Article(id=1256536360798831010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=1739721600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777511213731, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777511213731, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777511213731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511213731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256536349243523385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1777511210976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511532015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256536362237477300, articleId=1256536360798831010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=EN, title=Study on the Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Absorption and Distribution in Quinoa, columnId=null, journalTitle=Crops, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Field sampling of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) was conducted at different growth stages to measure changes in major agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, and nutrient element content. The results indicated that dry matter accumulation in quinoa followed an S-shaped curve, with a critical period between 60 and 90 days after emergence. There were significant differences in the dry matter allocation ratio and nutrient uptake rates among different parts of quinoa (roots, stems, leaves, panicles) at various growth stages. Notably, the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) peaked between 60 and 80 days of growth, with K having the highest absorption rate, followed by N, and then P, at a ratio of 4.88:1.00:11.00. The distribution of nutrients in quinoa exhibited dynamic change regularity over time, and nutrients were mainly concentrated in leaves and stems during the early growth stage and shifted more towards the panicles in the later stage. Additionally, the agronomic traits of quinoa were also found to be significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation. Root weight, stem weight and panicle weight were positively correlated with plant height, stem diameter and leaf length.

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于不同生长期对藜麦进行田间采样,测定不同生育阶段主要农艺性状、干物质积累和营养元素含量的变化。结果表明,藜麦干物质积累呈现“S”形曲线,生长60~90 d是干物质积累的关键期。不同生长期藜麦各部位(根、茎、叶和穗)的干物质分配比例和养分吸收率存在显著差异,其中,氮、磷和钾的吸收量在生长60~80 d达到高峰,钾的吸收量最大,氮次之,磷最少,吸收比为4.88:1.00:11.00。藜麦的营养元素分配随着生长期的变化表现出动态变化规律,生长前期养分主要集中在叶和茎,后期更多向穗部转移。还发现藜麦的农艺性状与干物质积累量存在显著相关性,根重、茎重和穗重与株高、茎粗、叶长等主要农艺性状呈显著正相关。

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侯志江,研究方向为经济植物资源与利用,E-mail:
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和桂青,研究方向为经济植物资源与利用,E-mail:

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refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536491292017181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=262, pageEnd=272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=周喜荣, 张丽萍, 蒋鹏, journalName=中国土壤与肥料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周喜荣, 张丽萍, 蒋鹏, . 宁夏枸杞生育期干物质与氮磷钾积累动态和养分需求规律. 中国土壤与肥料, 2021(1):262-272., articleTitle=宁夏枸杞生育期干物质与氮磷钾积累动态和养分需求规律, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536491552064030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=9, pageStart=87, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=王斌, 聂督, 赵圆峰, journalName=灌溉排水学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王斌, 聂督, 赵圆峰, . 水氮耦合对藜麦产量、氮素吸收和水氮利用的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2020, 39(9):87-94., articleTitle=水氮耦合对藜麦产量、氮素吸收和水氮利用的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536491786945055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=9, pageStart=9, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=王建瑞, 刘瑞香, 郭占斌, journalName=农业与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王建瑞, 刘瑞香, 郭占斌, . 不同品系藜麦干物质和氮素积累转运对产量的影响. 农业与技术, 2024, 44(9):9-15., articleTitle=不同品系藜麦干物质和氮素积累转运对产量的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536491992465952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=49, issue=4, pageStart=444, pageEnd=448, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=惠薇, 李丽君, 王斌, journalName=山西农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=惠薇, 李丽君, 王斌, . 磷肥对藜麦生长及养分吸收的影响. 山西农业科学, 2021, 49(4):444-448., articleTitle=磷肥对藜麦生长及养分吸收的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536492168626721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1985, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=665, pageEnd=699, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=DeDatta J G, Mikkelson D S, journalName=Madison WI,USA:American Society of Agronomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DeDatta J G, Mikkelson D S. 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leaves, and panicles of C. quinoa at different growth stages, figureFileSmall=eeMHywLILGgHyeG3bOrM7Q==, figureFileBig=bRp4dH8dG9cwgTbOCAlCMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536469238366462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同生育期藜麦根、茎、叶和穗的K积累动态, figureFileSmall=eeMHywLILGgHyeG3bOrM7Q==, figureFileBig=bRp4dH8dG9cwgTbOCAlCMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536469628436741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation analysis of agronomic traits with dry matter accumulation in roots, stems, leaves, and panicles of C. quinoa at different growth stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
株高
Plant
height
茎粗
Stem
diameter
主根长
Main
root
length
主根粗
Main
root
diameter
叶长
Leaf
length
叶宽
Leaf
width
分枝数
Number
of
branches
分枝长
Branch
length
第一有效穗位
First effective
panicle height
侧根数
Number
of lateral
roots
根重
Root
weight
茎重
Stem
weight
叶重
Leaf
weight
茎粗Stem diameter 0.218
主根长Main root length 0.206 0.155
主根粗
Main root diameter
0.360**
0.610**
0.246*
叶长Leaf length 0.859** 0.054 0.106 0.396*
叶宽Leaf width 0.795** 0.094 0.152 0.396* 0.947**
分枝数
Number of branches
0.537**
0.264*
0.034
0.362**
0.730**
0.806**
分枝长Branch length 0.648** 0.468** 0.213 0.423** 0.702** 0.680** 0.285*
第一有效穗位
First effective panicle
height
0.013
-0.211
-0.024
-0.234*
-0.416**
-0.514**
-0.272*
-0.203
侧根数
Number of lateral roots
0.322**
0.423**
0.115
0.482**
0.201
0.226
0.252*
0.325**
-0.106
根重Root weight 0.498** 0.529** 0.137 0.630** 0.571** 0.543** 0.474** 0.418** -0.291** 0.533**
茎重Stem weight 0.624** 0.646** 0.206 0.621** 0.710** 0.659** 0.296** 0.836** -0.218 0.477** 0.609**
叶重Leaf weight -0.224 0.171 -0.014 0.354** -0.113 -0.079 0.018 -0.272* -0.117 0.165 0.271* -0.142
穗重Panicle weight 0.366** 0.453** 0.314** 0.320** 0.734** 0.672** -0.040 0.678** -0.098 0.284* 0.230* 0.785** -0.602**
), ArticleFig(id=1256536470026895629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

