Article(id=1236731785313317742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, issueId=1236731777142804746, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20251/j.cnki.1003-3734.2025.17.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1732723200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-28, onlineDate=1772789434984, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1757865600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772789434984, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772789434984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772789434984, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236731777142804746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, year='2025', volume='34', issue='17', pageStart='1793', pageEnd='1904', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772789433036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772801868692, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236783936152596961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, issueId=1236731777142804746, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236783936152596962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, issueId=1236731777142804746, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1891, endPage=1896, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236731785577558910, articleId=1236731785313317742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, language=EN, title=A retrospective analysis of literature cases of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in China, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To analyze the characteristics and patterns of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in China, providing a reference for rational clinical drug dosing.

Methods:

Authors conducted a comprehensive search of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, as well as PubMed and Web of Science to collect case reports of myocarditis caused by ICIs in China (up to June 2024). Data were extracted and analyzed accordingly.

Results:

A total of 143 cases in 132 literatures were includedin this study. The median age of patients was 66 years old, and the primary disease was lung cancer in the majority (28.67%). The onset time of myocarditis was 83.92% within 90 days of the first medication, with the median time of 24 days. The first symptoms of myocarditis were mainly chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitation (59.44%) and fatigue (37.76%). Manifestations of myocarditis related cardiovascular adverse events were tachyarrhythmia (35.66%), bradyarrhythmia (19.58%), heart failure (12.59%), acute coronary syndrome (4.90%) and cardiogenic shock (4.90%). 15 (10.49%) patients died of myocarditis.

Conclusion:

Myocarditis caused by ICIs in China mainly occurs in the early stage of immunotherapy, with the first symptoms mainly chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitations and fatigue. During ICIs dosing, monitoring should be strengthened to identify myocarditis related cardiovascular events in time to ensure the safety of drug dosing.

, correspAuthors=Yue-song YIN, Li-na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-pei WU, Ze-pu WANG, Shao-wei GUO, Miao-miao WANG, Yue-song YIN, Li-na ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1236731785921491856, articleId=1236731785313317742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, language=CN, title=我国免疫检查点抑制剂相关心肌炎的文献病例回顾性分析, columnId=1236331163573342670, journalTitle=中国新药杂志, columnName=药物安全与合理应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

分析我国发生的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)相关心肌炎及其表现的特点及规律,为临床合理用药提供参考。

方法:

检索中国知网、万方、维普及PubMed,Web of Science数据库,收集我国发生的ICIs导致心肌炎的个案报道(截至2024年6月30日),提取数据并进行分析。

结果:

最终纳入132篇文献,共143例个案报道,患者中位年龄66岁,原发疾病为肺癌患者最多(28.67%)。患者心肌炎(83.92%)发生时间为首次用药90 d内,中位发生时间为24 d,首发症状以胸闷、气短、心悸(59.44%)和乏力(37.76%)为主。心肌炎患者心血管不良事件表现为快速型心律失常(35.66%)、缓慢型心律失常(19.58%)、心力衰竭(12.59%)、急性冠脉综合征(4.90%)及心源性休克(4.90%),15例(10.49%)患者因心肌炎而死亡。

结论:

文献分析显示我国ICIs相关心肌炎主要发生于免疫治疗早期,首发症状以胸闷、气短、心悸和乏力为主,提示临床上在使用此类药物时需加强监测,及时识别心肌炎,保障患者用药安全。

, correspAuthors=尹岳松, 张丽娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尹岳松,男,主治医师,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的综合治疗。E-mail:
张丽娜,女,博士,主治医师,研究方向:心血管疾病的诊断与治疗。E-mail:
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吴玉佩,女,主管药师,研究方向:临床药学及药物警戒。E-mail:

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心肌炎严重程度分级性别(男/女)年龄(<65岁/≥65岁)中位年龄/岁首次用药至发病时间(0~30 d/31~90 d/≥91 d/不详)中位发生时间/d
G1~G2级(n=33)18/1517/1664(55~69)17/7/6/328.5(20~68.5)
G3~G4级(n=95)63/3241/5466(57.5~70.5)58/23/8/624(19~42)
G5级an=15)7/87/761(45~68.5)12/3/0/015(11~23.5)
合计(n=143)88/5565/7766(56~70)87/33/14/924(16~42)
占比/%61.54/38.4645.45/53.8560.84/23.08/9.79/6.29
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患者的基线信息

