation of yield under single-factor was analyzed for each year type, and quadratic orthogonal polynomial stepwise regression, single-factor analysis, and interaction effects were employed to study the impacts of various factors on yield. The results showed that the APSIM model performed well, with R² > 0.8, NRMSE < 10%, and ME > 0.8 for both tillage practices. In dry, normal, and wet years, the individual and interactive effects of the three factors all positively influenced yield, with the order of effect intensity being: precipitation change > nitrogen application rate > straw mulching rate. Based on the natural precipitation of the current year, the optimal yields and cultivation measures for each year type were as follows: in dry years, an optimal yield of 2203.65 kg/ha was achieved by increasing precipitation by 20%, applying 153.13 kg/ha of nitrogen, and mulching with 4500 kg/ha of straw; in normal years, an optimal yield of 2838.77 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 170.76 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching; in wet years, an optimal yield of 3447.11 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 188.58 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching. In conclusion, within the simulated experimental range, increasing precipitation, nitrogen application rate, and straw mulching amount under no-tillage conditions can enhance the simulated yield of spring wheat, but the degree of impact varies with precipitation year types. For local spring wheat, water, fertilizer, and mulching strategies should be formulated according to the specific year type to achieve high and stable yields.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaojuan Ye, Qiang Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1256541010113454454, articleId=1256541005612966240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=CN, title=不同降水年型下春小麦产量对降水、施氮及秸秆覆盖的响应模拟, columnId=1256536352674427254, journalTitle=作物杂志, columnName=生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探究不同降水年型下降水量、氮肥与秸秆覆盖耦合变化对旱地春小麦产量的影响机制,利用2013-2018年免耕及免耕秸秆覆盖下的春小麦产量、土壤及气象数据校验APSIM模型。结合1970-2022年历史数据驱动校验后的模型,模拟5×5×5组降水变化量(±20%、±10%、0%)、施氮量(0.0、52.5、105.0、157.5和210.0 kg/hm2)和秸秆覆盖量(0、1125、2250、3375和4500 kg/hm2)组合下的产量,分析不同单因素下各年型产量变异系数,并采用二次正交多项式逐步回归、单因素分析和交互效应研究各因素对产量的影响。结果表明,APSIM模型模拟效果良好,2种耕作方式下实测与模拟产量R2均大于0.8,NRMSE均小于10%,ME均大于0.8。欠水年、平水年和丰水年下,三因素单独及交互作用均正向影响产量,效应强度为降水变化量>施氮量>秸秆覆盖量。在当年自然降水基础上,各年型最优产量及耕作措施为:欠水年实现最优产量2203.65 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用153.13 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆;平水年实现最优产量2838.77 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用170.76 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆;丰水年实现最优产量3447.11 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用188.58 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆。综上,在模拟试验设置范围内,免耕覆盖下增加降水量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量均可提升春小麦模拟产量,但影响程度因降水年型而异,当地春小麦宜按年型制定水肥覆盖方案以实现高产与稳产。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘强,主要从事农业作物模型研究,E-mail:
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叶晓娟,主要从事农业信息化研究,E-mail:

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叶晓娟,主要从事农业信息化研究,E-mail:

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叶晓娟,主要从事农业信息化研究,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=产量)], refs=[Reference(id=1256541050454270734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=17, issue=6, pageStart=699, pageEnd=704, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=姜大膀, 王娜, journalName=气候变化研究进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜大膀, 王娜. 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Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients, water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China. 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Balancing straw returning and chemical fertilizers in China: role of straw nutrient resources. 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APSIM模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区不同耕作措施中的适用性. 生态学报, 2009, 29(5):2655-2663., articleTitle=APSIM模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区不同耕作措施中的适用性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541075154527218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=616, pageEnd=626, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=杨蕊, 王小燕, 刘科, journalName=中国生态农业学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨蕊, 王小燕, 刘科. 湖北省小麦潜在产量时空异质性特征及驱动因子分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2024, 32(4):616-626., articleTitle=湖北省小麦潜在产量时空异质性特征及驱动因子分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541075594929148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=2, pageStart=337, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Zeleke K, journalName=Agronomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeleke K. Simulating agronomic adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on wheat yield in south-eastern Australia. 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Yield response of sunflower to irrigation and fertilization under semi-arid conditions. 