藜麦不同生育期农艺性状与根、茎、叶、穗干物质积累量的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标
Index
株高
Plant
height
茎粗
Stem
diameter
主根长
Main
root
length
主根粗
Main
root
diameter
叶长
Leaf
length
叶宽
Leaf
width
分枝数
Number
of
branches
分枝长
Branch
length
第一有效穗位
First effective
panicle height
侧根数
Number
of lateral
roots
根重
Root
weight
茎重
Stem
weight
叶重
Leaf
weight
茎粗Stem diameter 0.218
主根长Main root length 0.206 0.155
主根粗
Main root diameter
0.360**
0.610**
0.246*
叶长Leaf length 0.859** 0.054 0.106 0.396*
叶宽Leaf width 0.795** 0.094 0.152 0.396* 0.947**
分枝数
Number of branches
0.537**
0.264*
0.034
0.362**
0.730**
0.806**
分枝长Branch length 0.648** 0.468** 0.213 0.423** 0.702** 0.680** 0.285*
第一有效穗位
First effective panicle
height
0.013
-0.211
-0.024
-0.234*
-0.416**
-0.514**
-0.272*
-0.203
侧根数
Number of lateral roots
0.322**
0.423**
0.115
0.482**
0.201
0.226
0.252*
0.325**
-0.106
根重Root weight 0.498** 0.529** 0.137 0.630** 0.571** 0.543** 0.474** 0.418** -0.291** 0.533**
茎重Stem weight 0.624** 0.646** 0.206 0.621** 0.710** 0.659** 0.296** 0.836** -0.218 0.477** 0.609**
叶重Leaf weight -0.224 0.171 -0.014 0.354** -0.113 -0.079 0.018 -0.272* -0.117 0.165 0.271* -0.142
穗重Panicle weight 0.366** 0.453** 0.314** 0.320** 0.734** 0.672** -0.040 0.678** -0.098 0.284* 0.230* 0.785** -0.602**
), ArticleFig(id=1256536470530212117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in single C. quinoa plant and different plant parts

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生长
天数
Growth
days (d)
干物质积累量(g/株)
Dry matter accumulation (g/plant)
全株日生长量
(g/株)
Daily growth of
whole plant (g/plant)
阶段积累率
Stage
accumulation
rate (%)
分配率
Distribution rate (%)

