Article(id=1256536362677879230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755878400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-23, revisedDate=1761235200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777511214179, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777511214179, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777511214179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511214179, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256536349243523385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1777511210976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511532015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=230, endPage=237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256536367778152925, articleId=1256536362677879230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=EN, title=Pathogen Identification of Wheat Common Root Rot in Heilongjiang Province, columnId=null, journalTitle=Crops, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the species and pathogenicity of wheat root rot pathogens, diseased plants with symptoms of wheat root rot were collected from 16 sampling sites in six prefecture-level cities in Heilongjiang Province during 2022-2023. A total of 432 fungal isolates were obtained using the tissue isolation method. By combining morphological identification and molecular identification based on 5.8S rDNA-ITS or β-tubulin gene sequence analyses, the pathogens were identified as four species: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium proliferatum. The number of isolates for each species was 334, 24, 12, and 3, respectively, with B. sorokiniana being the most frequent, accounting for 77.31% of the total. Verification of Koch’s postulates demonstrated significant differences in pathogenicity among the four species, with both the disease index and disease incidence of B. sorokiniana being higher than those of the three Fusarium species. In summary, B. sorokiniana is the dominant pathogen of wheat root rot in Heilongjiang Province, with the three Fusarium species acting as secondary pathogens.

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为探究小麦根腐病的致病菌种类和致病性强弱,于2022-2023年从黑龙江6个地级市的16个采样点采集了具有小麦根腐病症状的病株,通过组织分离法获得432株病原真菌。利用形态学鉴定和基于5.8S rDNA-ITS序列或β-tubulin基因序列分析的分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法,确定病原菌种类包括麦根腐平脐蠕孢、燕麦镰孢、木贼镰孢和层出镰孢4种,分离数量分别为334、24、12和3株,其中麦根腐平脐蠕孢最多,占总数的77.31%。柯赫氏法则验证结果表明,4种病原菌之间致病性差异显著,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的病情指数和发病率均高于3种镰孢菌。综上,黑龙江小麦根腐病的优势病原菌是麦根腐平脐蠕孢,3种镰孢属真菌次之,同样为该病的病原菌。

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张起昌,主要从事春小麦遗传育种与栽培研究,E-mail:
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(a) colony on PDA (surface); (b) colony on PDA (bottom); (c) conidia of B. sorokiniana; (d) primary conidia of B. sorokiniana.

, figureFileSmall=t/kiP3vIy4H6DqA+l//fHA==, figureFileBig=PKMXWQGS58WklOtxXhYhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536464888873170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=图2, caption=麦根腐平脐蠕孢的形态特征

(a) PDA平板上菌落正面;(b) PDA平板上菌落背面;(c) 分生孢子;(d) 分生孢子初态。

, figureFileSmall=t/kiP3vIy4H6DqA+l//fHA==, figureFileBig=PKMXWQGS58WklOtxXhYhiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536465530601690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The morphological characteristics of F. avenaceum

(a) colony on PDA (surface); (b) colony on PDA (bottom); (c) macroconidia of F. avenaceum; (d) microconidia of F. avenaceum.

, figureFileSmall=CDuNekZk4VlELKW1rD53UA==, figureFileBig=30JyW3mnLOllp8AY8F3WJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536466377851105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=燕麦镰孢的形态特征

(a) PDA平板上菌落正面;(b) PDA平板上菌落背面;(c) 大型分生孢子;(d) 小型分生孢子。

, figureFileSmall=CDuNekZk4VlELKW1rD53UA==, figureFileBig=30JyW3mnLOllp8AY8F3WJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536467019579627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The morphological characteristics of F. proliferatum

(a) colony on PDA (surface); (b) colony on PDA (bottom); (c)-(d) microconidia of F. proliferatum.

, figureFileSmall=i1L1DqTKlA0VwLUfWy51Bg==, figureFileBig=Zqcl4V4X00tkfAbYXGVx9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536468663746806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=层出镰孢的形态特征

(a) PDA平板上菌落正面;(b) PDA平板上菌落背面;(c)~(d) 小型分生孢子。

, figureFileSmall=i1L1DqTKlA0VwLUfWy51Bg==, figureFileBig=Zqcl4V4X00tkfAbYXGVx9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536469083177211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The morphological characteristics of F.equiseti

(a) colony on PDA (surface); (b) colony on PDA (bottom); (c)-(d) macroconidia of F. equiseti.

