Article(id=1256536352921928001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729699200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-24, revisedDate=1732291200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1777511211853, onlineDateStr=2026-04-30, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1777511211853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1777511211853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511211853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1256536349243523385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, year='2026', volume='42', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1777511210976, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1777511532015, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1256537695891874282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, issueId=1256536349243523385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1256536353500741958, articleId=1256536352921928001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, language=EN, title=Effects of Panicle Fertilizer Management on Yield, Grain Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Japonica Rice, columnId=null, journalTitle=Crops, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fertilizer management, especially the precise application of panicle fertilizer, has a significant impact on rice yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). To determine a reasonable panicle fertilizer ratio and application leaf-age stage for the rice-growing region along the Yellow River in Henan Province, this study used rice variety Bianjing 5 as the experimental material. At a nitrogen application rate of 277.5 kg/ha, the effects of two nitrogen fertilizer management modes—the conventional mode (with panicle fertilizer applied at the 2nd and 1st leaf stages from the top) and the precise delayed mode (with panicle fertilizer applied at the 4th and 3rd leaf stages from the top)—combined with silicon and zinc fertilizer on the yield, grain quality, and NUE of japonica rice were investigated. The results showed that both the precise delayed nitrogen mode and the application of silicon and zinc fertilizers had significant yield-increasing effects, with increments ranging from 3.9% to 13.2%. The precise delayed nitrogen mode improved yield by increasing the effective panicle number, improving the panicle-forming rate and grain number per panicle, while silicon and zinc supplementation improved yield by increasing grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The precise delayed nitrogen mode combined with silicon and zinc application significantly increased the milled rice rate and head rice rate, reduced the chalky grain rate and chalkiness, and effectively improved the appearance and processing quality of the rice. Furthermore, the precise delayed nitrogen mode significantly improved nitrogen uptake efficiency, physiological nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity, while silicon and zinc application significantly enhanced nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity. In conclusion, the precise delayed nitrogen mode combined with silicon and zinc fertilization contributes to the construction of a healthy population of japonica rice in the rice-growing region along the Yellow River in Henan Province, achieving synergistic improvement in yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency.

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肥料运筹尤其是穗肥的精准施用对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率影响较大,为确定河南沿黄稻区合理的穗肥比例及施肥叶龄期,以水稻品种汴粳5号为试验材料,在施氮量277.5 kg/hm2水平下,研究常规模式(穗肥于倒2、1叶期施用)和精确后移模式(穗肥于倒4、3叶期施用)2种氮肥运筹模式与硅锌肥配施对粳稻产量、稻米品质及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥精确后移模式及硅锌肥配施均有明显的增产作用,增幅在3.9%~13.2%;氮肥精确后移模式通过增加有效穗数、提高成穗率和每穗实粒数增产,配施硅锌肥通过增加每穗实粒数和千粒重提高产量。氮肥精确后移模式与硅锌肥配施显著提高了稻米的精米率和整精米率,降低了垩白粒率和垩白度,有效改善了稻米的外观品质和加工品质;氮肥精确后移模式显著提高了水稻的氮素吸收利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力,配施硅锌肥则显著提升了氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力。综上所述,氮肥精准后移模式与硅锌肥配施有助于河南沿黄稻区粳稻健康群体的构建,实现产量、稻米品质及氮素利用率的协同提升。

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芦振华,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:
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占亚楠,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:

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占亚楠,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:

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占亚楠,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:

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Simplified panicle fertilization is applicable to japonica cultivars, but splits are preferred in indica rice for a higher paddy yield under wheat straw return. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2024, 15:1273774., articleTitle=Simplified panicle fertilization is applicable to japonica cultivars, but splits are preferred in indica rice for a higher paddy yield under wheat straw return, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1256536433070882827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=22, issue=7, pageStart=521, pageEnd=532, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Liang Y Q, Liao M, Fang Z P, journalName=Journal of Zhejiang University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang Y Q, Liao M, Fang Z P, et al. How silicon fertilizer improves nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient availability in paddy soil?. 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Effect of nitrogen management during the panicle stage in rice on the nitrogen utilization of rice and succeeding wheat crops. 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“*”,“**”and“***”indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 levels, respectively,“ns”indicates no significant difference. The same below.