Root

Stem

Leaf

Panicle
全株
Whole plant

Root

Stem

Leaf

Panicle
50 8.05±0.76 24.46±2.21 16.27±1.52 5.29±0.87 54.06±4.80 1.08 32.47 14.88 45.25 30.09 9.78
60 10.94±1.03 29.15±2.61 13.52±1.44 8.95±0.81 62.56±5.53 0.85 5.11 17.49 46.59 21.60 14.31
70 18.25±3.91 53.10±6.48 15.13±2.11 16.13±1.29 102.62±12.79 4.01 24.06 17.79 51.74 14.75 15.72
80 22.84±3.07 57.84±6.21 11.77±1.82 20.52±2.50 112.98±12.12 1.04 6.22 20.22 51.20 10.42 18.17
90 19.53±4.43 72.38±3.96 10.96±1.12 31.10±1.26 133.98±10.06 2.10 12.61 14.58 54.02 8.18 23.21
100 18.10±3.15 67.13±3.37 3.84±1.09 56.70±3.94 145.76±9.33 1.18 7.08 12.42 46.05 2.63 38.90
110 12.85±1.57 75.76±8.47 2.45±0.71 67.33±7.11 157.65±16.84 1.19 7.14 8.15 48.06 1.55 42.71
120 14.58±2.35 78.73±9.60 73.18±10.20 166.48±20.86 0.88 5.30 8.76 47.29 43.96
), ArticleFig(id=1256536471020945697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536360798831010, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

藜麦单株和不同部位干物质积累动态

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生长
天数
Growth
days (d)
干物质积累量(g/株)
Dry matter accumulation (g/plant)
全株日生长量
(g/株)
Daily growth of
whole plant (g/plant)
阶段积累率
Stage
accumulation
rate (%)
分配率
Distribution rate (%)

Root

Stem

Leaf

Panicle
全株
Whole plant

Root

Stem

Leaf

Panicle
50 8.05±0.76 24.46±2.21 16.27±1.52 5.29±0.87 54.06±4.80 1.08 32.47 14.88 45.25 30.09 9.78
60 10.94±1.03 29.15±2.61 13.52±1.44 8.95±0.81 62.56±5.53 0.85 5.11 17.49 46.59 21.60 14.31
70 18.25±3.91 53.10±6.48 15.13±2.11 16.13±1.29 102.62±12.79 4.01 24.06 17.79 51.74 14.75 15.72
80 22.84±3.07 57.84±6.21 11.77±1.82 20.52±2.50 112.98±12.12 1.04 6.22 20.22 51.20 10.42 18.17
90 19.53±4.43 72.38±3.96 10.96±1.12 31.10±1.26 133.98±10.06 2.10 12.61 14.58 54.02 8.18 23.21
100 18.10±3.15 67.13±3.37 3.84±1.09 56.70±3.94 145.76±9.33 1.18 7.08 12.42 46.05 2.63 38.90
110 12.85±1.57 75.76±8.47 2.45±0.71 67.33±7.11 157.65±16.84 1.19 7.14 8.15 48.06 1.55 42.71
120 14.58±2.35 78.73±9.60 73.18±10.20 166.48±20.86 0.88 5.30 8.76 47.29 43.96
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藜麦生长发育特性及养分吸收分配动态变化规律研究
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和桂青 , 李兆光 , 袁文珏 , 和琼姬 , 杨文高 , 李燕 , 王蕊 , 叶磊 , 侯志江
作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026,42(2): 172-179
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作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026, 42(2): 172-179
藜麦生长发育特性及养分吸收分配动态变化规律研究
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和桂青 , 李兆光, 袁文珏, 和琼姬, 杨文高, 李燕, 王蕊, 叶磊, 侯志江
作者信息
  • 云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所, 674100, 云南丽江
  • 和桂青,研究方向为经济植物资源与利用,E-mail:

通讯作者:

侯志江,研究方向为经济植物资源与利用,E-mail:
Study on the Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Absorption and Distribution in Quinoa
Guiqing He , Zhaoguang Li, Wenjue Yuan, Qiongji He, Wengao Yang, Yan Li, Rui Wang, Lei Ye, Zhijiang Hou
Affiliations
  • Institute of Alpine Economic Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lijiang 674100, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.021
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于不同生长期对藜麦进行田间采样,测定不同生育阶段主要农艺性状、干物质积累和营养元素含量的变化。结果表明,藜麦干物质积累呈现“S”形曲线,生长60~90 d是干物质积累的关键期。不同生长期藜麦各部位(根、茎、叶和穗)的干物质分配比例和养分吸收率存在显著差异,其中,氮、磷和钾的吸收量在生长60~80 d达到高峰,钾的吸收量最大,氮次之,磷最少,吸收比为4.88:1.00:11.00。藜麦的营养元素分配随着生长期的变化表现出动态变化规律,生长前期养分主要集中在叶和茎,后期更多向穗部转移。还发现藜麦的农艺性状与干物质积累量存在显著相关性,根重、茎重和穗重与株高、茎粗、叶长等主要农艺性状呈显著正相关。