, figureFileSmall=Gck3c4tSusXMKUHAIsHOlw==, figureFileBig=3tbSc+/bGa4UbAlP0267Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536469557133570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=图5, caption=木贼镰孢的形态特征

(a) PDA平板上菌落正面;(b) PDA平板上菌落背面;(c)~(d) 大型分生孢子。

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(a) phylogenetic tree of strains TX9-5, WL4-3 and related strains based on 5.8S rDNA-ITS genes sequences; (b) phylogenetic tree of strain JMSJ-28 and related strains based on 5.8S rDNA-ITS genes sequences; (c) phylogenetic tree of strains WL6-10, JS7-31, HL0-52 and related strains based on β-tubulin sequences.

, figureFileSmall=l8oPTwrXjHSK7EwnraTF+w==, figureFileBig=mIkYKWKkKtrgi+/LYbsZRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536470555377944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=图6, caption=试验菌株及近缘菌株的系统发育树

(a) 基于5.8S rDNA-ITS区基因序列构建的菌株TX9-5、WL4-3及近缘菌株的系统发育树;(b) 基于5.8S rDNA-ITS区基因序列构建的菌株JMSJ-28及近缘菌株的系统发育树;(c) 基于β-tubulin序列构建的菌株WL6-10、JS7-31、HL0-52及近缘菌株的系统发育树。

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Disease sample collection sites and isolation results

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编号
Code
采样地点
Collection site
菌株数Number of isolates
麦根腐平脐蠕孢
B. sorokiniana
燕麦镰孢
F. avenaceum
木贼镰孢
F. Equiseti
层出镰孢
F. proliferatum
链格孢菌
Alternaria
黑附球菌
Epicoccum nigrum
1 哈尔滨市道外区民主乡天理村 30 0 0 0 5 0
2 双鸭山市友谊县红兴隆 22 1 1 0 0 1
3 佳木斯市前进区庆安街 6 4 1 1 15 0
4 佳木斯市建三江管局 13 5 0 0 0 1
5 佳木斯市富锦市城东郊区 20 2 2 0 0 0
6 鸡西市密山市855农场 22 0 0 0 0 0
7 鸡西市密山市裴德镇双峰农场 12 4 1 0 0 0
8 鸡西市虎林市850农场 25 1 0 0 0 2
9 齐齐哈尔市克山县克山镇 60 2 3 0 4 3
10 齐齐哈尔市依安县新兴乡向前村 30 0 1 2 4 0
11 齐齐哈尔市讷河市第一良种场 8 0 1 0 0 1
12 黑河市五大连池市龙镇讷谟尔村 30 2 2 0 8 3
13 黑河市嫩江市塔溪乡塔溪村 30 0 0 0 6 1
14 黑河市嫩江市九三局直鹤山农场 20 2 0 0 3 0
15 黑河市嫩江市学田镇 3 1 0 0 1 1
16 黑河市西郊 3 0 0 0 0 0
合计Total 334 24 12 3 46 13
), ArticleFig(id=1256536471301964071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

病样采集地点和分离结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号
Code
采样地点
Collection site
菌株数Number of isolates
麦根腐平脐蠕孢
B. sorokiniana
燕麦镰孢
F. avenaceum
木贼镰孢
F. Equiseti
层出镰孢
F. proliferatum
链格孢菌
Alternaria
黑附球菌
Epicoccum nigrum
1 哈尔滨市道外区民主乡天理村 30 0 0 0 5 0
2 双鸭山市友谊县红兴隆 22 1 1 0 0 1
3 佳木斯市前进区庆安街 6 4 1 1 15 0
4 佳木斯市建三江管局 13 5 0 0 0 1
5 佳木斯市富锦市城东郊区 20 2 2 0 0 0
6 鸡西市密山市855农场 22 0 0 0 0 0
7 鸡西市密山市裴德镇双峰农场 12 4 1 0 0 0
8 鸡西市虎林市850农场 25 1 0 0 0 2
9 齐齐哈尔市克山县克山镇 60 2 3 0 4 3
10 齐齐哈尔市依安县新兴乡向前村 30 0 1 2 4 0
11 齐齐哈尔市讷河市第一良种场 8 0 1 0 0 1
12 黑河市五大连池市龙镇讷谟尔村 30 2 2 0 8 3
13 黑河市嫩江市塔溪乡塔溪村 30 0 0 0 6 1
14 黑河市嫩江市九三局直鹤山农场 20 2 0 0 3 0
15 黑河市嫩江市学田镇 3 1 0 0 1 1
16 黑河市西郊 3 0 0 0 0 0
合计Total 334 24 12 3 46 13
), ArticleFig(id=1256536473185206571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Virulence test of the strains