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unstructuredReference=马晓明, 李丹, 雷佳, . 不同降水年型下耕作方式结合覆盖对旱地土壤物理性质和马铃薯产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2024, 35(2):447-456., articleTitle=不同降水年型下耕作方式结合覆盖对旱地土壤物理性质和马铃薯产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541090023334012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=8, pageStart=1430, pageEnd=1443, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=王培如, 钟融, 孙敏, journalName=植物营养与肥料学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王培如, 钟融, 孙敏, . 不同降水年型施氮量对冬小麦水氮资源利用效率的调控. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(8):1430-1443., articleTitle=不同降水年型施氮量对冬小麦水氮资源利用效率的调控, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541091982073995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=207, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=张森昱, 冯雨露, 马建涛, journalName=干旱地区农业研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张森昱, 冯雨露, 马建涛, . 不同降水年型下秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯品质和产量的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2023, 41(5):207-216., articleTitle=不同降水年型下秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯品质和产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541092753825939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=30, issue=12, pageStart=4150, pageEnd=4158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=常磊, 韩凡香, 柴雨葳, journalName=应用生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=常磊, 韩凡香, 柴雨葳, . 秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区冬小麦耗水特征和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(12):4150-4158., articleTitle=秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区冬小麦耗水特征和产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541093320056993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=54, issue=23, pageStart=5043, pageEnd=5053, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=王新媛, 赵思达, 郑险峰, journalName=中国农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王新媛, 赵思达, 郑险峰, . 秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23):5043-5053., articleTitle=秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541093672378533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=21, pageStart=8751, pageEnd=8761, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=陈松鹤, 向晓玲, 雷芳, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈松鹤, 向晓玲, 雷芳, . 秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系. 生态学报, 2022, 42(21):8751-8761., articleTitle=秸秆覆盖配施氮肥根际土真菌群落及其与小麦产量的关系, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256541094850977973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=11, pageStart=1905, pageEnd=1914, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=杨慧敏, 王涛, 窦瑛霞, journalName=植物营养与肥料学报, refType=null, 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articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小麦产量模拟值和实测值的线性拟合, figureFileSmall=ZO1gsrDXZqGFejK4ELaMOg==, figureFileBig=6mZadT1zUDHp0DBUGombxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541032066441778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation coefficient of yield under single factor effect of different precipitation year types, figureFileSmall=CNPxq4zquo6pc0eGDEV5Uw==, figureFileBig=eCrakJQPhdpohibyEtC+3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541033614139964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同降水年型单因素作用下产量的变异系数, figureFileSmall=CNPxq4zquo6pc0eGDEV5Uw==, figureFileBig=eCrakJQPhdpohibyEtC+3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541034142622280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Single factor equation of spring wheat yield in different precipitation year types and its effect, figureFileSmall=SgmTfRrmWMkdToERGR3CFg==, figureFileBig=HRnHVU4yNRVEBtU5zDo5sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541034553664081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同降水年型春小麦产量单因素方程及其效应, figureFileSmall=SgmTfRrmWMkdToERGR3CFg==, figureFileBig=HRnHVU4yNRVEBtU5zDo5sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256541035405107807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Wheat variety parameters of Dingxi 35

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
数值
Value
春化敏感因子Vernalization sensitivity factors 1.0
光周期敏感因子Photoperiod sensitivity factors 2.0
单位茎秆干物质的籽粒数
Grains per stem dry matter unit (grain/g)
25.0
潜在的籽粒灌浆速度Potential grain filling rate (g/d·grain) 0.001
灌浆期到成熟期的积温
Thermal time from filling to maturity (℃·d)
580
最大灌浆速率Maximum grain filling rate (mg/d·grain) 2.30
分蘖重Weight of tillers (g/tiller) 1.22
株高Plant height (mm) 1000
最大谷粒重Maximum grain weight (g) 0.045
), ArticleFig(id=1256541036218802791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

小麦品种“定西35号”作物参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
数值
Value
春化敏感因子Vernalization sensitivity factors 1.0
光周期敏感因子Photoperiod sensitivity factors 2.0
单位茎秆干物质的籽粒数
Grains per stem dry matter unit (grain/g)
25.0
潜在的籽粒灌浆速度Potential grain filling rate (g/d·grain) 0.001
灌浆期到成熟期的积温
Thermal time from filling to maturity (℃·d)
580