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心肌炎严重程度分级性别(男/女)年龄(<65岁/≥65岁)中位年龄/岁首次用药至发病时间(0~30 d/31~90 d/≥91 d/不详)中位发生时间/d
G1~G2级(n=33)18/1517/1664(55~69)17/7/6/328.5(20~68.5)
G3~G4级(n=95)63/3241/5466(57.5~70.5)58/23/8/624(19~42)
G5级an=15)7/87/761(45~68.5)12/3/0/015(11~23.5)
合计(n=143)88/5565/7766(56~70)87/33/14/924(16~42)
占比/%61.54/38.4645.45/53.8560.84/23.08/9.79/6.29
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心肌炎严重程度分级首发症状/例次
胸闷、气短、心悸乏力眼睑下垂呼吸困难肌肉酸痛胸痛视物模糊头晕、晕厥恶心、呕吐无症状
G1~G2级129926320310
G3~G4级5939292317129610
G5级14655111210
合计855443302416128510
占比/%59.4437.7630.0720.9816.7811.198.395.593.506.99
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ICIs导致心肌炎的首发症状

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心肌炎严重程度分级首发症状/例次
胸闷、气短、心悸乏力眼睑下垂呼吸困难肌肉酸痛胸痛视物模糊头晕、晕厥恶心、呕吐无症状
G1~G2级129926320310
G3~G4级5939292317129610
G5级14655111210
合计855443302416128510
占比/%59.4437.7630.0720.9816.7811.198.395.593.506.99
), ArticleFig(id=1236792934322991931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, articleId=1236731785313317742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心肌炎严重程度分级心电图表现/例次
室性早搏/室性心动过速窦性心动过速室上性心动过速房性早搏/房颤/房扑左右束支传导阻滞房室传导阻滞ST-T波改变QRS波异常T波异常QT间期延长多导联低电压电轴偏移预激惹综合征正常
G1~G2级330330524122112
G3~G4级181621128262891465430
G5级33016362220000
合计24222153729391320976412
占比/%16.7815.381.4010.4925.8720.2827.279.0913.996.294.904.202.808.39
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ICIs导致心肌炎的心电图表现

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心肌炎严重程度分级心电图表现/例次
室性早搏/室性心动过速窦性心动过速室上性心动过速房性早搏/房颤/房扑左右束支传导阻滞房室传导阻滞ST-T波改变QRS波异常T波异常QT间期延长多导联低电压电轴偏移预激惹综合征正常
G1~G2级330330524122112
G3~G4级181621128262891465430
G5级33016362220000
合计24222153729391320976412
占比/%16.7815.381.4010.4925.8720.2827.279.0913.996.294.904.202.808.39
), ArticleFig(id=1236792935891661635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, articleId=1236731785313317742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心肌炎严重程度分级临床表现/例次总计/例次
快速型心律失常缓慢型心律失常心力衰竭急性冠脉综合征心源性休克血压异常阿斯综合征
G1~G2级41100006
G3~G4级362514764193
G5级1123012019
合计5128187761118
占比/%35.6619.5812.594.904.904.200.70
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心肌炎相关心血管不良事件的临床表现