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菌株
Strain
种类
Species
发病率
Disease incidence (%)
病情指数
Disease index
TX9-5 麦根腐平脐蠕孢 100.0 62.2±2.2a
WL4-3 麦根腐平脐蠕孢 100.0 57.8±2.2a
HL0-52 燕麦镰孢 78.6 37.8±3.0b
JS7-31 燕麦镰孢 66.7 35.6±3.9b
WL6-10 木贼镰孢 81.3 37.4±2.1b
JMSJ-28 层出镰孢 50.0 24.1±1.4c
WL4-1 黑附球菌 0.0 0.0
HL0-19 黑附球菌 0.0 0.0
WL4-3-2 链格孢属 0.0 0.0
TX10-1 链格孢属 0.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1256536473709494581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536362677879230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌株的致病性测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株
Strain
种类
Species
发病率
Disease incidence (%)
病情指数
Disease index
TX9-5 麦根腐平脐蠕孢 100.0 62.2±2.2a
WL4-3 麦根腐平脐蠕孢 100.0 57.8±2.2a
HL0-52 燕麦镰孢 78.6 37.8±3.0b
JS7-31 燕麦镰孢 66.7 35.6±3.9b
WL6-10 木贼镰孢 81.3 37.4±2.1b
JMSJ-28 层出镰孢 50.0 24.1±1.4c
WL4-1 黑附球菌 0.0 0.0
HL0-19 黑附球菌 0.0 0.0
WL4-3-2 链格孢属 0.0 0.0
TX10-1 链格孢属 0.0 0.0
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黑龙江省小麦根腐病病原菌鉴定
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代丽婷 , 车京玉 , 刘宁涛 , 田超 , 尹雪巍 , 马勇 , 王志坤 , 张金鹏 , 张起昌
作物杂志 | 植物保护 2026,42(2): 230-237
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作物杂志 | 植物保护 2026, 42(2): 230-237
黑龙江省小麦根腐病病原菌鉴定
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代丽婷 , 车京玉, 刘宁涛, 田超, 尹雪巍, 马勇, 王志坤, 张金鹏, 张起昌
作者信息
  • 黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院/黑龙江省春小麦遗传育种工程技术中心, 161000, 黑龙江齐齐哈尔
  • 代丽婷,主要从事春小麦遗传育种与栽培研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张起昌,主要从事春小麦遗传育种与栽培研究,E-mail:
Pathogen Identification of Wheat Common Root Rot in Heilongjiang Province
Liting Dai , Jingyu Che, Ningtao Liu, Chao Tian, Xuewei Yin, Yong Ma, Zhikun Wang, Jinpeng Zhang, Qichang Zhang
Affiliations
  • Keshan Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Heilongjiang Spring Wheat Genetic Breeding Engineering Technology Center, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029
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为探究小麦根腐病的致病菌种类和致病性强弱,于2022-2023年从黑龙江6个地级市的16个采样点采集了具有小麦根腐病症状的病株,通过组织分离法获得432株病原真菌。利用形态学鉴定和基于5.8S rDNA-ITS序列或β-tubulin基因序列分析的分子生物学鉴定相结合的方法,确定病原菌种类包括麦根腐平脐蠕孢、燕麦镰孢、木贼镰孢和层出镰孢4种,分离数量分别为334、24、12和3株,其中麦根腐平脐蠕孢最多,占总数的77.31%。柯赫氏法则验证结果表明,4种病原菌之间致病性差异显著,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的病情指数和发病率均高于3种镰孢菌。综上,黑龙江小麦根腐病的优势病原菌是麦根腐平脐蠕孢,3种镰孢属真菌次之,同样为该病的病原菌。

小麦根腐病  /  麦根腐平脐蠕孢  /  镰孢菌属  /  致病性

To investigate the species and pathogenicity of wheat root rot pathogens, diseased plants with symptoms of wheat root rot were collected from 16 sampling sites in six prefecture-level cities in Heilongjiang Province during 2022-2023. A total of 432 fungal isolates were obtained using the tissue isolation method. By combining morphological identification and molecular identification based on 5.8S rDNA-ITS or β-tubulin gene sequence analyses, the pathogens were identified as four species: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium proliferatum. The number of isolates for each species was 334, 24, 12, and 3, respectively, with B. sorokiniana being the most frequent, accounting for 77.31% of the total. Verification of Koch’s postulates demonstrated significant differences in pathogenicity among the four species, with both the disease index and disease incidence of B. sorokiniana being higher than those of the three Fusarium species. In summary, B. sorokiniana is the dominant pathogen of wheat root rot in Heilongjiang Province, with the three Fusarium species acting as secondary pathogens.

