Agricultural robots constitute a crucial trajectory in the evolution of modern agriculture, and has emerged as a focal point of strategic global competition in agricultural equipment technology. As a specialized domain within robotics, agricultural robots are fundamentally composed of an information perception system, decision-making control system, operation execution mechanism, and autonomous mobile platform, having gone through multiple development stages from semi-automation to intelligence. This paper aims to provide a precise understanding of the contemporary research landscape and future trajectories of agricultural robots by delineating their conceptual framework, reviewing relevant national and international development policies, and outlining the underpinning technical background. Agricultural management robots and picking robots are two core directions in the field of agricultural robotics. Management robots achieve precise control of production management operations through real-time monitoring of crop growth parameters and environmental conditions. Picking robots, on the other hand, automatically perform crop picking tasks through autonomous navigation, intelligent recognition and precise control technology. This paper focuses on cutting-edge progress, technical bottlenecks, and key breakthrough directions concerning various management robots, including those for information acquisition, pollination, weed control, plant protection, leaf pruning and intelligent irrigation systems, as well as picking robots dedicated to fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tea. Considering the distinct requirements and characteristics of China's agriculture, this analysis critically analyzed the technological bottlenecks and key breakthrough directions of agricultural robots, including precise information perception and recognition, real-time data processing and intelligent decision-making, adaptive chassis path planning and autonomous navigation, and operational actuator design and precise operational control. It is envisioned that agricultural robots will be widely applied in the fields of crop management, precision irrigation, pest control and picking, thereby accelerating the the evolution of agriculture towards a more intelligent, precise, and autonomous paradigm. Relying on advanced technology to address challenges in agricultural production, it will promote the optimization of agricultural workforce and the improvement of production efficiency, and server as a foundational pillar for the realization of smart agriculture.