最大灌浆速率Maximum grain filling rate (mg/d·grain) 2.30
分蘖重Weight of tillers (g/tiller) 1.22
株高Plant height (mm) 1000
最大谷粒重Maximum grain weight (g) 0.045
), ArticleFig(id=1256541037007331953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation experiment design of precipitation variability, nitrogen application rate and straw mulching amount

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降水变化量
Precipitation
variability (%)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
施氮量
Nitrogen application
rate (kg/hm2)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
秸秆覆盖量
Straw mulching
amount (kg/hm2)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
-20 -1.40855 0.0 -1.40855 0 -1.40855
-10 -0.70427 52.5 -0.70427 1125 -0.70427
0 0.00000 105.0 0.00000 2250 0.00000
10 0.70427 157.5 0.70427 3375 0.70427
20 1.40855 210.0 1.40855 4500 1.40855
), ArticleFig(id=1256541037808444024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量的模拟试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
降水变化量
Precipitation
variability (%)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
施氮量
Nitrogen application
rate (kg/hm2)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
秸秆覆盖量
Straw mulching
amount (kg/hm2)
无量纲编码
Dimensionless
code
-20 -1.40855 0.0 -1.40855 0 -1.40855
-10 -0.70427 52.5 -0.70427 1125 -0.70427
0 0.00000 105.0 0.00000 2250 0.00000
10 0.70427 157.5 0.70427 3375 0.70427
20 1.40855 210.0 1.40855 4500 1.40855
), ArticleFig(id=1256541039075123843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Soil physico-chemical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度
Depth of soil
layer (cm)
风干含水率
Air-dried moisture
(mm/mm)
容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)
饱和含水量
Saturated
moisture (mm/mm)
铵态氮
Ammonium
nitrogen (mg/kg)
硝态氮
Nitrate nitrogen
(mg/kg)
0~5 0.013 1.290 0.463 6.300 19.100
5~10 0.013 1.226 0.487 5.200 15.200
10~30 0.046 1.325 0.450 5.100 23.100
30~50 0.071 1.200 0.497 4.900 16.600
50~80 0.087 1.140 0.520 4.600 16.800
80~110 0.103 1.140 0.520 4.800 18.200
110~140 0.107 1.250 0.480 4.800 16.400
140~170 0.115 1.120 0.529 5.800 13.700
170~200 0.127 1.110 0.531 4.100 15.400
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土壤理化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度
Depth of soil
layer (cm)
风干含水率
Air-dried moisture
(mm/mm)
容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)
饱和含水量
Saturated
moisture (mm/mm)
铵态氮
Ammonium
nitrogen (mg/kg)
硝态氮
Nitrate nitrogen
(mg/kg)
0~5 0.013 1.290 0.463 6.300 19.100
5~10 0.013 1.226 0.487 5.200 15.200
10~30 0.046 1.325 0.450 5.100 23.100
30~50 0.071 1.200 0.497 4.900 16.600
50~80 0.087 1.140 0.520 4.600 16.800
80~110 0.103 1.140 0.520 4.800 18.200
110~140 0.107 1.250 0.480 4.800 16.400
140~170 0.115 1.120 0.529 5.800 13.700
170~200 0.127 1.110 0.531 4.100 15.400
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Different precipitation year types

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年型
Model year
平均降水量
Average precipitation (mm)
年份数量
Number of years
年份
Year
丰水年
Wet year
259.03
17
1977、1978、1979、1984、1986、1990、1991、1993、1998、1999、2003、2005、2012、2013、2018、2019、2020
平水年
Normal year
200.15
23
1970、1972、1973、1980、1981、1983、1985、1987、1988、1989、1992、1994、1996、2002、2004、2006、2007、2010、2014、2015、2016、2021、2022
欠水年
Dry year
136.40
13
1971、1974、1975、1976、1982、1995、1997、2000、2001、2008、2009、2011、2017
), ArticleFig(id=1256541041251967651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同降水年型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年型
Model year
平均降水量
Average precipitation (mm)
年份数量
Number of years
年份
Year
丰水年
Wet year
259.03
17
1977、1978、1979、1984、1986、1990、1991、1993、1998、1999、2003、2005、2012、2013、2018、2019、2020
平水年
Normal year
200.15
23
1970、1972、1973、1980、1981、1983、1985、1987、1988、1989、1992、1994、1996、2002、2004、2006、2007、2010、2014、2015、2016、2021、2022
欠水年
Dry year
136.40
13
1971、1974、1975、1976、1982、1995、1997、2000、2001、2008、2009、2011、2017
), ArticleFig(id=1256541042925494964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Significance analysis of the effect of different precipitation year types on the simulated yield of spring wheat

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降水年型
Precipitation year type
春小麦产量
Spring wheat yield (kg/hm2)
F
欠水年Dry year 1383.24±448.18c 77.05
平水年Normal year 1782.94±536.71b
丰水年Wet year 2199.54±567.41a
), ArticleFig(id=1256541043810493119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同降水年型对春小麦模拟产量影响的显著性分析

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降水年型
Precipitation year type
春小麦产量
Spring wheat yield (kg/hm2)
F
欠水年Dry year 1383.24±448.18c 77.05
平水年Normal year 1782.94±536.71b
丰水年Wet year 2199.54±567.41a
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Quadratic orthogonal regression equation for different precipitation year type

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年型Year 回归方程Regression equation R 2 - F P
欠水年Dry year Y欠水年=0.3581+0.7265X1+0.2208X2+0.0922X3+0.0254X12-0.4554X22+0.2485X1X2+0.0398X1X3+0.0123X2X3 0.794 60.63 <0.001
平水年Normal year Y平水年=0.3721+0.7088X1+0.3366X2+0.0772X3+0.0345X12-0.4407X22+0.2937X1X2+0.0387X1X3+0.0192X2X3 0.849 88.41 <0.001