Wheat root rot  /  Bipolaris sorokiniana  /  Fusarium spp.  /  Pathogenicity
代丽婷, 车京玉, 刘宁涛, 田超, 尹雪巍, 马勇, 王志坤, 张金鹏, 张起昌. 黑龙江省小麦根腐病病原菌鉴定. 作物杂志, 2026 , 42 (2) : 230 -237 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029
Liting Dai, Jingyu Che, Ningtao Liu, Chao Tian, Xuewei Yin, Yong Ma, Zhikun Wang, Jinpeng Zhang, Qichang Zhang. Pathogen Identification of Wheat Common Root Rot in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Crops, 2026 , 42 (2) : 230 -237 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029
小麦根腐病是一种世界范围内的土传真菌病害[1],在苗期至成株期均可发生[2]。其症状类型复杂,包括烂根、烂芽、苗枯、茎基腐、叶斑、穗枯和黑胚等,严重影响小麦的生长发育、产量和品质[3],一般会引发减产15%~25%,严重地块减产达30%~70%[4]。小麦根腐病主要分布于亚洲、北美洲、南美洲、欧洲和非洲西北部等地区[5],我国内蒙古西部地区、黑龙江、新疆、黄淮海麦区、华北南部和广东等省区均有发生[6-7]。鉴于该病分布广泛、传播途径多、寄主范围广、病原种类复杂且危害严重,防治比较困难,已引起国内外普遍关注。
小麦根腐病病原菌种类复杂多样,单一或多种病原菌混合均可侵染小麦引起根腐病,其中麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.)是导致该病的主要病原菌[8]。不同国家和地区的小麦根腐病病原菌种类存在差异,以麦根腐平脐蠕孢为主要致病菌的地区包括美国北达科他州[9]、哈萨克斯坦[10]和澳大利亚昆士兰州[11]等,以及我国内蒙古[12]、新疆[1]、黑龙江[13]、河北[7]和山东[14]等省区。小麦根腐病另一个重要的病原菌是镰孢菌,在欧洲北部、加拿大、新西兰和突尼斯发现黄色镰孢(F. culmorum[15],太平洋西北部发现黄色镰孢和禾谷镰孢(F. graminearum[16];在我国,黑龙江哈尔滨以东地区发现黄色镰孢、禾谷镰孢和燕麦镰孢(F. avenaceum[13],内蒙古发现黄色镰孢和禾谷镰孢[17],山东发现黄色镰孢、尖孢镰孢(F. oxysporum)和层出镰孢(F. proliferatum[15],甘肃定西发现黄色镰孢、尖孢镰孢串珠镰孢(F. moniliforme)、腐皮镰孢(F. solani)和木贼镰孢(F. equiseti[18]
小麦根腐病是黑龙江省小麦种植中的常发性病害。虽然黑龙江省小麦种植面积近年来有所缩减,但小麦在保障黑龙江粮食安全、推动区域经济发展以及维护农业生态平衡等方面仍发挥着关键作用。从田间发病率、发病症状及收获籽粒黑胚率等指标来看,黑龙江省小麦根腐病发病情况较为严重。然而,目前针对该省小麦根腐病病原菌种类及其致病性强弱的研究报道相对匮乏。基于此,本研究于2022-2023年在黑龙江省16个采样点广泛采集具有根腐病症状的小麦植株,经分离纯化后获得大量真菌菌株。随后,综合运用形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定方法以及致病性测定分析,系统探究了黑龙江省小麦根腐病病原菌的种类和地理分布特征,以及不同病原菌致病能力的差异,以期为黑龙江省制定科学的小麦根腐病防控策略及培育抗根腐病小麦新品种提供理论依据。
供试菌株为2022-2023年于黑龙江省哈尔滨、双鸭山、佳木斯、鸡西、齐齐哈尔和黑河6个地级市共16个地点,在小麦灌浆期至乳熟期采集的具有典型小麦根腐病症状的病株(表1),采用组织分离法进行常规分离培养,得到菌株。供试小麦为黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院提供的克旱19号。参考史聪聪[7]的方法配制PDA培养基和小米扩繁培养基。
将采集的病株利用组织分离法对其不同发病部位的真菌进行分离培养。用无菌水将发病部位清洗干净,用无菌剪刀将病健交界处剪成约4 mm的小段,在YS-CZ-SD超净工作台[易生石木(北京)生物科技有限公司]中先后用75%酒精和0.1%升汞分别浸泡10 s和1 min,再用灭菌水清洗3次,最后用无菌吸水纸吸干组织表面水分后,置于提前准备好的PDA平板上,25 ℃恒温培养3 d,挑取菌落边缘的菌丝再进行相同方式的培养,最后在4 ℃冰箱中用试管冷藏保存纯化后的菌株[15,19]