, figureFileSmall=EI3eagWp7//CXEgDujkF6g==, figureFileBig=N7hdMSAwSLurjtGxA6/pVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536397125698242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理下水稻产量及其构成因素

“*”、“**”和“***”分别表示在P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P < 0.001水平下差异显著,“ns”表示无显著差异。下同。

, figureFileSmall=EI3eagWp7//CXEgDujkF6g==, figureFileBig=N7hdMSAwSLurjtGxA6/pVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536399503868647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rice quality under different treatments, figureFileSmall=Hk7mrlvf+JpEhWaAC0KNZg==, figureFileBig=LqwRKIeNCadJHpzkzfF/GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536401609409272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理下稻米品质, figureFileSmall=Hk7mrlvf+JpEhWaAC0KNZg==, figureFileBig=LqwRKIeNCadJHpzkzfF/GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536402095948540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Nitrogen use efficiency under different treatments, figureFileSmall=9imlAVv+thnXyaztOG5aSg==, figureFileBig=MDWX8nwL/dktbQ5WhCGkGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536402465047303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理下氮肥利用率, figureFileSmall=9imlAVv+thnXyaztOG5aSg==, figureFileBig=MDWX8nwL/dktbQ5WhCGkGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1256536403652035347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental fertilization treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
基肥施用量
Application amount
of basal fertilizer
(kg/hm2)
蘖肥施用量
Application amount
of tillering
fertilizer (kg/hm2)
穗肥Panicle fertilizer 硅肥Silicon fertilizer 锌肥Zinc fertilizer
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
CK 750 225 150 倒2、1叶期 0 0
CK+SiZn 750 225 150 倒2、1叶期 30 倒4叶期 15 抽穗前5~7 d
PPM 750 150 225 倒4、3叶期 0 0
PPM+SiZn 750 150 225 倒4、3叶期 30 倒4叶期 15 抽穗前5~7 d
N0 0 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1256536404146963231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256314692575182859, articleId=1256536352921928001, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验施肥处理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理
Treatment
基肥施用量
Application amount
of basal fertilizer
(kg/hm2)
蘖肥施用量
Application amount
of tillering
fertilizer (kg/hm2)
穗肥Panicle fertilizer 硅肥Silicon fertilizer 锌肥Zinc fertilizer
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
施用量
Application
amount (kg/hm2)
追施时期
Dressing
period
CK 750 225 150 倒2、1叶期 0 0
CK+SiZn 750 225 150 倒2、1叶期 30 倒4叶期 15 抽穗前5~7 d
PPM 750 150 225 倒4、3叶期 0 0
PPM+SiZn 750 150 225 倒4、3叶期 30 倒4叶期 15 抽穗前5~7 d
N0 0 0 0 0 0
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穗肥运筹对粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响
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占亚楠 , 吴超 , 杜玉倍 , 常明娟 , 汤玉煊 , 刘素玲 , 芦振华
作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026,42(2): 127-133
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作物杂志 | 生理生化·植物营养·栽培耕作 2026, 42(2): 127-133
穗肥运筹对粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响
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占亚楠 , 吴超, 杜玉倍, 常明娟, 汤玉煊, 刘素玲, 芦振华
作者信息
  • 开封市农林科学研究院, 475004, 河南开封
  • 占亚楠,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:

通讯作者:

芦振华,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:
Effects of Panicle Fertilizer Management on Yield, Grain Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Japonica Rice
Yanan Zhan , Chao Wu, Yubei Du, Mingjuan Chang, Yuxuan Tang, Suling Liu, Zhenhua Lu
Affiliations
  • Kaifeng Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.015
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肥料运筹尤其是穗肥的精准施用对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率影响较大,为确定河南沿黄稻区合理的穗肥比例及施肥叶龄期,以水稻品种汴粳5号为试验材料,在施氮量277.5 kg/hm2水平下,研究常规模式(穗肥于倒2、1叶期施用)和精确后移模式(穗肥于倒4、3叶期施用)2种氮肥运筹模式与硅锌肥配施对粳稻产量、稻米品质及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,氮肥精确后移模式及硅锌肥配施均有明显的增产作用,增幅在3.9%~13.2%;氮肥精确后移模式通过增加有效穗数、提高成穗率和每穗实粒数增产,配施硅锌肥通过增加每穗实粒数和千粒重提高产量。氮肥精确后移模式与硅锌肥配施显著提高了稻米的精米率和整精米率,降低了垩白粒率和垩白度,有效改善了稻米的外观品质和加工品质;氮肥精确后移模式显著提高了水稻的氮素吸收利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力,配施硅锌肥则显著提升了氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力。综上所述,氮肥精准后移模式与硅锌肥配施有助于河南沿黄稻区粳稻健康群体的构建,实现产量、稻米品质及氮素利用率的协同提升。

氮肥运筹  /  硅锌肥  /  粳稻  /  产量  /  品质  /  氮肥利用率

Fertilizer management, especially the precise application of panicle fertilizer, has a significant impact on rice yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). To determine a reasonable panicle fertilizer ratio and application leaf-age stage for the rice-growing region along the Yellow River in Henan Province, this study used rice variety Bianjing 5 as the experimental material. At a nitrogen application rate of 277.5 kg/ha, the effects of two nitrogen fertilizer management modes—the conventional mode (with panicle fertilizer applied at the 2nd and 1st leaf stages from the top) and the precise delayed mode (with panicle fertilizer applied at the 4th and 3rd leaf stages from the top)—combined with silicon and zinc fertilizer on the yield, grain quality, and NUE of japonica rice were investigated. The results showed that both the precise delayed nitrogen mode and the application of silicon and zinc fertilizers had significant yield-increasing effects, with increments ranging from 3.9% to 13.2%. The precise delayed nitrogen mode improved yield by increasing the effective panicle number, improving the panicle-forming rate and grain number per panicle, while silicon and zinc supplementation improved yield by increasing grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The precise delayed nitrogen mode combined with silicon and zinc application significantly increased the milled rice rate and head rice rate, reduced the chalky grain rate and chalkiness, and effectively improved the appearance and processing quality of the rice. Furthermore, the precise delayed nitrogen mode significantly improved nitrogen uptake efficiency, physiological nitrogen efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen partial productivity, while silicon and zinc application significantly enhanced nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity. In conclusion, the precise delayed nitrogen mode combined with silicon and zinc fertilization contributes to the construction of a healthy population of japonica rice in the rice-growing region along the Yellow River in Henan Province, achieving synergistic improvement in yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency.

