Article(id=1281678092796146626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, issueId=1281678071572968253, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19775/j.cla.2026.03.0132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1783505469749, onlineDateStr=2026-07-08, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783505469749, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783505469749, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783505469749, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1281678071572968253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, year='2026', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='6', pageEnd='152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783505464690, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783507756103, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1281687682514399699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, issueId=1281678071572968253, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1281687682514399700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, issueId=1281678071572968253, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=132, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1281678093026833347, articleId=1281678092796146626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, language=EN, title=The Origin, Types, and Composition of Labyrinth Space Forms in Western Classical Gardens, columnId=1281678074320241249, journalTitle=Chinese Landscape Architecture, columnName=LA Culture, History and Philosophy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The maze represents a significant spatial typology within the formal gardens of Western classicism. Its formal origins can be traced back to choreographic ritual symbols from antiquity, which later frequently appeared as sacred geometric patterns in medieval religious spaces, and ultimately evolved into a spatial feature within aristocratic gardens during the Renaissance. Although diverse cultural types of maze spaces existed across different periods and regions in the West, they all share commonalities in spatial formal composition and experiential engagement. Post-Renaissance garden mazes transformed these planar formal commonalities into three-dimensional labyrinthine spaces that offer more profound landscape experiences. Drawing upon materials such as mythology, dance, painting, architecture, and garden imagery, and employing research methodologies including iconology, cross-referencing of historical, sources, and diagrammatic analysis, this study examines the constitutive mechanisms of maze spatial forms from three perspectives: the origins and evolution, typological variations, and essential components of Western maze culture. It interprets the historical, conceptual, and the significance of spatial experience inherent in the maze. The research aims to provide specific design references for contemporary landscape practice and to contribute to deepening the comparative study of Chinese and Western gardens, particularly regarding the cultural experience and perception of this distinctive spatial type. The maze's foundational form derives from ancient ritual dances, where patterned movements inscribed symbolic trajectories onto the ground, serving as early spatial representations of cosmological or spiritual narratives. During the medieval period, these forms were assimilated into Christian contexts, most notably as pavement labyrinths in cathedrals, such as the renowned example at Chartres. These functioned as sites for symbolic pilgrimage, condensing a spiritual journey into a compact, contemplative physical path. The transition to the Renaissance witnessed the secularization and aestheticization of the maze. Integrated into the elaborate designs of expansive gardens, such as those at the Villa d'Este or Hampton Court, it became an instrument of courtly leisure, allegory, and demonstration of humanist control over nature. The spatial experience shifted from devotional meditation to one of amusement, disorientation, and eventual discovery, often imbued with metaphorical meanings related to love, fate, or knowledge. Despite varying contextual interpretations - sacred, symbolic, or recreational - the core formal principle of the maze remained a single, non-branching but intricately coiling path leading to a center. This unicursal model emphasizes process and journey over puzzle-solving. However, later developments, especially the hedge maze, introduced multicursal layouts with dead ends and choices, thereby emphasizing confusion, decision-making, and playful challenge. This evolution from a unicursal ritual path to a multicursal recreational puzzle marks a significant shift in spatial experience. The study analyzes the maze's formal constituents: the path (its width, texture, and modulation by planting or walls), the nodal points (turns, decision points, or centers), and the vertical boundaries (hedges, walls, or terraces) that define the sensory experience of enclosure, revelation, and surprise. The interaction between the predetermined geometry of the plan and the kinesthetic, perceptual, and psychological experience of the user is central to its spatial mechanism. In conclusion, the Western maze constitutes a rich palimpsest of cultural meanings encoded in spatial form. By deciphering its historical layers and operational logic, this research seeks to abstract transferable principles of path sequencing, perceptual manipulation, and narrative spatialization. These insights can inform contemporary landscape architecture, offering strategies for creating immersive, sequential, and meaningful spatial journeys. Furthermore, a structured understanding of the maze provides a concrete framework for cross-cultural comparison, illuminating how different traditions conceive of, design, and experience manipulated ritual or recreational pathways, thereby enriching the discourse on global garden history and spatial culture.