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心肌炎严重程度分级临床表现/例次总计/例次
快速型心律失常缓慢型心律失常心力衰竭急性冠脉综合征心源性休克血压异常阿斯综合征
G1~G2级41100006
G3~G4级362514764193
G5级1123012019
合计5128187761118
占比/%35.6619.5812.594.904.904.200.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236792936055239497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980733773295621, articleId=1236731785313317742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床处理心肌炎分级/例次总计/例次占比/%
G1~G2级G3~G4级G5级
糖皮质激素203376041.96
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白52433222.38
糖皮质激素+免疫抑制剂22153.50
糖皮质激素+血浆置换11021.40
糖皮质激素+起搏器0100106.99
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+免疫抑制剂2120149.79
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+血浆置换381128.39
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+起搏器04264.20
起搏器+生命支持01010.70
对症治疗00110.70
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ICIs相关心肌炎的治疗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临床处理心肌炎分级/例次总计/例次占比/%
G1~G2级G3~G4级G5级
糖皮质激素203376041.96
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白52433222.38
糖皮质激素+免疫抑制剂22153.50
糖皮质激素+血浆置换11021.40
糖皮质激素+起搏器0100106.99
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+免疫抑制剂2120149.79
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+血浆置换381128.39
糖皮质激素+人免疫球蛋白+起搏器04264.20
起搏器+生命支持01010.70
对症治疗00110.70
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我国免疫检查点抑制剂相关心肌炎的文献病例回顾性分析
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吴玉佩 1 , 王泽普 2 , 郭少伟 3 , 王苗苗 1 , 尹岳松 3, * , 张丽娜 4, *
中国新药杂志 | 药物安全与合理应用 2025,34(17): 1891-1896
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中国新药杂志 | 药物安全与合理应用 2025, 34(17): 1891-1896
我国免疫检查点抑制剂相关心肌炎的文献病例回顾性分析
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吴玉佩1 , 王泽普2, 郭少伟3, 王苗苗1, 尹岳松3, * , 张丽娜4, *
作者信息
  • 1河北省人民医院药学部/河北省临床药学重点实验室,石家庄 050051
  • 2河北省人民医院肝胆胰外科,石家庄 050051
  • 3河北省人民医院肿瘤科,石家庄 050051
  • 4河北省人民医院心血管内科,石家庄 050051
  • 吴玉佩,女,主管药师,研究方向:临床药学及药物警戒。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*尹岳松,男,主治医师,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的综合治疗。E-mail:
张丽娜,女,博士,主治医师,研究方向:心血管疾病的诊断与治疗。E-mail:
A retrospective analysis of literature cases of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in China
Yu-pei WU1 , Ze-pu WANG2, Shao-wei GUO3, Miao-miao WANG1, Yue-song YIN3, * , Li-na ZHANG4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pharmacy/Hebei Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
  • 2Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Hebei General Hospital,Shijiazhuang 050051,China
  • 3Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
  • 4Deparment of Vasculocardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.20251/j.cnki.1003-3734.2025.17.015
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目的:

分析我国发生的免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)相关心肌炎及其表现的特点及规律,为临床合理用药提供参考。

方法:

检索中国知网、万方、维普及PubMed,Web of Science数据库,收集我国发生的ICIs导致心肌炎的个案报道(截至2024年6月30日),提取数据并进行分析。

结果:

最终纳入132篇文献,共143例个案报道,患者中位年龄66岁,原发疾病为肺癌患者最多(28.67%)。患者心肌炎(83.92%)发生时间为首次用药90 d内,中位发生时间为24 d,首发症状以胸闷、气短、心悸(59.44%)和乏力(37.76%)为主。心肌炎患者心血管不良事件表现为快速型心律失常(35.66%)、缓慢型心律失常(19.58%)、心力衰竭(12.59%)、急性冠脉综合征(4.90%)及心源性休克(4.90%),15例(10.49%)患者因心肌炎而死亡。

结论:

文献分析显示我国ICIs相关心肌炎主要发生于免疫治疗早期,首发症状以胸闷、气短、心悸和乏力为主,提示临床上在使用此类药物时需加强监测,及时识别心肌炎,保障患者用药安全。

免疫相关性不良事件  /  心肌炎  /  心血管不良事件  /  免疫检查点抑制剂
Objective:

To analyze the characteristics and patterns of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in China, providing a reference for rational clinical drug dosing.

Methods:

Authors conducted a comprehensive search of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, as well as PubMed and Web of Science to collect case reports of myocarditis caused by ICIs in China (up to June 2024). Data were extracted and analyzed accordingly.

Results:

A total of 143 cases in 132 literatures were includedin this study. The median age of patients was 66 years old, and the primary disease was lung cancer in the majority (28.67%). The onset time of myocarditis was 83.92% within 90 days of the first medication, with the median time of 24 days. The first symptoms of myocarditis were mainly chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitation (59.44%) and fatigue (37.76%). Manifestations of myocarditis related cardiovascular adverse events were tachyarrhythmia (35.66%), bradyarrhythmia (19.58%), heart failure (12.59%), acute coronary syndrome (4.90%) and cardiogenic shock (4.90%). 15 (10.49%) patients died of myocarditis.