Nitrogen management  /  Silicon and zinc fertilizer  /  Japonica rice  /  Yield  /  Quality  /  Nitrogen use efficiency
占亚楠, 吴超, 杜玉倍, 常明娟, 汤玉煊, 刘素玲, 芦振华. 穗肥运筹对粳稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响. 作物杂志, 2026 , 42 (2) : 127 -133 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.015
Yanan Zhan, Chao Wu, Yubei Du, Mingjuan Chang, Yuxuan Tang, Suling Liu, Zhenhua Lu. Effects of Panicle Fertilizer Management on Yield, Grain Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Japonica Rice[J]. Crops, 2026 , 42 (2) : 127 -133 . DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.015
穗分化发育是水稻生长发育的关键转折期,其开花后的光合物质生产量与产量紧密相关,合理施用穗肥对提升花后物质生产量、促进大穗形成以及增加分蘖成穗数具有重要作用。鉴于当前多数水稻品种(绝大部分的超级稻品种)穗型较大,在适宜群体茎蘖数的基础上科学施用穗肥尤为关键。
我国传统水稻种植中,氮肥施用以基肥和分蘖肥为主,此施肥方式易导致群体过大、无效生长过多、有效茎蘖个体偏小,且后期氮肥摄取不足,不利于产量提升和氮肥利用率提高[1]。特别是在河南沿黄稻区(如开封、新乡和濮阳等地),土壤偏沙,前期施肥比例过大易造成肥料流失,使肥料利用率低下,因此更需注重肥料的精准施用。鉴于水稻对穗肥的吸收效率显著高于基蘖肥,为提高氮肥利用率,水稻高产栽培中推行氮肥后移技术,即在适宜施氮量的基础上,通过提高穗肥比例(最高可达50%~60%)减少基蘖肥用量,并分次施用促花肥和保花肥以实现水稻高产优质高效。关于氮肥后移对水稻产量的影响国内已有较多研究,张洪程等[2]研究表明,基蘖肥和穗肥各占一半于倒4叶和倒3叶龄期施用穗肥,可巩固有效分蘖,提高成穗率,增加穗数和大穗,优化中期群体结构,促进干物质积累,提高结实率。姚雄等[3]研究发现,底肥:穗肥为6:4或5:5,穗肥在水稻叶枕距为0时撒施,氮肥后移有利于兼顾稻谷产量与氮肥高效利用。然而,徐富贤等[4]指出,当空白试验产量超过7000 kg/hm2时,氮肥后移无增产效果。刘红江等[5]也发现,与常规施氮相比,将20%的水稻基施氮肥后移至穗肥施用(倒4和倒2叶期分2次施用),对水稻产量、氮素积累量和氮素籽粒生产效率影响不大。因此,实行水稻氮肥后移需结合品种特性和土壤地力状况等因素,因地制宜地开展工作。在稻米品质方面,李广宇等[6]研究发现,前氮后移对糙米率、精米率、蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量等品质指标影响较小,仅提高了整精米率,且对稻米食味品质影响不明显。马亮等[7]则发现,与常规施氮相比,氮肥后移10%处理的稻米整精米率和千粒重显著增加,垩白率和蛋白质含量显著降低。鉴于氮肥后移在不同地区效果存在差异,需结合河南沿黄稻区品种特点、土壤状况及气候条件优化氮肥运筹,以实现水稻更高产、更优质和更高效。
硅(Si)是水稻生长所必需的元素,其重要性仅次于氮、磷和钾,对水稻的生长发育起着关键作用。同时,锌肥对稻米的外观、加工及食味品质也有一定影响。近年来,关于硅锌肥对水稻产量与稻米品质的影响已有大量研究报道,Jiang等[8]在旱作条件下发现,硅肥能够促进根系发育,增加株高和叶面积,提高光合酶活性、净光合速率及叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值),从而提升水稻的产量和品质;Chan-in等[9]研究表明,硅可通过调控2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2AP)合成相关基因的表达水平,提高水稻的2AP含量和产量。