藜麦  /  农艺性状  /  干物质积累  /  养分吸收  /  动态变化

Field sampling of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) was conducted at different growth stages to measure changes in major agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, and nutrient element content. The results indicated that dry matter accumulation in quinoa followed an S-shaped curve, with a critical period between 60 and 90 days after emergence. There were significant differences in the dry matter allocation ratio and nutrient uptake rates among different parts of quinoa (roots, stems, leaves, panicles) at various growth stages. Notably, the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) peaked between 60 and 80 days of growth, with K having the highest absorption rate, followed by N, and then P, at a ratio of 4.88:1.00:11.00. The distribution of nutrients in quinoa exhibited dynamic change regularity over time, and nutrients were mainly concentrated in leaves and stems during the early growth stage and shifted more towards the panicles in the later stage. Additionally, the agronomic traits of quinoa were also found to be significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation. Root weight, stem weight and panicle weight were positively correlated with plant height, stem diameter and leaf length.

Chenopodium quinoa  /  Agronomic trait  /  Dry matter accumulation  /  Nutrient uptake  /  Dynamic change
和桂青, 李兆光, 袁文珏, 和琼姬, 杨文高, 李燕, 王蕊, 叶磊, 侯志江. 藜麦生长发育特性及养分吸收分配动态变化规律研究. 作物杂志, 2026 , 42 (2) : 172 -179 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.021
Guiqing He, Zhaoguang Li, Wenjue Yuan, Qiongji He, Wengao Yang, Yan Li, Rui Wang, Lei Ye, Zhijiang Hou. Study on the Growth Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Nutrient Absorption and Distribution in Quinoa[J]. Crops, 2026 , 42 (2) : 172 -179 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.021
藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)是苋科(Amaranthaceae)藜属(Chenopodium)植物,起源于南美洲安第斯山脉,原产于秘鲁和玻利维亚的高原地区。作为当地传统主食,藜麦不仅富含优质蛋白质和所有必需氨基酸(其中赖氨酸为许多谷物中的首要限制性氨基酸[1]),还含有丰富的钙、镁、铁、铜和锌等矿质元素及B2、B6和叶酸等维生素[2]。藜麦籽粒中还含有丰富的活性物质(如多酚类化合物),具有抗氧化和抗炎作用[3],因此,其被联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)列为“21世纪保证粮食安全主要作物之一”,并被誉为“超级粮食”[4]。