丰水年Wet year Y丰水年=0.4045+0.7000X1+0.4523X2+0.0687X3+0.0611X12-0.4251X22+0.3352X1X2+0.0281X1X3+0.0205X2X3 0.932 214.87 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1256541045345608400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256541005612966240, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同降水年型的二次正交回归方程

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年型Year 回归方程Regression equation R 2 - F P
欠水年Dry year Y欠水年=0.3581+0.7265X1+0.2208X2+0.0922X3+0.0254X12-0.4554X22+0.2485X1X2+0.0398X1X3+0.0123X2X3 0.794 60.63 <0.001
平水年Normal year Y平水年=0.3721+0.7088X1+0.3366X2+0.0772X3+0.0345X12-0.4407X22+0.2937X1X2+0.0387X1X3+0.0192X2X3 0.849 88.41 <0.001
丰水年Wet year Y丰水年=0.4045+0.7000X1+0.4523X2+0.0687X3+0.0611X12-0.4251X22+0.3352X1X2+0.0281X1X3+0.0205X2X3 0.932 214.87 <0.001
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不同降水年型下春小麦产量对降水、施氮及秸秆覆盖的响应模拟
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叶晓娟 1 , 刘强 2
作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026,42(1): 217-224
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作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026, 42(1): 217-224
不同降水年型下春小麦产量对降水、施氮及秸秆覆盖的响应模拟
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叶晓娟1 , 刘强2
作者信息
  • 1甘肃农业大学理学院,730070,甘肃兰州
  • 2甘肃农业大学信息科学技术学院,730070,甘肃兰州
  • 叶晓娟,主要从事农业信息化研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘强,主要从事农业作物模型研究,E-mail:
Simulation of Spring Wheat Yield Response to Precipitation, Nitrogen Application, and Straw Mulching under Different Precipitation Year Types
Xiaojuan Ye1 , Qiang Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • 2College of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-15 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.027
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为探究不同降水年型下降水量、氮肥与秸秆覆盖耦合变化对旱地春小麦产量的影响机制,利用2013-2018年免耕及免耕秸秆覆盖下的春小麦产量、土壤及气象数据校验APSIM模型。结合1970-2022年历史数据驱动校验后的模型,模拟5×5×5组降水变化量(±20%、±10%、0%)、施氮量(0.0、52.5、105.0、157.5和210.0 kg/hm2)和秸秆覆盖量(0、1125、2250、3375和4500 kg/hm2)组合下的产量,分析不同单因素下各年型产量变异系数,并采用二次正交多项式逐步回归、单因素分析和交互效应研究各因素对产量的影响。结果表明,APSIM模型模拟效果良好,2种耕作方式下实测与模拟产量R2均大于0.8,NRMSE均小于10%,ME均大于0.8。欠水年、平水年和丰水年下,三因素单独及交互作用均正向影响产量,效应强度为降水变化量>施氮量>秸秆覆盖量。在当年自然降水基础上,各年型最优产量及耕作措施为:欠水年实现最优产量2203.65 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用153.13 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆;平水年实现最优产量2838.77 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用170.76 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆;丰水年实现最优产量3447.11 kg/hm2,需增加20%降水量、施用188.58 kg/hm2氮肥、覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆。综上,在模拟试验设置范围内,免耕覆盖下增加降水量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量均可提升春小麦模拟产量,但影响程度因降水年型而异,当地春小麦宜按年型制定水肥覆盖方案以实现高产与稳产。
APSIM  /  春小麦  /  降水  /  氮肥  /  秸秆覆盖  /  产量

To investigate the mechanism of the coupled effects of precipitation, nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and straw mulching on dryland spring wheat yield under different precipitation year types, the APSIM model was calibrated using spring wheat yield, soil, and meteorological data under no-tillage and no-tillage with straw mulching from 2013 to 2018. Combined with historical data from 1970 to 2022 to drive the calibrated model, yields were simulated under 5×5×5 combinations of precipitation changes (±20%, ±10% and 0%), nitrogen application rates (0.0, 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg/ha), and straw mulching rates (0, 1125, 2250, 3375, and 4500 kg/ha). The coefficient of variation of yield under single-factor was analyzed for each year type, and quadratic orthogonal polynomial stepwise regression, single-factor analysis, and interaction effects were employed to study the impacts of various factors on yield. The results showed that the APSIM model performed well, with R² > 0.8, NRMSE < 10%, and ME > 0.8 for both tillage practices. In dry, normal, and wet years, the individual and interactive effects of the three factors all positively influenced yield, with the order of effect intensity being: precipitation change > nitrogen application rate > straw mulching rate. Based on the natural precipitation of the current year, the optimal yields and cultivation measures for each year type were as follows: in dry years, an optimal yield of 2203.65 kg/ha was achieved by increasing precipitation by 20%, applying 153.13 kg/ha of nitrogen, and mulching with 4500 kg/ha of straw; in normal years, an optimal yield of 2838.77 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 170.76 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching; in wet years, an optimal yield of 3447.11 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 188.58 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching. In conclusion, within the simulated experimental range, increasing precipitation, nitrogen application rate, and straw mulching amount under no-tillage conditions can enhance the simulated yield of spring wheat, but the degree of impact varies with precipitation year types. For local spring wheat, water, fertilizer, and mulching strategies should be formulated according to the specific year type to achieve high and stable yields.