王力等[10]研究发现,在倒2叶期施用硅锌肥能显著改善南粳9108的稻米加工品质和外观品质;魏晓东等[11]以优良食味粳稻品种南粳46为试验材料,发现倒4叶期土壤追施硅肥结合孕穗期(抽穗前5~7 d)叶面喷施锌肥,既可增加南粳46的产量,又能提高整精米率和食味品质;Wang等[12]则发现,叶面喷施锌肥可增加水稻每穗小穗数和千粒重,同时降低稻米的垩白度和垩白粒率。然而,上述研究主要集中于硅锌肥的施用效果,关于氮肥运筹与硅锌肥配施的比较研究尚显不足。因此,本研究以汴粳5号为试验材料,旨在比较河南沿黄稻区氮肥运筹与硅锌肥配施对稻米产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为该生态区水稻实现高产、优质及氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。
供试水稻品种为本团队选育的优良品种汴粳5号,属于中晚熟常规粳稻品种。
试验于2023年在河南省开封市祥符区杜良乡盐厂村(34°49′40.508″ N,114°30′52.553″ E)进行,该地土壤为沙壤土,肥力中等偏上,土壤基础理化性质为全氮1.2 g/kg、有机质27.5 g/kg、碱解氮86.3 mg/kg、速效磷36.7 mg/kg、速效钾121.9 mg/kg和pH 8.52。
采用完全随机区组设计,在施氮量277.5 kg/hm2的水平下,基于氮肥运筹与硅锌肥配施两因素,设置常规模式(CK)、常规+硅锌肥模式(CK+SiZn)、精确后移模式(PPM)和精确后移+硅锌肥模式(PPM+SiZn)4种施肥处理(表1),同时设置不施氮肥的空白区处理(N0)测定基础地力。基肥为高浓度硫酸钾复合肥(N:P:K=14:16:15,含量45%);分蘖肥和穗肥为尿素(含N 46%),其中穗肥平均分成2个时期追施;硅肥有效硅含量≥25%;叶面喷施锌肥为0.2%硫酸锌。每个处理3次重复,每个小区20 m2,随机排列。各小区间筑埂隔离,并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体,独立灌排。于5月9日播种,6月20日移栽,采用育秧田湿润育秧,人工栽插,株行距为15 cm×30 cm,每穴4苗。水分管理和病虫草害防治按照当地常规方法进行。
采用对角线取样法在每个小区选2个点,每点标记10穴,于分蘖期调查水稻最高分蘖,成熟期调查有效穗数,成熟后收获标记植株,带回室内风干后考察每穴穗数、每穗粒数和每穗实粒数,进而计算结实率;随机取2个1000粒分别称重,使其差值不大于平均值的3%,取2个重复的平均值记为千粒重。各小区全部单打单收,脱粒风干后测定水分,去除杂质,按14.5%的标准含水量折算成单位面积产量。
参照NY/T 83-2017[13]测定糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、消减值和透明度。采用Auto Analyzer3连续流动分析仪(SEAL Analytical,英国)测定米粉中全氮含量,再乘以换算系数5.95计算得到米粉蛋白质含量。
于成熟期每小区取样5穴,分为根、茎、叶和穗4个部分,测定干重后,采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定植株各部分的含氮率,计算全株吸氮量。计算公式:氮素吸收利用率(%)=(施氮区植株总吸氮量-空白区植株总吸氮量)/施氮量×100;氮素生理利用率(%)=(施氮区产量-空白区产量)/(施氮区植株总吸氮量-空白区植株总吸氮量)×100;氮肥农学利用率(%)=(施氮区产量-空白区产量)/施氮量×100;氮肥偏生产力=施氮区产量/氮肥施用量。
采用Microsoft Excel 2019进行数据处理,利用SPSS 20.0(LSD法,P<0.05)对试验处理进行多重比较,采用Origin 2018作图。
图1可见,与CK处理相比,PPM处理可显著增加水稻成穗率,增幅为6.1%,进而使得有效穗数显著增加,增幅为3.4%~3.6%,降低了无效分蘖;同时也可以显著增加每穗实粒数,增幅为7.1%~9.8%,但对结实率和千粒重无显著影响;最终水稻产量增加6.0%~9.0%。在相同氮肥运筹模式下,配施硅锌肥可以显著增加每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量,增幅分别为3.0%~5.7%、6.6%~7.0%和3.9%~6.8%,但对水稻成穗率、有效穗数和结实率影响不显著。其中,相较于CK处理,PPM+SiZn处理下水稻每穗粒数和产量增加,增幅分别为13.2%和13.2%。氮肥精确后移与硅锌肥配施两者互作效应对所有指标均无显著差异。