藜麦具有极强的环境适应能力,能够耐盐碱[5]、干旱[6]和寒冷[7]等多种恶劣条件,在海拔0~4000 m范围内均有分布[8]。藜麦因其丰富的营养价值、极强的抗逆性及环境适应性,在气候变化和环境压力加剧的背景下,已成为全球范围广泛关注的农作物,有望在全球粮食安全和可持续农业发展中发挥关键作用[9-13]。随着国际市场需求的增长,藜麦的引种栽培面积逐年扩大,现已成功在澳大利亚、印度、中国、美国、加拿大、英国、希腊、丹麦和意大利等多个国家和地区推广种植[14]。在我国,藜麦已在西藏、山西、甘肃、青海、内蒙古、云南、新疆、河北和宁夏等地成功引种栽培[15-17]。2012年以来,已在云南丽江、香格里拉、昆明和大理等海拔1500~3400 m的地区大力推广种植,累计面积达到1000 hm2左右[18]。研究[19]表明,在海拔高于2400 m的滇西北高海拔冷凉地区,藜麦的产量明显高于滇中和滇西等海拔较低地区。此外,随着海拔的升高,藜麦中氨基酸等营养成分总含量也呈增加趋势[20]。因此,云南高海拔地区被认为是藜麦的主要适宜种植区。
藜麦在我国的种植历史较短[21-22],前人的研究主要集中在不同地区藜麦种质资源的农艺性状和营养成分分析等方面。宋娇等[23]对青海6个藜麦品种(系)的农艺性状进行相关性分析,发现单株产量与株高、茎秆长、有效穗数和千粒重呈正相关。王思宇等[24]对内蒙古71份藜麦品种资源的农艺性状及营养品质分析,证实多个农艺性状间存在显著相关性。魏玉明等[25]对藜麦不同生育期的营养物质积累与分配规律进行了研究。王斌等[26]分析不同生育期山西旱作藜麦干物质量、养分含量及积累量,并探讨氮、磷和钾养分需求规律及其养分限制因子。这些研究表明,藜麦单株产量与农艺性状紧密相关,且在不同生长期藜麦对氮、磷和钾的需求和吸收具有显著差异[27]。然而,目前关于藜麦生育期干物质积累动态和养分吸收规律的研究相对较少,已有研究多集中于特定区域的生长期或单一因素上,缺乏对藜麦全生育期内植株不同部位动态变化规律的系统性研究。因此,本研究通过对藜麦在不同生育阶段主要农艺性状、干物质积累量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收和分配动态变化规律进行系统分析,全面揭示藜麦在云南高海拔地区的生长特性及其对养分的动态需求。通过研究藜麦生长发育过程中的资源利用特征和生产潜力,为其高效栽培管理和优化施肥策略提供理论依据。
试验于云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所美自科研基地(云南省丽江市古城区开南街道良美社区美自村)(26.815° N,100.300° E)进行,该地平均海拔2328 m,年均降水量972 mm,年均气温12.8 ℃,最高气温32.5 ℃,最低气温-7.0 ℃,全年日照时数大于2500 h,无霜期110 d。试验地土壤为红壤土,pH 6.9,土壤含有机质49.10 g/kg、全氮2.57 g/kg、有效磷48.70 mg/kg和全钾10.0 g/kg。
供试藜麦(白藜)由云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所提供,前茬为薰衣草。试验于2023年6月30日播种,于11月8日成熟,全生长期131 d。小区总面积为0.6 hm2,复合肥(N:P:K= 15:15:15)作为底肥,施肥量375 kg/hm2。整地后采用宽厢多行覆膜塘播,厢宽1 m,株距35 cm,于6~8片真叶时间苗,每塘留苗2~3株。其余田间管理按照常规进行。
定期观察藜麦各物候期的生长动态,由于藜麦前期生长缓慢,生物量积累较少,因此从出苗后50 d开始每隔10 d随机选取生长势良好且无病害的10株藜麦进行农艺性状调查及取样,将整株按根、茎、叶和穗4个部位分类,称量鲜重后,烘干称量干重(将各部分样品置于烘箱105 ℃下杀青30 min,65 ℃下烘48 h至恒重),再将样品进行粉碎和研磨过筛,测定不同时期各部位氮、磷和钾含量:采用凯氏定氮法测定全氮(N)含量;采用浓硫酸―高氯酸消解―钼锑抗比色法测定全磷(P)含量;采用火焰光度法测定全钾(K)含量[28]。计算公式如下:
全株日生长量(g/株)=(当次取样全株干重-上次取样全株干重)/10;
阶段积累率(%)=[(当次取样全株干重-上次取样全株干重)/收获期全株干重]×100;
分配率(%)=(某时期某部位的干重/该时期全株干重)×100;
各元素积累量(mg/株)=某时期藜麦某部位(或全株)的某元素含量×该时期藜麦某部位(或全株)干重。
采用Excel 2010和SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析,采用Origin 8.5作图。