Conclusion:

Myocarditis caused by ICIs in China mainly occurs in the early stage of immunotherapy, with the first symptoms mainly chest tightness, shortness of breath, palpitations and fatigue. During ICIs dosing, monitoring should be strengthened to identify myocarditis related cardiovascular events in time to ensure the safety of drug dosing.

immune-related adverse events  /  myocarditis  /  cardiovascular adverse events  /  immune checkpoint inhibitors
吴玉佩, 王泽普, 郭少伟, 王苗苗, 尹岳松, 张丽娜. 我国免疫检查点抑制剂相关心肌炎的文献病例回顾性分析. 中国新药杂志, 2025 , 34 (17) : 1891 -1896 . DOI: 10.20251/j.cnki.1003-3734.2025.17.015
Yu-pei WU, Ze-pu WANG, Shao-wei GUO, Miao-miao WANG, Yue-song YIN, Li-na ZHANG. A retrospective analysis of literature cases of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in China[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs, 2025 , 34 (17) : 1891 -1896 . DOI: 10.20251/j.cnki.1003-3734.2025.17.015
近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)已经成为肿瘤治疗领域的“基石”药物。程序性细胞死亡-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)及程序性细胞死亡配体-1(programmed cell death ligand-1,PD-L1)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4,CTLA-4)是应用最广泛的ICIs靶点[1]。截至2024年6月,我国国家药品监督管理局(National Medical Products Administration,NMPA)陆续批准了20种ICIs在多种癌症中的适应证,范围覆盖肺癌、黑色素瘤、肝细胞癌、食管癌、胃癌、尿路上皮癌等[2]。随着ICIs临床应用逐步推广,免疫相关性不良事件(immune related adverse events,irAEs)备受临床关注,特别是心血管系统irAEs[3]。ICIs相关心肌炎在所有器官免疫毒性中致死性最高,成为导致患者短期内死亡的重要原因[4]。目前国内外发布的ICIs相关毒性管理指南主要参考国外数据,对于我国发生的ICIs相关心肌炎的特点和规律仍有待归纳总结。本研究通过汇集分析国内发生的ICIs相关心肌炎的个案报道,总结我国患者的特点、规律、处理及转归等,以期为该类不良反应的监测与诊治提供参考。
以“纳武利尤单抗”“帕博利珠单抗”“特瑞普利单抗”“信迪利单抗”“卡瑞利珠单抗”“替雷利珠单抗”“派安普利单抗”“赛帕利单抗”“斯鲁利单抗”“普特利单抗”“度伐利尤单抗”“阿替利珠单抗”“恩沃利单抗”“舒格利单抗”“阿得贝利单抗”“索卡佐利单抗”“贝莫苏拜单抗”“伊匹木单抗”“卡度尼利单抗”“依沃西单抗”“免疫检查点抑制剂”“PD-1抑制剂”“PD-L1抑制剂”分别联合“致”“不良反应”“心脏”“心肌炎”为关键词,检索中国知网、万方、维普及PubMed,Web of Science等数据库中在国内上市的20种ICIs导致心肌炎的文献,检索时间为从建库起至2024年6月30日。文献纳入标准:①文献类型为个案报道。②心肌炎信息相对完整。文献排除标准:①重复发表的文献。②临床研究类文献。③综述性文献。