APSIM  /  Spring wheat  /  Precipitation  /  Nitrogen fertilizer  /  Straw mulching  /  Yield
叶晓娟, 刘强. 不同降水年型下春小麦产量对降水、施氮及秸秆覆盖的响应模拟. 作物杂志, 2026 , 42 (1) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.027
Xiaojuan Ye, Qiang Liu. Simulation of Spring Wheat Yield Response to Precipitation, Nitrogen Application, and Straw Mulching under Different Precipitation Year Types[J]. Crops, 2026 , 42 (1) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.027
春小麦是甘肃省定西市的主要粮食作物,但因该地区属半干旱雨养型农业区,降水不足会导致小麦减产甚至绝收。政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)第六次评估报告[1]指出,随着全球气候变暖,西北地区在共享社会经济路径5-8.5(shared socioeconomic pathway 5-8.5,SSP 5-8.5)高排放情景下,降水变化幅度在0.9%~12.9%,将面临更为严重的农业生态干旱[2-3],春小麦产量稳定性受干旱胁迫的影响也将进一步加剧[4-7]。氮素是促进小麦生长成熟的关键营养元素,但当地麦区农户为提高产量而过量施氮,不仅造成肥料浪费,还使产量难以达到最优水平[8]。我国小麦秸秆资源丰富[9],含有氮、磷和钾等。与传统耕作方式相比,免耕秸秆覆盖可保护土壤结构,提高土壤含水量[10],均衡表层土壤养分,促进缓效养分释放,进而增加土壤肥力[11]。因此,在免耕秸秆覆盖措施下,根据不同降水情况合理施用氮肥,对于提高陇中旱地秸秆资源利用率、实现小麦高产稳产具有重要意义。
前人[12]研究表明,在一定范围内增加降水量可显著提升小麦地上生物量、地下生物量以及C/N;在一定范围内增施氮肥可显著增加小麦开花前和成熟期的干物质积累量,并促进花前干物质向籽粒的转运[13]。不同地区和降水年型的水氮优化组合存在差异,适当增加水氮投入均可提高小麦产量,但过高水氮投入则易导致生产力显著下降[14-15]。秸秆覆盖作为一种优于地膜覆盖的保护性耕作措施[16],能够提高土壤养分,利于旱地土壤保墒增温,进而提升作物产量[17-18]。在一定范围内,秸秆与氮肥配施可提高冬小麦叶面积系数,促进干物质向籽粒转移[19],且其增产效果优于单独施用氮肥[20]。此外,秸秆覆盖还能减缓地表水分流失,对部分降水不足的情况起到补给作用[21]
目前,相关研究多聚焦于单因素或两因素分析,针对不同年型下的降水变化、施氮以及秸秆覆盖耦合条件下作物产量调控的研究鲜有报道。因此,本研究利用APSIM模型(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator)模拟免耕覆盖措施下旱地春小麦产量对降水变化、氮肥施用量和秸秆覆盖量变化的响应,探究不同降水年型下降水变化、施氮和秸秆覆盖量对春小麦生产的影响机制,为黄土高原雨养农业区科学施用氮肥和利用秸秆应对降水变化提供理论依据,以期实现春小麦最优产量。
试验于甘肃省定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村甘肃农业大学试验站(35°35° N,104°38° E)进行,该地地势平坦,年均气温6.4 ℃,年均日照时数2476.6 h,年均降水量385.0 mm,是典型的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区。春小麦为该地主要作物之一,一年一熟。
供试小麦品种为“定西35号”,作物参数[22]表1所示。
大田试验于2013-2018年进行,采用随机区组设计,小区面积20 m×4 m,每小区重复3次,设置免耕(NT)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)2种耕作方式。覆盖秸秆为前茬秸秆,粉碎(3~5 cm)后均匀覆盖,覆盖量2250 kg/hm2
于每年3月中旬播种,播种深度30 mm,行距250 mm,播量187.5 kg/hm2。播前将全部肥料(纯N 105 kg/hm2,P2O5 105 kg/hm2)作基肥一次性施入各小区。试验站土壤基本理化性质为pH 8.36、土壤容重1.26 g/cm3、有机质12.01 g/kg、全氮0.61 g/kg、全磷1.77 g/kg。
基于1970-2022年气象数据,设置模型的降水量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量变化(表2),进行5×5×5次模拟试验。在各处理过程中,除施氮量、降水变化量和秸秆覆盖量三因素发生改变外,其他田间管理、作物参数和土壤理化性质参数均参照大田试验,不做改变。模拟结果分不同降水年型输出。将当年自然降水量、氮肥施用量105 kg/hm2、秸秆覆盖量2250 kg/hm2的情景视为一般情况。