表1结果表明,根重与主根粗、叶长、叶宽、侧根数、茎粗、株高、分枝数和分枝长呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.630、0.571、0.543、0.533、0.529、0.498、0.474和0.418,而与第一有效穗位呈极显著负相关;茎重与分枝长、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、株高、主根粗、侧根数和分枝数呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.836、0.710、0.659、0.646、0.624、0.621、0.477和0.296;叶重与主根粗呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.354,与分枝长呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.272;穗重与叶长、分枝长、叶宽、茎粗、株高、主根粗和主根长呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.734、0.678、0.672、0.453、0.366、0.320和0.314,与侧根数呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.284。根、茎、叶和穗干物质间的相关性分析结果表明,根重与茎重呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.609,与穗重呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.230;穗重与茎重呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.785,穗重与叶重呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.602。
表2图1可以看出,藜麦的干物质积累规律呈现平稳―快―平稳(“S”形)的趋势,全株日生长量呈现平稳―快―慢―快―慢的趋势,整个生长过程中有2个生长高峰,分别为生长天数60~70 d和80~90 d。60~70 d时藜麦全株干物质积累最快,日生长量最高,为4.01 g/株,其阶段积累率为24.06%;其次为80~90 d时,藜麦干物质占总积累量的12.61%,日生长量为2.10 g/株。100~120 d时,藜麦进入收获期,全株日增长量及干物质积累速率均逐渐下降。
茎和穗的干物质积累规律与全株干物质积累规律相似(表2图1),均呈“S”形的趋势。茎干物质积累量在生长60~70 d时最高,与全株干物质积累规律一致,但在生长90~100 d时,其干物质积累量呈下降趋势。在生长80~100 d时,穗进入灌浆期,干物质积累量与日增长量最高。根干物质积累量随生长天数呈先上升后下降趋势,80 d时积累量最高,为22.84 g/株。而叶干物质积累量随生长天数的增加呈下降趋势。
不同生长期各部位干物质分配率呈现不同变化(表2)。根干物质分配率与其积累量规律一致,均随生长天数呈先上升后下降的趋势,以生长天数80 d的分配率最高,为20.22%。茎干物质分配率与根分配率规律一致,均随生长天数呈先上升后下降趋势,生长天数90 d时分配率最高,为54.02%。叶干物质分配率随生长天数呈下降趋势,生长天数50 d时分配率最高,为30.09%。而穗干物质分配率与叶表现相反,随生长天数呈上升趋势,生长天数120 d时分配率最高,为43.96%。
图2可以看出,氮的积累量呈慢―快―慢趋势,其中生长60~80 d为快速增长期,在80 d时达到最高。磷的积累量在生长50~70 d呈缓慢―快速增加的趋势,在70 d时达到最高值,生长80 d以后在吸收量400 mg/株水平下呈略增加―略下降的平缓趋势。钾的积累量呈下降―快速增长―略下降―上升―快速下降的趋势,因此在整个生育期钾的下降期出现在60、90和100 d时,快速吸收期与氮积累量一致,为生长60~80 d时;藜麦对钾的吸收有2个高峰期,分别出现在生长80和100 d时。藜麦植株对氮、磷和钾的总吸收量大小为钾>氮>磷,其吸收比为4.88: 1.00:11.00;藜麦各生长期对氮、磷和钾的分配率大小也为钾>氮>磷。藜麦植株对氮、磷和钾的吸收率在生长60~70 d时与植株干物质的积累率均最高,为快速增长期,在该时期藜麦随着干物质积累量的快速增加,其对氮、磷和钾的吸收量也快速增加。
根、茎、叶和穗的氮积累量表现为穗>茎>叶>根,不同生长期各部位氮的积累量变化规律均不同。从图3可以看出,根对氮的积累量在整个生育期变化频率不高,呈先增加后降低的趋势,以生长70 d时最高;茎对氮的积累量呈先增后减的趋势,以生长80 d时的积累量最高,为1451.83 mg/株,此时茎中氮的分配率较其他部位的高,为53.35%;叶对氮的积累量呈逐渐减少的趋势,以生长50 d时的积累量最高,为601.81 mg/株,此时叶中氮的分配率较其他部位的高,为46.53%;穗对氮的积累量则呈慢―快―慢―快的增长趋势,以生长80~100 d的增长速度最快。藜麦植株随生长天数的增加其不同部位的氮分配率也呈不同的变化,在生长60 d前,藜麦植株以叶的氮分配率最高,生长70~80 d以茎的氮分配率最高,生长90 d后以穗的氮分配率最高。