25 ℃恒温培养分离菌株,5 d后采用十字交叉法测量菌落直径,参照《真菌鉴定手册》[20]、《常见镰刀菌鉴定指南》[21]和《植病研究法》[22]以及相关研究[7,15,23-25],对菌株的菌落和分生孢子形态进行鉴定,通过肉眼观察PDA平板上菌落正反面的颜色变化和外形特点,用BX43(Olympus,日本)和DMi8(Leica,德国)光学显微镜对分生孢子进行形态观察,并拍照和记录。
用Ezup柱式真菌基因组DNA抽提试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]提取10株代表性菌株的基因组DNA,包括平脐蠕孢属菌株TX9-5和WL4-3,镰孢属菌株JMSJ-28、WL6-10、JS7-31和HL0-52,附球菌属(Epicoccum)菌株WL4-1和HL0-19,链格孢属(Alternaria)菌株WL4-3-2和TX10-1。用引物ITS1(5'-TCCG-TAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3')和ITS4(5'-TCCTCCGCT-TATTGATATGC-3'),以及引物bt2a(5'-GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC-3')和bt2b(5'-ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC- 3')对提取DNA的5.8S rDNA-ITS序列和β-微管蛋白(β-tubulin)基因序列进行PCR扩增[26-27]。反应体系:10×PCR Buffer、10 mmol/L dNTP、5 U/μLTaq酶和50 mmol/L MgSO4共12.5 μL,模板DNA1.0 μL(浓度300 ng/μL),上、下游引物各1.0 μL(10 μmol/L),ddH2O 9.5 μL。反应程序:95 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,执行循环30次,最后于72 ℃延伸10 min,完成产物合成。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证的扩增产物,委托生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成检测,测得的ITS序列和β-tubulin基因序列分别提交至NCBI GenBank数据库中,经BLAST比对后,下载同源性较高的序列,使用MEGA 7软件进行序列分析,采用邻近法构建系统发育树。
参考史聪聪[7]的土壤拌菌法进行病原菌回接试验,将活化的10株代表性菌株转接于小米培养基上,25 ℃培养7 d后晾干,与无菌土按1:125的比例混合均匀制成菌土,按每钵180 g定量装入营养钵中,每钵种植6粒健康的克旱19号小麦种子,每个菌株接种3钵,作为3次重复。温室自然光照培养(白天温度25±2 ℃、晚间20±2 ℃),每2 d从底部托盘浇1次水。参考胡艳峰[2]的9级分级法标准,30 d后调查发病株数和发病症状,计算发病率和病情指数。按照1.2.1的方法,重新对典型症状的病株进行病原菌的分离培养,比较与原接种菌株菌落和分生孢子的形态差异。
发病率(%)=发病植株数量/总接种植株数量× 100
病情指数=∑(各级病株数×病级代表数值)/(调查总株数×发病最重级的代表数值)×100
使用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据,使用SPSS 27.0软件进行方差分析。
通过对田间采集的小麦根腐病病株发病症状进行观察发现,在小麦生长期内,病原菌可侵染植株不同部位,引发多种典型症状。病原菌侵染小麦根茎部时,会在地中茎或根部形成深褐色病斑,严重时导致腐烂或坏死(图1);侵染叶片时,引发叶斑症状,初期叶片上出现黑褐色梭形小斑,随后逐渐扩大,形成中央呈灰白色至浅褐色、边缘呈椭圆形或不规则形的病斑(图1b);侵染小麦籽粒时,造成黑胚症状,病斑呈梭形,边缘褐色、中央白色,严重者全胚变黑;侵染穗部时,小穗和颖片颜色变为棕褐色,在湿度适宜的条件下,发病部位表面会产生分生孢子和分生孢子梗,肉眼可见黑色霉状物,穗茎和穗轴发病则会导致枯白穗或掉穗(图1c)。