模型参数校准所需的2013-2018年产量数据为大田实测结果。产量模拟所用的1970-2018年气象数据由试验站的气象站自动测定,2019-2022年相关数据来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov)与中国气象数据网(https://data.cma.cn/),如有缺失值,则用相邻年份相同日的平均值代替。土壤理化参数(表3)参考早期李广等[22]研究中的实测数据。
APSIM模型用于模拟农业生产系统生物和物理过程,其基于相关理论构建各生长和管理模块,可预测不同农业管理措施下的作物生长、发育及产量,已广泛应用于探究不同气候和时空下的作物生长差异,并依据模拟结果确定更优的大田灌溉和施肥等管理措施[23-24]。本文选取归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)和模型有效性系数(ME)用以评价模型精度,ME值越接近1,NRMSE值越
小,模型适应性和稳定性越强[22],计算公式为:
$ N R M S E=100 \% \times \frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sigma_{i, j=1}^{n}\left(Y_{i}-Y_{j}\right)^{2}}}{\overline{Y}}$
$ M_{\mathrm{E}}=1-\frac{\sigma\left(Y_{i}-Y_{j}\right)^{2}}{\sigma\left(Y_{i}-\overline{Y}\right)^{2}}$
式中,Yi为产量实测值(i=1,2,…,n),Yj为产量模拟值(j=1,2,…,n), Y ¯为产量实测均值。
为消除产量、降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量的不同量纲影响,提高数据分析的准确性,采用标准化方法对数据进行预处理,计算公式为:
$ Z_{i}=\frac{X_{i}-\overline{Y}}{\sigma}$
式中,Zi为无量纲编码,Xi为因素取值(i=1,2,…,n), X ¯为均值,σ为标准差。
利用春小麦生育年概念[25],基于试验站统计1970-2022年生育年降水量,并划分欠水年、平水年和丰水年,计算公式为:
$ D I=\frac{P-P_{\mathrm{m}}}{\sigma}$
式中,DI为干旱指数(DI<-0.35为欠水年,-0.35≤DI≤0.35为平水年,DI>0.35为丰水年),P为生育年降水量(mm),Pm为生育年平均降水量(mm),σ为标准差。具体降水年型划分见表4
利用统计学变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)评价不同降水年型单因素作用下的小麦产量稳定性,其值越小表明稳定性越高[26-27],计算公式为:
$ C V=\frac{\sigma}{Y_{j}}$
式中,σ为产量模拟标准差(kg/hm2),$ \overline{Y_{j}}$为产量模拟均值(kg/hm2)。
采用Microsoft Excel 2016软件对模拟数据进行整理汇总;采用SPSS 26.0软件进行方差分析;采用R 4.3.2进行二次正交多项式逐步回归分析,并求得在产量最大时,本研究中降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量的最优解;采用Origin 2021绘图。
参考前人[22]研究中已通过适应性检验的参数,以2013-2018年春小麦实测产量数据为基准,利用免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕措施下一般情况的APSIM产量模拟值对模型进行验证(图1)。免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕措施下,实测产量与模拟产量的R2均大于0.8,NRMSE均小于10%,ME均大于0.8,说明该模型在试验站有较高的精确度和适用性。
不同降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量处理下,丰水年、平水年和欠水年春小麦的平均模拟产量分别为2199.54、1782.94和1383.24 kg/hm2表5)。丰水年模拟产量显著高于平水年和欠水年,且分别为平水年和欠水年的1.23和1.59倍。对不同年型下的模拟产量进行显著性分析,得出F= 77.05,3种年型下的产量有显著差异。综上,降水对于试验区小麦生长有明显的促进作用,且在不同年型下的作用差异显著。
在APSIM模型中控制两因素不变,模拟得到剩余单因素变化下各年型的小麦模拟产量,计算分析对应情景下的产量变异系数(图2)。在试验设置范围内,降水量单因素作用下,随着降水变化量增加,3种降水年型模拟产量变异系数大致呈下降趋势,模拟产量变异系数均在降水量增加20%处理下为最小值,表明在该处理下模拟产量稳定性最强;施氮量单因素作用下,随着施氮量增加,3种降水年型模拟产量变异系数均先降再升后趋于稳定,模拟产量变异系数均在52.5 kg/hm2施氮量处理下为最小值,表明在该处理下模拟产量稳定性最强;秸秆覆盖单因素作用下,随着秸秆覆盖量增加,3种降水年型模拟产量变异系数的变化幅度较小,表明增加秸秆覆盖对模拟产量稳定性的影响较小。