由2位研究者按照纳入和排除标准独立进行文献筛选,遇到分歧时和第3位研究者讨论解决,最终筛选出ICIs导致心肌炎的个案报道。对纳入病例进行信息提取,记录患者年龄、性别、用药情况、心肌炎发生时间、累及器官/系统及临床表现、处理方法与转归等有效信息。依据常见不良事件评价标准(common terminology criteria for adverse events,CTCAE)5.0版评定心肌炎的严重程度[5]。应用Excel 2016软件进行统计分析。
经筛查最终纳入132篇文献,其中中文文献77篇、英文文献55篇。共143例个案报道,其中男性患者多于女性患者,男女比例为1.6∶1。患者年龄最小为26岁,最大为85岁,中位年龄66岁(56~70岁),按心肌炎的严重程度进行分组,中位年龄变化趋势:G5级(61岁)<G1~G2级(64岁)<G3~G4级(66岁)。心肌炎发生时间最短为首次用药后d 2,最长为首次用药后400 d,中位时间为24 d,83.92%的患者心肌炎发生于首次治疗90 d内,中位发生时间的变化趋势:G5级(15 d)<G3~G4级(24 d)<G1~G2级(28.5 d)。纳入分析患者的基本信息见表1
143例患者用药原因包括肺癌(41例,28.67%)、胸腺瘤(19例,13.29%)、肝癌(17例,11.89%)、食管癌(11例,7.69%)、肾癌(6例,4.20%)、胆管癌(5例,3.50%)、胃癌(5例,3.50%)等。
143例患者使用ICIs靶点包括PD-1抑制剂(138例)、PD-L1抑制剂(4例)、PD-1抑制剂联合CTLA-4抑制剂(1例),其中使用信迪利单抗最多(40例,27.97%),其下依次为卡瑞利珠单抗(31例,21.68%)、帕博利珠单抗(24例,16.78%)、特瑞普利单抗(16例,11.19%)、替雷利珠单抗(15例,10.49%)、纳武利尤单抗(9例,6.29%)、阿替利珠单抗(3例,2.10%)、派安普利单抗(2例,1.40%)、斯鲁利单抗(1例,0.70%)、度伐利尤单抗(1例,0.70%)和纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗(1例,0.70%)。
143例心肌炎患者中10例(6.99%)无症状,其余患者首发症状主要表现为胸闷、气短、心悸(85例,59.44%)和乏力(54例,37.76%)、眼睑下垂(43例,30.07%)、呼吸困难(30例,20.98%)等,具体见表2。143例心肌炎患者中,89例(62.24%)合并了至少1种其他irAEs,其中报告最多的为肌炎(51例,35.66%),其次为肝损伤(49例,34.27%)、重症肌无力(28例,19.58%)、肺炎(8例,5.59%)和肾损伤(6例,4.20%)等。
143例心肌炎患者中135例有心电图报告,其中15例心电图报告正常。异常心电图主要表现为ST-T波改变(39例,27.27%)、左右束支传导阻滞(37例,25.87%)、房室传导阻滞(29例,20.28%)、室性早搏/室性心动过速(24例,16.78%)、窦性心动过速(22例,15.38%)、T波异常(20例,13.99%)、房性早搏/房颤/房扑(15例,10.49%)、QRS波异常(13例,9.09%),少数表现为QT间期延长、多导联低电压等,见表3
143例心肌炎患者发生的心血管不良事件包括快速型心律失常(51例,35.66%)、缓慢型心律失常(28例,19.58%)、心力衰竭(18例,12.59%)、急性冠脉综合征(7例,4.90%)、心源性休克(7例,4.90%)、血压异常(6例,4.20%)和阿斯综合征(1例,0.70%),见表4
143例患者中,141例(98.60%)接受了糖皮质激素治疗,G1~G2,G3~G4和G5级心肌炎患者中分别有39.39%(13/33),65.26%(62/95)和46.67%(7/15)在糖皮质激素的基础上联用了人免疫球蛋白±免疫抑制剂±血浆置换±起搏器。经治疗后,117例患者(81.82%)好转,15例(10.49%)因心肌炎死亡,≥G3级心肌炎中仅接受糖皮质激素治疗、糖皮质激素基础上联用人免疫球蛋白治疗、糖皮质激素基础上联用免疫抑制剂治疗患者的死亡率分别为17.50%(7/40),11.11%(6/54)和6.67%(1/15),见表5