对采集病株病健交界处的真菌进行分离培养,并结合形态学与分子生物学方法开展鉴定,病菌分离统计结果详见表1。在黑龙江省16个采样地,共计分离出432株真菌。各采样地均分离到平脐蠕孢属真菌,其占分离真菌总数的77.31%;镰孢属真菌占比9.03%,包括燕麦镰孢、木贼镰孢和层出镰孢,分别占比5.56%、2.78%和0.69%;链格孢属真菌占分离真菌总数的10.65%;附球菌属真菌占3.01%。分离结果显示,黑龙江省各麦区中,分离数量最多的小麦根腐病病原菌为麦根腐平脐蠕孢;最少的是层出镰孢菌,仅3株,分布于佳木斯市和齐齐哈尔市。哈尔滨市隶属黑龙江西南麦区,仅分离到平脐蠕孢属和链格孢属真菌;双鸭山市和佳木斯市属于黑龙江东北麦区,6种真菌均有检出;鸡西市处于黑龙江东南麦区,未分离出层出镰孢和链格孢属真菌;齐齐哈尔市作为黑龙江西部麦区,6种真菌均有分布;黑河市位于黑龙江北部麦区,未发现层出镰孢菌。
在PDA培养基上,于25 ℃条件下培养5 d后,麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌落直径约为64 mm,呈近圆形,菌落生长初期为浅灰色,之后逐渐变为黑色至橄榄黑色,其表面灰白色的气生菌丝密集分布,呈现出绒毛状结构(图2~b)。该菌能产生大量分生孢子梗和分生孢子。分生孢子梗为深褐色,具有隔膜结构,呈直立生长,无分枝现象,可单生或2~5根丛生。分生孢子大小范围为32.4~75.6 μm×15.0~27.0 μm(图2c~d),颜色为黄褐色至黑褐色。其形态多为纺锤形、长梭形或长椭圆形,多数呈直杆状,少数略带弯曲,最宽处接近中央位置,两端逐渐变细,形似蠕虫,具有1~11个横隔膜,其中以5~7个的情况居多。
在PDA培养基上25 ℃培养5 d后,燕麦镰孢菌落直径约56 mm,呈近圆形,底部呈红色并伴有少量的黄色色素,气生菌丝白色,毛絮状,外围菌丝体较稀少(图3~b)。小型分生孢子大小为7.1~13.0 μm×2.6~3.8 μm,呈长椭圆形或纺锤体形,多数无隔膜,少数1个隔膜(图3c~d)。大型分生孢子大小为29.5~47.3 μm×3.3~4.1 μm,呈细长状,两端尖锐,直或略弯曲,无色,有隔膜3~6个。
在PDA培养基上25 ℃培养5 d后,层出镰孢菌落直径约54 mm,呈圆形,表面白色,背面为白色至淡紫色,有紫色色素生成。气生菌丝呈绒垫状,颜色为白色并带有淡紫色调(图4~b)。产生大量小型分生孢子,形态为长椭圆形或长卵形,无色且无隔膜,大小在4.5~15.5 μm× 1.5~4.5 μm(图4c~d)。在PDA培养基中未观察到大型分生孢子的形成,也未发现厚垣孢子。
在PDA培养基25 ℃条件下培养5 d后,木贼镰孢菌落直径约65 mm,呈近圆形,正面观察时,菌落边缘轮廓清晰,气生菌丝呈放射状向周围扩展,表面覆盖白色絮状物,质地致密。背面观察显示,菌落初期呈现白色,随培养时间延长逐渐出现浅棕色至深棕色色素沉积(图5~b)。显微观察可见,大型分生孢子呈现新月形结构,且透明无色,中部明显膨大,两端细尖,壁厚,具有4~6个横隔膜,大小在22.0~51.0 µm×2.5~5.5 µm(图5c~d);未发现小分生孢子。
提取经形态学鉴定后10株代表性菌株的DNA,利用引物ITS1和ITS4对其进行rDNA-ITS区段基因的PCR扩增,菌株TX9-5和WL4-3均获得长度为561 bp的扩增片段,菌株JMSJ-28获得长度为533 bp的扩增片段,菌株WL4-1、HL0-19、WL4-3-2和TX10-1分别获得长度为519、518、545和545 bp的扩增片段。测序结果在NCBI进行BLAST比对,结果表明,菌株TX9-5和WL4-3的ITS序列均与登录号为OM025185.1和OM025184.1的麦根腐平脐蠕孢的相似性达100%,从系统发育树上看,这2株菌株与麦根腐平脐蠕孢(MT635282.1)遗传距离较近,位于同一分支(图6),说明2份样本的菌种鉴定结果均为平脐蠕孢属的麦根腐种(B. sorokiniana),隶属于半知菌亚门;菌株JMSJ-28的ITS序列与登录号为OR101701.1和OQ947370.1的层出镰孢的相似性达100%,从系统发育树上看出该菌株与层出镰孢(PP897823.1)遗传距离比较近,位于同一分支(图6b),说明测序样本为层出镰孢;菌株WL4-1和HL0-19的ITS序列均与登录号为OM106582.1和OQ673669.1的黑附球菌(Epicoccum nigrum)的相似性均达100%,菌株WL4-3-2和TX10-1的ITS序列均与登录号为OR900525.1和OR101701.1的链格孢属的相似性均达100%,结合形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析表明4个样本为黑附球菌和链格孢属真菌。