图2可见,与CK处理相比,PPM处理可显著增加稻米的精米率及整精米率,增幅分别为4.2%~4.3%和4.2%~6.0%;显著降低垩白粒率、垩白率和蛋白质含量,降幅分别为10.6%~13.1%、21.2%~23.9%和9.4%~9.8%;对糙米率、直链淀粉含量及胶稠度影响不显著。在相同氮肥运筹模式下,配施硅锌肥可以显著增加稻米的精米率及整精米率,增幅分别为3.2%和4.7%~6.6%;显著降低垩白粒率和垩白率,降幅分别为12.0%~14.5%和22.4%~25.0%;对糙米率、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和蛋白质含量影响不显著。其中,相较于CK处理,PPM+SiZn处理对提高稻米精米率、整精米率和降低垩白粒率、垩白度效果更好,变幅分别为7.6%、11.0%、-23.5%和-40.9%,有助于改善稻米的外观品质和加工品质。氮肥精确后移与硅锌肥配施两者互作效应对稻米品质指标均无显著差异。
图3可见,与CK处理相比,PPM处理可显著提高水稻氮素吸收利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,增幅分别为16.5%~ 16.9、28.3%~28.8%、16.1%~22.8%和6.0%~9.0%。在PPM处理下,配施硅锌肥可显著提高水稻氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,增幅分别为16.8%和6.8%,在CK处理下,配施硅锌肥也可以提高水稻氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力;但对水稻氮素吸收利用率和氮素生理利用率影响不明显。其中,相较于CK处理,PPM+SiZn处理对提高水稻氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力效果更好,增幅分别为35.6%和13.2%。氮肥精确后移与硅锌肥配施两者互作效应对氮肥利用率均无显著差异。
水稻一生有2个吸氮高峰期,其一为有效分蘖期,此阶段需早施分蘖肥以促进水稻分蘖;其二为幼穗分化期,此时保证植株体内必要的氮素水平是大穗形成的基础。因此,适时适量施用穗肥,是巩固穗数、增加每穗粒数和提高产量库容的必要措施。Shu等[14]研究发现,在粳稻孕穗初期一次性施用氮肥可增加植株氮含量,降低小穗退化率,提高小穗成活率。所以对于中高产水稻田,若前期基蘖肥施肥得当,大穗型品种(如汴粳5号)在拔节孕穗初期(倒4和倒3叶时期)仅施用促花肥,无需施用保花肥,即可满足水稻后期肥料需求。若穗肥施用过早,水稻处于无效分蘖期或第一节间和第二节间伸长期(汴粳5号为6个伸长节间品种,一般先拔节后孕穗),易导致无效分蘖增多、植株贪青晚熟和田间荫蔽,进而引发纹枯病,增加倒伏风险,不利于高质量群体的形成。张洪程等[2]研究表明,长江中下游地区早熟晚粳稻生育中期,最利于高产高效的施肥叶龄期为倒4和倒3叶期,基蘖肥与穗肥比例为5:5,穗肥于倒4和倒3叶期施用可巩固有效分蘖,提高成穗率,促进大穗形成及每穗实粒数增加,优化中期群体结构,提高水稻产量,本研究也得出类似结论。魏晓东等[11]以优良食味粳稻品种南粳46为材料,发现倒4叶期土壤追施硅肥与孕穗期(抽穗前5~7 d)叶面喷施锌肥相结合,对南粳46有显著增产作用,增幅为0.8%~11.9%,增产主要源于每穗粒数和千粒重的增加,对穗数和结实率无明显影响,这与本研究结果一致。Liang等[15]研究表明,适量施用硅肥可提高土壤微生物群落结构多样性和活性,改善土壤氮和磷养分有效性及土壤健康状况,是增加水稻产量的关键,Yuan等[16]的研究结果也印证了这一点。同时,水稻穗期叶面喷施锌肥有利于增加稻米产量和糙米中锌含量[17]。此外,氮肥精准后移与硅锌肥合理配施在提高每穗实粒数上具有叠加效果,在穗数和千粒重方面可形成互补,共同发挥水稻的增产潜力。