将降水变化量、施氮量、秸秆覆盖量及对应的模拟产量数据无量纲化,以模拟产量(Y)为因变量,降水变化量(X1)、施氮量(X2)及秸秆覆盖量(X3)为自变量进行二次正交多元逐步回归分析,分别得出不同年型下的二次正交回归方程(表6)。3种年型回归方程调整后的R2均大于0.75,P值均小于0.001,表明方程均能够较好地描述模拟产量与降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量之间的关系。
在试验设置范围内,3种降水年型降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量的一次项系数值均大于0(表6),表明3个因素的增加对产量均具有一定的正效应。由于回归过程中使用的数据已标准化,故偏回归系数绝对值可以反映自变量对因变量的影响程度。不同年型下,3个因素对产量的影响权重排序均为降水变化量>施氮量>秸秆覆盖量。
为进一步明确不同年型下各因素对模拟产量的影响,对方程进行降维处理,分析不同年型下的单因素方程及各因素与模拟产量的效应关系(图3)。降水变化量增加对各年型产量的影响均表现为开口向上的抛物线,并不存在阈值。根据模拟结果,当施氮量和秸秆覆盖量不变时,降水变化量每增加10.00%,欠水年最高增产92.00%,最低增产35.86%,平均增产44.46%;平水年最高增产42.54%,最低增产35.17%,平均增产37.78%;丰水年最高增产36.04%,最低增产23.74%,平均增产31.37%。
施氮量增加对各年型产量的影响均表现为开口向下的抛物线。当dY/dX2=0时,求得欠水年、平水年和丰水年的施氮阈值分别为123.07、133.47和144.66 kg/hm2。施氮量超过阈值,产量递减,欠水年、平水年和丰水年对应的最优产量分别为1555.73、2017.15和2497.32 kg/hm2。根据模拟结果,当降水变化量和秸秆覆盖量不变时,施氮量每增加52.50 kg/hm2,欠水年最高增产142.03%,最高减产26.77%,平均增产为10.91%;平水年最高增产168.95%,最高减产18.52%,平均增产20.38%;丰水年最高增产195.19%,最高减产17.98%,平均增产25.07%。
秸秆覆盖量增加对各年型下产量的影响均表现为线性正效应,且不存在阈值。根据模拟结果,当降水变化量和施氮量不变时,秸秆覆盖量每增加1125.00 kg/hm2,欠水年最高增产5.57%,最低增产4.66%,平均增产5.14%;平水年最高增产4.57%,最低增产为3.90%,平均增产4.29%;丰水年产量最高增产3.95%,最低增产3.11%,平均增产3.47%。
综上,降水变化量增加的增产效应表现为欠水年>平水年>丰水年,施氮量增加的增产效应表现为丰水年>平水年>欠水年,秸秆覆盖量增加的增产效应表现为欠水年>平水年>丰水年。
根据各年型回归模型的交互项系数分析各因素对小麦产量的交互效应。3种年型下,X1X2项系数表现为丰水年(0.3352)>平水年(0.2937)>欠水年(0.2485),说明降水变化和施氮的交互作用使得小麦增产,且随着降水的增加该效应增强;X1X3项系数表现为欠水年(0.0398)>平水年(0.0387)>丰水年(0.0281),说明降水变化和秸秆覆盖的交互作用使得小麦增产,但随着降水的增加该效应减弱;X2X3项系数表现为丰水年(0.0205)>平水年(0.0192)>欠水年(0.0123),说明施氮和秸秆覆盖的交互作用使得小麦增产,且随着降水的增加该效应增强。不同年型下,各因素的交互均对春小麦产量有积极作用,且降水变化与施氮的交互作用最为显著。
在试验设置范围内,不同年型均有最大产量及其对应的降水变化量、氮肥施用量和秸秆覆盖量,根据所得回归方程对不同因子求偏导并将归一化结果进行转换,结果表明在降水量增加20%、施用153.13 kg/hm2氮肥以及覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆处理下,欠水年具有最优产量2203.65 kg/hm2;在降水量增加20%、施用170.76 kg/hm2氮肥以及覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆处理下,平水年具有最优产量2838.77 kg/hm2;在降水量增加20%、施用188.58 kg/hm2氮肥以及覆盖4500 kg/hm2秸秆处理下,丰水年具有最优产量3447.11 kg/hm2
由于试验站地处西北半干旱区,年降水量偏低,干旱现象频发,对参试小麦生长发育造成严重影响[28],本研究结果显示,不同降水年型对春小麦产量影响显著,与前人[29]研究结论相符。对比不同降水年型下各单因素作用的产量变异系数发现,其大小通常呈现欠水年>丰水年的规律。相较于欠水年和丰水年,平水年产量变异系数的规律性较弱,这可能是由平水年生育期降水分布不均所致[26]