利用引物ITS1和ITS4对3株镰孢菌属菌株(WL6-10、JS7-31和HL0-52)的DNA进行rDNA-ITS区段基因的PCR扩增后,分别获得长度为520、536和536 bp的扩增片段,经过测序和比对后,均只能鉴定到镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。为进一步确定其属种,利用引物bt2a和bt2b对其进行β-tubulin基因的PCR扩增,分别获得长度为409、331和319 bp的扩增片段,BLAST比对结果表明,菌株WL6-10、JS7-31和HL0-52的β-tubulin基因序列分别与木贼镰孢(登录号MT939667.1和MK373039.1)、燕麦镰孢(登录号OQ689643.1和KP674239.1)和燕麦镰孢(登录号OM984483.1和KY475586.1)的相似性达99%以上或100%,系统发育树表明菌株WL6-10与木贼镰孢(MT939667.1)聚为一簇,位于系统发育树的同一分支,说明测序的该样本为木贼镰孢。菌株JS7-31和HL0-52与燕麦镰孢(OM984483.1)聚为一簇,位于系统发育树的同一分支(图6c),表明测序的2个样本为燕麦镰孢。
接种30 d后,2株黑附球菌和2株链格孢属菌株接种的小麦均未出现发病症状;而其他6株菌株接种后小麦根茎部形成深褐色病斑,其中2株麦根腐平脐蠕孢接种的小麦发病症状最为明显,均符合小麦根腐病的发病特征。由表2病情指数测定结果可知,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的病情指数均高于其他真菌。其中,菌株TX9-5的病情指数最高,为62.2,与菌株WL4-3无显著性差异,但与其他菌株差异显著;燕麦镰孢HL0-52和JS7-31的病情指数无显著差异,二者与木贼镰孢WL6-10的病情指数也无显著差异,但与层出镰孢JMSJ-28差异显著,菌株JMSJ-28的病情指数最小,为24.1;2株黑附球菌和2株链格孢属菌株的病情指数均为0。对比不同菌株的接种效果(表2),接种麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌株处理的小麦发病率更高,显著高于其他菌株组别。接种菌株TX9-5和WL4-3的小麦发病率最高,均达100.0%;接种镰孢菌属菌株的小麦发病率较低,在50.0%~81.3%,其中层出镰孢JMSJ-28的发病率最低,木贼镰孢WL6-10的发病率最高;接种2株黑附球菌和2株链格孢属菌株的小麦发病率为0.0%。结果表明,菌株的病情指数与发病率基本呈正相关。黑附球菌(2株)和链格孢属(2株)菌株回接小麦后均不致病,接种后未观察到发病症状,且无法分离出与原接种菌一致的菌株,不满足柯赫氏法则,表明这2种菌并非小麦根腐病的病原菌。而对小麦进行麦根腐平脐蠕孢(2株)和镰孢菌属菌种(4株)的再接种处理后,按照1.2.1的方法重新分离,并依据1.2.2方法进行形态鉴定,能够得到与原接种菌一致的菌株,试验结果满足柯赫氏法则的所有条件,表明接种菌是小麦根腐病的致病菌。
小麦根腐病的病原菌种类繁多,既可单独侵染小麦,也能复合侵染,且其组成因地域不同而存在显著差异。本研究通过菌株分离技术鉴定出4个真菌属种,其中,麦根腐平脐蠕孢和镰孢属真菌被证实为致病菌,而链格孢和黑附球菌未表现出致病性,这一结果与张德珍等[15]和曹桂香等[13]的研究结论相符,但在镰孢种类上存在差异。黑龙江省小麦根腐病病原菌的相关报道显示,早期研究[13]从病株中分离出黄色镰孢、燕麦镰孢和禾谷镰孢3种镰孢。而本研究借助病原菌分离技术,确定当地小麦根腐病的主要镰孢种群为燕麦镰孢、木贼镰孢和层出镰孢,其中木贼镰孢和层出镰孢首次在黑龙江省小麦根腐病病株上被发现。本研究表明链格孢和黑附球菌对小麦不具致病力,并非小麦根腐病的致病菌。然而,李冬梅等[28]曾指出,根腐蠕孢菌、丝核菌、全蚀菌、镰孢和链格孢菌等是小麦根病的主要致病病原;李伟等[29]也提出黑附球菌是引发小麦茎基褐腐病的病原菌。我国现有研究[1,7]显示,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的分离频率最高,是黑龙江、河北、山东和新疆等省区小麦根腐病的优势病原菌,本研究结果与之一致。黑龙江省不同地区小麦根腐病病原菌的种类和数量存在差异,这可能与当地的生态环境、耕作制度以及栽培条件等因素的不同有关。
通过传统形态学鉴定,麦根腐平脐蠕孢与镰孢属真菌被认定为本研究中分离出的主要病原菌。为进一步提升鉴定准确性并明确其分类地位,考虑到ITS序列兼具保守性与序列多态性,在病原微生物分类鉴定方面效果良好[14],本研究采用基于5.8S rDNA-ITS区段基因序列的分子生物学方法展开更精准的鉴定,最终确定2株麦根腐平脐蠕孢和1株层出镰孢,其形态学特征与分子鉴定结果相吻合。张德珍等[15]以及史聪聪[7]也采用形态学鉴定结合扩增ITS序列的分子鉴定方法,成功对小麦根腐病病原菌进行了鉴定。由于镰孢属种类极为丰富,形态多样且彼此间差异细微,其分类鉴定长期以来存在较大争议。仅依靠基于形态学构建的分类系统进行鉴定,准确度难以保证,在此情况下,分子生物学技术的重要性愈发凸显[27,30]。在已有的研究[31]中,β-tubulin基因在镰孢的分类鉴定方面更具优势,在镰孢属鉴定领域应用广泛;郭成等[32]借助β-tubulin基因成功鉴定了三线镰孢;雷娅红等[27]β-tubulin作为候选基因,对分离得到的11种57株镰孢属真菌进行检测鉴定,并筛选出该属的DNA条形码。本研究中,另外3个待鉴定的镰孢属菌株,运用5.8S rDNA-ITS区段基因序列分子鉴定方法未能鉴定到种,利用β-tubulin基因展开鉴定,成功确定1株木贼镰孢和2株燕麦镰孢。