据报道,ICIs导致心肌炎发病率为0.04%~1.14%[6-7]。我国多中心调查研究结果显示[8],ICIs相关心肌炎的发生率为1.05%,然而真实发生率很可能被低估。一项多中心队列研究结果显示,PD-1,PD-L1和CTLA-4抑制剂的心肌炎发生率分别为0.5%,2.4%和3.3%[9]。本研究纳入分析的143例个案中,138例(96.50%)为PD-1抑制剂引发,其中信迪利单抗(27.97%)和卡瑞利珠单抗(21.68%)数量最多,这可能与PD-1抑制剂在我国获批适应证广泛且用药基数大有关。斯鲁利单抗、普特利单抗、阿得贝利单抗等个案极少或无个案报道,但并不代表其更安全,可能与这些药物上市时间较短有关。纳入分析的143例ICIs相关心肌炎患者中男性多于女性,≥65岁患者占比达53.85%,与多项国内外研究结果基本一致[10-12],可能原因一是老年男性患者肿瘤的发病率总体较高[13],二是老年患者群体中慢性促炎状态下免疫系统功能较低且自身免疫反应增加[14]。对于ICIs相关心肌炎有无性别与年龄易感因素,尚需开展大样本队列研究进一步探索。Wang等[4]进行回顾性队列研究发现,发生致命irAEs患者年龄明显小于非致命毒性的患者,本研究中G5级心肌炎患者的中位年龄(61岁)低于G1~G2级(64岁)和G3~G4级(66岁),提示年轻患者发生心肌炎后死亡风险可能更高,临床上对年轻患者应用ICIs后发生的心肌炎应更加警惕。
国外研究报道,ICIs相关心肌炎发生的中位时间为用药后27 d,81%的患者发生在用药后3个月内[9];我国人群中,中位时间为ICIs用药后38 d,且81%的患者发生在第1~2次用药后[15]。本研究与上述研究结果基本一致,ICIs导致的心肌炎发生时间较早,因此在接受ICIs治疗的初始阶段就需要特别关注这类irAEs。Boutros等[16]研究发现,ICIs导致较早发生心肌炎与较差预后显著相关;另一项回顾性药物警戒研究显示[17],致死性irAEs的发生时间可能更早。本研究中致死性(G5级)心肌炎的中位发生时间最早(15 d),G3~G4级的中位发生时间(24 d)早于G1~G2级(28.5 d),提示严重的心肌炎具有发生迅速和死亡率高的特点,临床需要早期干预以改善患者的预后。
ICIs导致的心肌炎初始症状多为非特异性,纳入分析的143例心肌炎患者表现为无症状(6.99%)和胸闷、气短、心悸(59.44%)以及乏力(37.76%)等。因此,建议对计划接受ICIs治疗的患者及家属进行心肌炎不良反应教育,特别是伴有基础心脏病和高龄患者,以便患者在发生心肌炎的早期阶段能自我识别并及时就医。本研究中62.24%的心肌炎患者还伴发其他irAEs,主要包括肌炎(35.66%)、肝损伤(34.27%)和重症肌无力(19.58%)。据报道[9,18-19],在ICIs相关心肌炎患者中,约50%合并其他irAEs、23%~33%伴有肌炎、11%被诊断为重症肌无力;一项纳入180例ICIs相关肌炎患者的研究显示[20],至少16%的患者同时被诊断为心肌炎。本研究与上述结果一致,其可能原因是心肌和骨骼肌共享T细胞靶向抗原[19]。临床上存在以其他irAEs为首发症状就诊的心肌炎患者,特别是眼睑下垂、肌肉酸痛等,建议对这类患者进一步筛查心肌损害的相关指标如肌钙蛋白、心电图等,以免漏诊。
本研究中135例患者有心电图报告,其中120例(88.89%)出现心电图的异常,表现为ST-T波改变、左右束支传导阻滞、房室传导阻滞、室性早搏、室性心动过速、窦性心动过速、房性早搏、房颤、房扑、QRS波异常、T波异常、多导联低电压、QT间期延长等。这与Power等[21]和Song等[22]报道一致,表明心电图异常是ICIs相关心肌炎最敏感的体征之一。但心电图的改变非特异性且高度可变,如果心电图出现新发异常(包括各类型心动过速、各类型传导阻滞、ST-T波改变及QRS波异常等),提示ICIs相关心肌炎对心脏传导系统的损害,可能导致患者恶性心律失常,建议临床应立即进行紧急心血管影像学检查,以排除心肌损伤的其他原因[23]。本研究中ICIs相关心肌炎的外在临床表型可能与一种或多种心血管不良事件并存,包括快速型心律失常(35.66%)、缓慢型心律失常(19.58%)、心力衰竭(12.59%)和急性冠脉综合征(4.90%)等,严重情况下可发生心源性休克(4.90%)。本研究发现,心肌炎的CACTE分级与心血管不良事件的发生率呈正相关,半数以上患者出现心律失常,并且发现因心肌炎而死亡的患者中有73.33%(11/15)出现快速型心律失常,提示快速型心律失常的存在可能是影响ICIs相关心肌炎预后的重要危险因素。