根、茎、叶、穗的磷积累量表现为茎>穗>叶>根,不同生长期各部位对磷的积累量变化规律均不同。从图4可以看出,根对磷的积累量在整个生育期变化有2个高峰期,为生长70和90 d时,90 d以后呈下降的趋势。茎对磷的积累量呈快增―平缓―快降―增―降的趋势,有2个高峰期,分别为生长70和110 d时,生长100 d时的磷积累量最低。叶对磷的积累量呈下降―升高―下降的趋势,有2个高峰期,为生长50和70 d时,70 d以后呈下降的趋势。穗对磷的积累量在生长110 d以前呈快―慢―快的增长趋势,在生长70和110 d时有2个高峰值,对应2个快速生长期分别为50~70 d和90~110 d;生长110 d以后进入成熟期,穗的磷积累量降低。藜麦植株随生长天数的增加其不同部位的氮分配率也呈不同变化,在生长90 d以前,植株以茎的磷分配率最高,100 d以后以穗的磷分配率最高。
根、茎、叶和穗的钾积累量与磷积累量表现一致,为茎>穗>叶>根,不同生长期各部位对钾的积累量变化规律均不同。从图5可以看出,根中钾的积累量在生长80 d时呈1个高峰,其积累量为1201.49 mg/株,其余各时期的积累量在235.08~ 429.75 mg/株,其变异系数较小,在生长50~70 d呈缓慢增加,在生长50~70 d呈缓慢降低,变化幅度不大。茎中钾的积累量在整个生育期变化幅度较大,呈降―增―降―增的趋势,在生长70 和100 d时形成2个高峰值,其积累量分别为2877.91和2470.27 mg/株。叶中钾的积累量随着生育期的增加呈下降的趋势,以生长90~100 d的下降速率最快。穗中钾的积累量在生长100 d以前随生长天数的增加而增加,其中以生长80~100 d时的增加速率最快,整个生长期的钾积累量在生长100 d时达最高值(2432.43 mg/株);穗中钾的积累量在生长100 d以后随生长天数的增加而降低。植株随生长天数的增加其不同部位的钾分配率也呈不同的变化,在生长100 d以前,植株以茎的钾分配率最高,生长100~110 d以穗的钾分配率最高,生长120 d后以茎的钾分配率最高。
农艺性状是农业生产中为品种选择、种植管理及产量评估而观察和测量的各种特征,其在作物育种、种质资源评价和农业生产管理中起着重要作用[29-30]。Bhargava等[14]的研究表明花序长度与产量的相关性最大,其次是干重和株高。王艳青等[31]对135份国外引种藜麦种质资源进行分析,指出单株产量与千粒重呈极显著正相关。黄杰等[32]对38份藜麦种质的研究表明,单株产量与冠幅呈显著正相关。王艳青等[18]进一步对10个藜麦新品系的单株产量与7个主要农艺性状进行分析,发现单株产量与株高、茎粗呈极显著正偏相关。马丽娜等[33]对云南元谋地区22份藜麦种质的农艺性状进行分析表明,产量与主穗长呈极显著正相关。本研究结果与前人[31-33]基本一致,在此基础上进一步研究不同生长期藜麦的农艺性状与干物质积累量间的相关性,结果表明,藜麦在不同生长期的农艺性状与干物质积累量之间存在显著相关性。根重、茎重和穗重分别与藜麦的主根粗、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、株高、侧根数、分枝数和分枝长8个农艺性状呈显著正相关。这些结果均表明株高、茎粗和穗长等农艺性状的增长可以显著提高藜麦单株产量。因此,在藜麦的生长发育阶段,通过科学栽培管理和优化施肥策略来强化关键农艺性状,可以有效提高藜麦产量和品质。邓妍等[34]的研究进一步指出,通过增加藜麦的株高、分枝数、茎秆直径和茎秆强度,可有效降低倒伏率,从而显著提高产量。本研究还发现,茎重与根重、穗重均呈极显著正相关,而第一有效穗位与根重呈极显著负相关。这表明根系越发达,第一有效穗位越低,植株越早分枝,分枝数也相对较多,这进一步说明株高、茎粗和分枝数是提高藜麦产量的重要农艺性状。
干物质的积累和分配是衡量作物生长状况、产量及营养价值的重要指标,通过分析干物质的积累动态和分配特征,可以评估不同管理措施和环境条件对作物生长的影响[29,35]。干物质的积累和分配不仅直接影响作物的产量和品质,还对作物的抗逆性和资源利用效率产生重要作用[36]。藜麦在不同生长期的干物质积累量呈“S”形变化规律,整个生长过程分为平稳期、快速增长期和再平稳期,全株干物质积累量在采收期达到最高值,这与其他作物如马铃薯[37]、玉米[38]、菘蓝[39]和陆地棉[40]等的干物质积累规律类似,均遵循Logistic生长曲线。这些作物在生育期内的干物质积累量均随生长进程不断增加。魏玉明等[25]研究了藜麦叶片、茎秆、果穗、籽粒和根系的干物质积累规律,发现叶片和根系在营养生长期干物质积累量迅速上升,而果穗及籽粒在生殖生长期干物质积累量达到最大,与本研究结果一致。本研究中藜麦根、茎、叶和穗在不同生长期的干物质积累量及速率各不相同,根、茎和叶在早期和中期积累较多,而穗则在生长中后期的干物质积累较快。藜麦茎的干物质的积累量在生长60~70 d时最高,而穗在生长80~100 d时干物质积累量与日增长量最高,这与藜麦干物质全株日生长量在60~70 d和80~90 d达到2个高峰的结果基本一致,表明这2个时期为藜麦快速生长的形态建成期,对应藜麦茎秆伸长和显穗到灌浆的过程[41]。茎和穗的干物质积累规律与整个植株的积累规律相似,茎的干物质在生长前期快速增加,而生长中后期,即灌浆期及成熟期,穗的干物质积累量随生长天数的增加而快速增加。而从分配率来说,叶的干物质分配率在生长天数50 d时达最高,之后呈下降趋势,而穗的干物质分配率与叶的相反,随生长天数增加呈上升趋势,以生长天数120 d时的分配率最高。说明生长前期藜麦的营养生长以茎、根和叶为主,而生长中后期营养物质不断向穗输送而干物质不断增加,与许瑞等[42]的研究结果一致,也进一步体现了叶“源”到籽粒“库”的关系[25]