本研究结果证实,在所有参试菌株中,麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病性最为突出,2株麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌株的发病率均高达100%,其致病力指标(涵盖发病率与病情指数)显著高于镰孢菌属菌株。这一发现与张德珍等[15]以及刘正坪等[12]早期的研究结论一致。基于对分离菌株数量的统计以及对典型菌株致病性的深入分析,能够明确判定麦根腐平脐蠕孢为黑龙江省小麦根腐病的优势致病菌。本研究从16个不同地点分离出的麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌株在颜色上存在明显差异。Jaiswal等[33]研究表明,麦根腐平脐蠕孢颜色越深其致病力越强;Chand等[34]却得出相反的结论,即颜色越浅致病力越强。本研究中菌株的来源和颜色是否会对麦根腐平脐蠕孢的致病力大小产生影响,以及影响的程度,仍有待进一步研究。本研究分离得到的3种镰孢菌属病原菌,不仅数量较少,而且致病性相对较弱,尽管其为黑龙江省小麦根腐病的病原菌,但并非优势病原菌。本研究结果为制定小麦根腐病的防治策略以及开展抗病品种培育工作提供了理论基础。
从黑龙江省16个地点共分离纯化出6种真菌,获得432株菌株。形态学、分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定确定了小麦根腐病四大主要病原菌:优势种群为麦根腐平脐蠕孢(334株,占总分离量的77.31%),镰孢属菌群的3个亚种燕麦镰孢(24株)、木贼镰孢(12株)和层出镰孢(3株)。4种病原菌对克旱19号均具有致病性,其中麦根腐平脐蠕孢不仅导致更高的发病率,其病情指数也显示出显著优势,致病力显著强于3种镰孢菌属真菌。人工接种试验从发病植株中成功分离出与原始接种菌种一致的病原体,通过柯赫氏法进一步验证了其致病性。结果表明,麦根腐平脐蠕孢与3种镰孢均为黑龙江省小麦根腐病的主要致病因子,且前者在致病菌群中占据主导地位。
  • 国家现代农业小麦产业技术体系克山综合试验站(CARS-03)
  • 黑龙江省小麦现代农业技术协同创新体系
  • 国家重点研发计划子课题(2022YFD1200903-04)
  • 黑龙江省农科院农业科技创新跨越工程(CX23GG03)
  • 齐齐哈尔市科技计划联合引导项目(LNYGG-2024007)
  • 黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院先导项目(XDYBC2023-02)
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doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029
  • 接收时间:2025-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-23
  • 修回日期:2025-10-24
基金
国家现代农业小麦产业技术体系克山综合试验站(CARS-03)
黑龙江省小麦现代农业技术协同创新体系
国家重点研发计划子课题(2022YFD1200903-04)
黑龙江省农科院农业科技创新跨越工程(CX23GG03)
齐齐哈尔市科技计划联合引导项目(LNYGG-2024007)
黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院先导项目(XDYBC2023-02)
作者信息
    黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院/黑龙江省春小麦遗传育种工程技术中心, 161000, 黑龙江齐齐哈尔

通讯作者:

张起昌,主要从事春小麦遗传育种与栽培研究,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zwzz/CN/10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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