在ICIs相关心肌炎的监测方面,国外一项前瞻性研究采取主动监测策略得到心肌炎的诊断率(10/353,2.83%)显著高于传统路径心肌炎的诊断率(1/580,0.17%)[9]。因此,临床需采取主动监测策略及时识别心肌炎,建议ICIs用药前进行临床表现、心脏标志物(主要包括肌钙蛋白、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌红蛋白和肌酸激酶)、心电图等基线评估,首剂治疗后7 d内随访患者的症状和体征并复查心脏损伤标志物和心电图,用药3个月内密切随访患者症状、体征变化,用药3个月后在每次用药前监测患者的症状和体征,复查心电图[15]
在ICIs相关心肌炎的治疗方面,对于任何级别的心肌炎应立即启用糖皮质激素治疗,国内外指南对初始糖皮质激素的剂量存在差异[24-25]。我国指南建议[25],G1~G2级心肌炎给予甲泼尼龙的初始剂量为1~4 mg·kg-1·d-1,G3~G4级给予甲泼尼龙的冲击剂量为500~1 000 mg·d-1。纳入本研究的98.60%(141/143)患者接受了糖皮质激素治疗,并取得了81.82%(117/143)的改善率,表明糖皮质激素是ICIs相关心肌炎治疗的基石。指南同时指出,若G2级心肌炎对糖皮质激素治疗不敏感,酌情加用其他免疫抑制剂;若G3~G4级心肌炎对糖皮质激素治疗不敏感,也应加用其他免疫抑制剂±血浆置换等±生命支持。尚无证据表明糖皮质激素治疗失败后何种药物的疗效最佳,因此需根据临床实际情况和用药经验选择合适的方案[15]。本研究中,≥G3级心肌炎中仅接受糖皮质激素治疗的患者死亡率高达17.50%,而在糖皮质激素基础上联用免疫抑制剂治疗的死亡率为6.67%,进一步证明了免疫抑制剂在心肌炎治疗中的重要性。值得注意的是,本研究中4例激素抵抗型心肌炎患者在加用JAK抑制剂托法替布强化免疫抑制治疗后病情改善,未见明显不良反应[26-28],表明托法替布可能是治疗ICIs相关心肌炎的新选择。然而,仍需要开展进一步的高质量、前瞻性对照临床试验证实其安全性和有效性。
本研究对国内发生的ICIs相关心肌炎个案进行汇总与梳理,结果显示我国心肌炎患者原发疾病以肺癌最多,主要发生在首次用药90 d内,首发症状以胸闷、气短、心悸和乏力为主,通常合并其他irAEs,心血管表现主要为心律失常,心电图表现具有非特异性。糖皮质激素是ICIs相关心肌炎治疗的“基石”药物,对糖皮质激素治疗不敏感时可酌情加用其他免疫抑制剂±血浆置换等±生命支持。ICIs相关心肌炎的死亡风险高(尤其是年轻患者),临床在使用此类药物时需加强用药前评估、用药教育和用药后监测,及时识别心肌炎及心血管不良事件,保障患者用药安全。
  • 河北省重点研发计划资助项目(20377769D)
  • 河北省医学科学研究课题计划资助项目(20242006)
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2025年第34卷第17期
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doi: 10.20251/j.cnki.1003-3734.2025.17.015
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 录用日期:2024-11-28
基金
河北省重点研发计划资助项目(20377769D)
河北省医学科学研究课题计划资助项目(20242006)
作者信息
    1河北省人民医院药学部/河北省临床药学重点实验室,石家庄 050051
    2河北省人民医院肝胆胰外科,石家庄 050051
    3河北省人民医院肿瘤科,石家庄 050051
    4河北省人民医院心血管内科,石家庄 050051

通讯作者:

*尹岳松,男,主治医师,研究方向:恶性肿瘤的综合治疗。E-mail:
张丽娜,女,博士,主治医师,研究方向:心血管疾病的诊断与治疗。E-mail:
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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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