作物干物质积累动态和养分吸收规律在调控作物生长发育和提高产量方面具有重要作用[43]。养分吸收与作物的生长速率和干物质积累密切相关[25]。氮、磷和钾是植物生长必需的三大营养元素,在作物生长发育的各个阶段起着关键作用[44]。藜麦对3种主要营养元素的吸收和分配规律呈现出明显的动态变化规律,这些变化对其生长发育和最终产量有着重要影响。藜麦对氮、磷和钾的总吸收量大小为钾>氮>磷,其吸收比为4.88:1.00: 11.00,表明藜麦对钾和氮的吸收量大于磷,这一结果与王斌等[45]研究结果一致。
氮的积累表现出明显的阶段性特征,研究[45]发现,在藜麦生长60~80 d期间,氮积累速率达到最高峰,这一阶段也是藜麦干物质迅速积累的关键时期,表明氮吸收对藜麦的生物量增长至关重要。王建瑞等[46]的研究表明,不同品系的藜麦在氮吸收和转运上存在差异,但氮的有效利用普遍能够显著提升藜麦产量,与本研究结果基本一致,氮在藜麦生长中期至后期的积累对产量形成有着至关重要的作用。磷的吸收同样呈现出显著的阶段性特点,尤其是在生长50~70 d期间,磷的积累量达到峰值。惠薇等[47]的研究指出,磷肥的合理施用直接影响藜麦的生长和磷的吸收,适量施磷能够显著提高藜麦的生物量和养分吸收量。这与本研究中磷积累的动态变化趋势相符,进一步证明磷在藜麦生长初期至中期的重要性。藜麦对钾的吸收在60~70 d迅速上升,并在80 d达到最高值,这与茎的干物质积累规律一致。钾的积累呈现多个吸收高峰,与其在藜麦生长中的多重作用密切相关。DeDatta等[48]研究表明,在充足的钾浓度下,水稻的茎秆和秸秆强度得到增加,有助于提高植物的抗倒伏能力和抗逆性潜力[49]。惠薇等[50]还发现,钾肥的施用不仅能增加藜麦的株高和生物量,还能显著提高藜麦对氮、磷和钾的综合吸收能力。在藜麦的快速生长期,氮和钾的吸收速率显著增加,这一时期也是干物质积累的关键期,表明充足的氮和钾供应对藜麦的高产至关重要[27]。磷的吸收则主要集中在生长前期和中期,其对植株的根系发育和能量代谢具有重要影响[48]
藜麦不同部位的营养元素分配差异显著。穗和茎的氮、磷、钾积累量的大于叶和根的积累量,氮积累量为穗>茎>叶>根,而磷和钾积累量为茎>穗>叶>根。生长初期,氮、磷和钾主要集中在叶和茎中,而在生长后期,更多的营养元素被转移到穗中[25]。这一动态分配规律与庞春花等[27]的研究结果基本一致,磷肥和钾肥的合理配施能够增强根系对营养元素的吸收,并促进营养元素向穗部的转运,从而提高籽粒的品质。本研究进一步证明藜麦在不同生育期对氮、磷、钾的需求和分配规律。在藜麦的栽培中,需根据不同生长期科学合理地调整施肥策略,确保各生长期内营养元素的最优分配,以优化藜麦的养分利用效率,提高其生产效益。
藜麦根重、茎重和穗重与株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、主根粗、侧根数、分枝数等农艺性状呈显著正相关;干物质积累呈现明显的“S”形变化规律,生长60~90 d为关键期,期间干物质积累量增加迅速,前期主要为茎和叶的积累,后期则以穗的积累为主,穗的干物质分配率在90 d后达到43.96%。藜麦对氮、磷、钾的吸收表现出显著的阶段性变化,生长60~80 d为吸收高峰期,钾的吸收量最高,吸收比为4.88:1.00:11.00,氮、磷、钾在生长前期主要分配于叶和茎中,90 d后更多地转移至穗部。
  • 云南省重大科技专项与重点研发计划(202202AE090020)
  • 云南省科技厅基础研究计划(202101BC070003-51)
  • 云南省财政厅专项(云财农[2024]8号)
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2026年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.021
  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-15
  • 修回日期:2025-02-17
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云南省重大科技专项与重点研发计划(202202AE090020)
云南省科技厅基础研究计划(202101BC070003-51)
云南省财政厅专项(云财农[2024]8号)
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    云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所, 674100, 云南丽江

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侯志江,研究方向为经济植物资源与利用,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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