基于产量回归函数开展的主效应与单因素分析表明,在不同降水年型下,降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量均对小麦产量有正向影响,但影响趋势存在差异。随着降水量增加,水分对小麦生长的影响逐渐减弱,欠水年降水量的增产效应最为显著,这与冯仰强等[29]的研究结果一致。原因可能是不同降水年型中欠水年更有利于增加土壤蓄水量,且随着土壤水分增多,水分利用效率和小麦物质运输速率提升,进而增强了增产效果[30-31]。本研究发现,欠水年、平水年和丰水年的施氮阈值分别为123.07、133.47和144.66 kg/hm2,当施氮量超过阈值时产量递减,与尹嘉德等[27]的研究结果一致。其中丰水年氮肥的增产效应最强,是因为在大田生产中,水分不足时过量施肥导致“烧苗”,作物抗倒伏能力下降,从而造成产量减少[32]。秸秆覆盖对产量具有正效应[33],可能是因为生育前期秸秆覆盖地表后,有效缓解了因微生物分解导致的土壤氮素损失[11],改善了土壤水热条件,增强了小麦干物质的生产与积累,使单位面积穗数和千粒重增加[17]。王伟伟等[21]认为秸秆对产量的影响呈抛物线形式,与本研究结果不同,可能是由于模拟试验设置的因子范围存在差异。欠水年秸秆覆盖的增产效应最强,可能是因为免耕秸秆覆盖减少了对土壤的扰动,有利于维护耕层土壤孔隙结构,增强土壤持水能力;而其他年型生育期降水较多,其作用远不及欠水年明显[34]。小麦产量对各因素的敏感性不同,不同因素的交互作用对产量变化的影响程度也有所差异。本研究发现水氮耦合效应可促进小麦增产,且增产效应表现为丰水年>平水年>欠水年。这主要是因为高降水年型下,休闲期和生育前期土壤水分相对充足,结合适宜的施氮量,有利于氮的溶解与转移[35]。但与茹晓雅等[14]的研究结论不同,可能是由于本模拟试验设置了秸秆覆盖,其拦截作用使地表形成保护层,田间降水均匀下渗且不易形成径流,避免了氮肥的淋洗。降水变化量与秸秆覆盖的交互增产效应表现为欠水年>平水年>丰水年,与张森昱等[36]的研究结果一致。这可能是因为生长中后期蒸腾作用增强,小麦需水量增大,秸秆覆盖可显著减少生育前中期耗水,增加后期耗水,降低后期作物遭受干旱胁迫的风险。而欠水年小麦受到的水分胁迫最为严重,随着降水量增加,秸秆覆盖使水分的利用与分配更为合理[37]。氮肥与秸秆覆盖的交互增产效应表现为丰水年>平水年>欠水年,这主要是因为秸秆作为含碳丰富的有机肥,施入土壤后能够改善土壤C/N,促进大团聚体形成并提高其比例,优化真菌群落结构,增加小麦产量和地上部吸氮量[38-39],且降水增加促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用,与杨慧敏等[40]的结论一致。
受大田试验数据局限,本研究选用“定西35号”为供试材料,依据课题组前期工作参数,结合免耕及免耕秸秆覆盖措施下6年的实测产量数据,对APSIM模型进行检验并评估其在试验站的适应性。研究仍存在一定不足,其一,模型参数校准未涵盖其他因素处理下小麦的生长发育情况,因此有必要开展更全面的田间试验,以更精准地提升模型准确性;其二,不同降水年型下的增产效应与作物品种的代表性及不同品种间差异密切相关,而本研究尚未涉及该方面内容,这为后续深入研究提供了方向。
利用本地化后的APSIM模型,基于免耕秸秆覆盖措施,进行不同降水年型下旱地春小麦产量对降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖响应的模拟,3种降水年型下降水变化量、施氮量和秸秆覆盖量的单独及交互作用均有增产效应,效应强弱排序为降水量>施氮量>秸秆覆盖量。降水量和秸秆覆盖量增加的增产效应均表现为欠水年>平水年>丰水年;增加施氮量的增产效应表现为丰水年>平水年>欠水年。降水变化与施氮量、施氮量与秸秆覆盖量交互作用的增产效应均表现为丰水年>平水年>欠水年;降水变化与秸秆覆盖量交互作用的增产效应表现为欠水年>平水年>丰水年。欠水年、平水年和丰水年最优产量分别为2203.65、2838.77和3447.11 kg/hm2,各年型对应的施氮量分别为153.13、170.76和188.58 kg/hm2,降水量变化均为20%,秸秆覆盖量均为4500 kg/hm2,均为本研究中的极值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32360438)
  • 甘肃省拔尖领军人才项目(GSBJLJ-2023-09)
  • 甘肃省重点研究发展计划(22YF7FA116)
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2026年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.01.027
  • 接收时间:2024-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-09
  • 修回日期:2024-12-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(32360438)
甘肃省拔尖领军人才项目(GSBJLJ-2023-09)
甘肃省重点研究发展计划(22YF7FA116)
作者信息
    1甘肃农业大学理学院,730070,甘肃兰州
    2甘肃农业大学信息科学技术学院,730070,甘肃兰州

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刘强,主要从事农业作物模型研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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