, authors=Jiahui LI, Guoyuan WU^*, Bin ZHANG, Yawei LIU, authorsList=Jiahui LI, Guoyuan WU, Bin ZHANG, Yawei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guoyuan WU, authorNote=, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1281678093349794756, articleId=1281678092796146626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281213114968444942, language=CN, title=西方古典园林迷宫空间形式的源流、类型及构成研究, columnId=1281678074496402019, journalTitle=中国园林, columnName=风景园林文史哲, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

迷宫是西方古典主义的规则式园林中重要的空间类型，其形式基础源于远古时期的舞蹈仪式符号，进而常见于中世纪时期的宗教化空间图形，最后演变为文艺复兴时期的贵族花园空间。尽管西方不同时期不同地域存在多种迷宫空间文化类型，但其都具有空间形式构成及空间行为体验的共性，文艺复兴以后的花园迷宫将其平面形式的共性转化为更具景观体验的立体迷园。基于神话、舞蹈、绘画、建筑与园林图像等材料，运用图像学、史料互证及图式分析等研究方法，从西方迷宫文化的源流、类型和构成要素3个方面，探讨其空间形式构成机制，诠释了迷宫的历史概念内涵及空间体验意义。以期为当代景观实践提供特定设计资源，有助于深化中西方园林比较研究的特殊空间文化体验与认知问题。

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LI Jiahui, female, born in 1997 in Anyang, Henan Province, Doctoral student of School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture (Xi'an 710055)

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LI Jiahui, female, born in 1997 in Anyang, Henan Province, Doctoral student of School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture (Xi'an 710055)

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李佳慧　1997年生/女/河南安阳人/西安建筑科技大学建筑学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论（西安 710055）

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李佳慧　1997年生/女/河南安阳人/西安建筑科技大学建筑学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论（西安 710055）

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WU Guoyuan, male, born in 1973 in Zhenba county, Shaanxi Province, Ph.D., Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture, architectural history and theory (Xi'an 710055)

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WU Guoyuan, male, born in 1973 in Zhenba county, Shaanxi Province, Ph.D., Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture, architectural history and theory (Xi'an 710055)

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吴国源　1973年生/男/陕西镇巴人/博士/西安建筑科技大学建筑学院副院长，教授，博士生导师/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论、建筑历史与理论（西安 710055）

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吴国源　1973年生/男/陕西镇巴人/博士/西安建筑科技大学建筑学院副院长，教授，博士生导师/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论、建筑历史与理论（西安 710055）

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ZHANG Bin, male, born in 1985 in Xinjiang county, Shanxi Province, Ph.D., Vice Dean, Associate Professor, School of Art, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: architectural history and theory (Xi'an 710055)

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ZHANG Bin, male, born in 1985 in Xinjiang county, Shanxi Province, Ph.D., Vice Dean, Associate Professor, School of Art, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, research area: architectural history and theory (Xi'an 710055)

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张斌　1985年生/男/山西新绛人/博士/西安建筑科技大学艺术学院副教授，硕士生导师/研究方向为建筑历史与理论（西安 710055）

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张斌　1985年生/男/山西新绛人/博士/西安建筑科技大学艺术学院副教授，硕士生导师/研究方向为建筑历史与理论（西安 710055）

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LIU Yawei, male, born in 1994 in Zongyang, Anhui Province, Ph.D., Lecturer, School of Architecture, Chang'an University, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture (Xi'an 710055)

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LIU Yawei, male, born in 1994 in Zongyang, Anhui Province, Ph.D., Lecturer, School of Architecture, Chang'an University, research area: history and theory of landscape architecture (Xi'an 710055)

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刘亚伟　1994年生/男/安徽枞阳人/博士/长安大学建筑学院讲师/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论（西安 710055）

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刘亚伟　1994年生/男/安徽枞阳人/博士/长安大学建筑学院讲师/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论（西安 710055）

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