水稻生长后期,氮肥的不合理施用会使作物贪青晚熟,进而对稻米的加工、外观及食味品质产生不良影响。特别是穗肥施用过晚,通常会导致稻米蛋白质含量上升,损害食味品质。硅锌肥的合理施用对优质米品种的调优栽培也具有重要意义。马亮等[7]研究表明,与常规施氮肥相比,氮肥后移10%的处理可使稻米整精米率提高1.73%,垩白率和蛋白质含量分别降低9.33%和2.80%,与本研究结果相似。李亚辉等[18]发现,氮肥后移尤其是在生育中后期和结实期追施氮肥能够提升稻米综合品质。这是因为在看叶诊断的基础上,及时、准确且适量地施用1次促花肥基本可满足水稻后期稻米品质对养分的需求;而过晚施用穗肥,会导致植株贪青晚熟,不利于籽粒灌浆,或促使稻米将更多氮转化为蛋白质,既影响外观品质,又损害食味品质。魏晓东等[11]以优良食味粳稻品种南粳46为试验材料,发现倒4叶期土壤追施硅肥与孕穗期(抽穗前5~7 d)叶面喷施锌肥相结合的方式,施用硅肥和锌肥均能提高整精米率。王力等[10]研究也表明,施用硅锌肥可显著提高稻谷的糙米率、精米率及整精米率,降低稻米的垩白度和垩白粒率,与本研究结果类似。这可能一方面是由于施用硅肥改善了土壤微生物群落结构和健康状况[15-16];另一方面,叶面喷施锌肥可促进颖花发育和籽粒灌浆充实[19],更有利于稻米品质的提升。综上,在适宜的施氮水平下,氮肥精准后移与硅锌肥合理配施能够提高粳稻的精米率和整精米率,降低垩白度和垩白粒率,改善稻米的外观和加工品质,降低稻米蛋白质含量,提升稻米食味品质。
提高氮肥利用率对于提升水稻种植效益、改善农田生态环境以及减少温室气体排放均具有重要意义。通常情况下,施入农田的尿素需5~7 d才能发挥最大肥效。在水稻穗第一苞分化期(叶龄余数为3.5~3.1)施用尿素,肥效恰好能在二次枝梗原基及颖花原基分化期得以发挥,有利于穗肥的精准施用,进而提高氮肥利用率。大量研究[20-24]表明,在不同基础地力、气候条件、水稻类型以及适宜施氮总量的前提下,氮肥精准后移可显著提升水稻的氮素吸收利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,本研究结果也进一步佐证了这一结论。Xu等[25]针对不同养分管理方式下氮肥吸收利用的差异展开研究,发现水稻当季对基蘖肥的吸收率约为15%,而对穗肥的吸收率超过40%。因此,增加穗肥比例并在水稻孕穗初期施用有利于提高氮肥利用率。氮素精准后移能够促进水稻碳氮代谢的协调,增加根系可溶性糖含量,提高水稻根系吸氮能力[20],同时优化水稻群体结构,减少无效分蘖,延缓叶绿素降解,使水稻干物质生产呈现前促、中控和后稳的特点,有利于物质的积累与转移[26],增加氮素积累量,实现产量与氮肥利用效率的协同提升。而硅锌肥对水稻氮素吸收利用率和氮素生理利用率影响较小,主要是通过促进产量提高进而增加氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力。
大穗型粳稻品种汴粳5号在总施氮量277.5 kg/hm2的条件下,一方面增加穗肥比例(穗肥增加75 kg/hm2,分蘖肥减少相应量),另一方面精准把控穗肥施用时期(分别于倒4和倒3叶期施用,仅施用促花肥),均有利于河南沿黄稻区形成健康的粳稻群体,可实现粳稻产量、稻米品质和氮素利用率的协同提升。在配施硅锌肥处理下,水稻产量和品质更优,有利于水稻高产优质潜力的发挥。但河南沿黄稻区土壤pH通常呈碱性,锌肥施入土壤中易被固定,不利于植株吸收,因此叶面喷施锌肥效果更佳。
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2026年第42卷第2期
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doi: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2026.02.015
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-04-30
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-23
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河南省重大科技专项(241100110100)
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    开封市农林科学研究院, 475004, 河南开封

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芦振华,研究方向为作物育种与配套栽培技术,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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