Article(id=1241768181686141382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701878400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1706976000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-04, onlineDate=1773990205451, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990205451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990205451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990205451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768176522957402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='321', pageEnd='400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990204220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992176593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=349, endPage=354, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768182059434440, articleId=1241768181686141382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Logical basis and construction path of special legislation on rare diseases, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The difficulties in diagnosing rare diseases, seeking medical treatment, and low drug accessibility have become a public health governance challenge in China and even globally. The fragmentation of China’s rare disease prevention and protection system is evident, and relevant policies urgently require legal authorization and solidification.Research and development of rare disease drugs lack effective legal and policy incentives. Special legislation is an effective way to solve the dilemma of rare disease prevention and protection. Promoting special legislation for rare diseases in China at present is an inherent requirement for achieving social justice and protecting the right to health of patients. There is a broad social consensus and mature experience outside the region for reference. The functional positioning of special legislation for the prevention and protection of rare diseases should be clarified, a reasonable value orientation for differential treatment should be established, and the construction of special legislation for rare diseases should be promoted through adhering to the idea of central coordination and local pilot parallel promotion.

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罕见病确诊难、就医难、药物可及性低等问题,已成为我国乃至全球范围内的公共卫生治理难题。我国罕见病防治与保障措施碎片化现象明显,相关政策急需以法律形式确定,罕见病药品研发缺乏有效的法律与政策激励。专项立法是破解罕见病防治与保障困局的有效路径,当下我国推进罕见病专项立法是实现社会正义和保障患者健康权的内在要求,有广泛的社会共识与域外成熟经验可供借鉴。应明确罕见病专项立法防治兼保障的功能定位,确立合理的差别待遇的价值导向,坚持中央统筹推进与地方先行先试并行的思路,推进罕见病专项立法构建。

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张 腾
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罕见病专项立法的逻辑依据与构建路径
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张腾 1, 2 , 张铁薇 1
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(5): 349-354
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(5): 349-354
罕见病专项立法的逻辑依据与构建路径
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张腾1, 2 , 张铁薇1
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江大学法学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.渤海大学法学院,辽宁 锦州 121013
  • 张腾,男,博士在读,助教,主要从事经济法、社会法的研究,E-mail:

    张铁薇,女,教授,博士生导师,博士,主要从事经济法、社会法的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张 腾
Logical basis and construction path of special legislation on rare diseases
Teng ZHANG1, 2 , Tie-wei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Law, Heilongjiang University, Harbin HEILONGJIANG 150080, China
  • 2.School of Law, Bohai University,Jinzhou LIAONING 121013, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.06
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罕见病确诊难、就医难、药物可及性低等问题,已成为我国乃至全球范围内的公共卫生治理难题。我国罕见病防治与保障措施碎片化现象明显,相关政策急需以法律形式确定,罕见病药品研发缺乏有效的法律与政策激励。专项立法是破解罕见病防治与保障困局的有效路径,当下我国推进罕见病专项立法是实现社会正义和保障患者健康权的内在要求,有广泛的社会共识与域外成熟经验可供借鉴。应明确罕见病专项立法防治兼保障的功能定位,确立合理的差别待遇的价值导向,坚持中央统筹推进与地方先行先试并行的思路,推进罕见病专项立法构建。

罕见病  /  立法(主题)  /  健康权  /  合理化

The difficulties in diagnosing rare diseases, seeking medical treatment, and low drug accessibility have become a public health governance challenge in China and even globally. The fragmentation of China’s rare disease prevention and protection system is evident, and relevant policies urgently require legal authorization and solidification.Research and development of rare disease drugs lack effective legal and policy incentives. Special legislation is an effective way to solve the dilemma of rare disease prevention and protection. Promoting special legislation for rare diseases in China at present is an inherent requirement for achieving social justice and protecting the right to health of patients. There is a broad social consensus and mature experience outside the region for reference. The functional positioning of special legislation for the prevention and protection of rare diseases should be clarified, a reasonable value orientation for differential treatment should be established, and the construction of special legislation for rare diseases should be promoted through adhering to the idea of central coordination and local pilot parallel promotion.

rare diseases  /  legislation as topic  /  right to health  /  rationalization
张腾, 张铁薇. 罕见病专项立法的逻辑依据与构建路径. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (5) : 349 -354 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.06
Teng ZHANG, Tie-wei ZHANG. Logical basis and construction path of special legislation on rare diseases[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (5) : 349 -354 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.06
2021年医保目录药品谈判中的“灵魂砍价”场景引发了人们对罕见病问题的广泛关注。罕见病并非某种疾病的专有名称,而是对一类患病率极低、患者人数较少的基因类疾病的统称。罕见病是相对的社会概念,会随着人类对罕见病认知的持续突破而不断被重新定义,因此全球对罕见病尚未形成一致的、明确的定义,世界各国都是根据本国罕见病的发病率和患病人数确定罕见病的界定标准。罕见病虽名“罕见”,但我国人口基数庞大,罕见病的种类和患者并不罕见,对社会生活的影响广泛而深刻。作为一类疾病,罕见病使患者及其家庭承受着身体和精神强制性的负荷与压力,面临着诊断难、治疗手段缺乏、用药保障难的医疗困境,受到来自教育、就业等领域的歧视与偏见。罕见病问题早已超出了纯粹的医学与技术范畴,以其高度的复杂性检视着一个国家的医疗、法律和社会保障制度,是亟待解决的社会化问题。鉴于罕见病问题的特殊性和复杂性,以专项立法破解罕见病防治与保障困局是世界各国的通行做法。近年来,我国愈发重视罕见病防治与保障工作,强调提升罕见病防治工作法治化水平,社会各界关于罕见病专门立法的呼声也越来越高。在此背景下,推进罕见病专项立法,切实回应罕见病群体法治新需求、新期盼,具有重要的社会意义和时代意义。
正义是人类永恒的价值追求,对人类社会的政治经济、道德伦理、秩序行为有着深远影响。现代西方正义理论设定在“无知之幕”下,每个人都可能成为社会中的较为不利者,应通过社会基本制度的设计给予社会中最不利者以特别保障,不允许以最多数人的利益为幌子来否定个人的权利1。马克思的正义观以人的自由解放为价值指向,强调实质平等,法律是人们获得正义的保障,通过对相关各方的利益进行调适来谋求利益平衡,而法律本身的公正性、合理性则是正义实现的前提2。罕见病通常为慢性、遗传性疾病,许多患者在出生时就表现为致命的或严重的身体残障,往往需要接受长期甚至终身的治疗,这直接影响着罕见病患者医疗、就业、婚姻等权利的实现,导致罕见病群体在获取社会资源和机会方面处于明显的不利地位,不可避免地产生了“事实上的不平等”3。法律作为公共意志的体现,通过专项立法逐步建立以权利公平、机会公平为主要内容的罕见病保障体系,最大程度地限制不平等的范围,破除健康差异背后的资源与机会分配不均,使资源与机会分配向罕见病群体倾斜,以保证罕见病群体的平等获得、参与、发展权利,从而实现实质的社会正义。
法律创制有其内在的法理依据,而“权利本位”正是现代法律制度建构的根基所在。罕见病法律制度的建构同样应寻求法理指引,以保障和实现罕见病患者的基本生存和发展。罕见病专项立法是健康权的内在要求,健康权作为一项基本人权已成为国际社会的普遍共识,从世界健康权演进的历史来看,健康权在诞生之初就蕴含着实现人人平等的基本价值取向,具有积极与消极的双重面向4。消极健康权是人人享有对身体和心理健康的完整支配且不受他人干预,积极健康权则要求国家采取积极行动,为国民平等地提供维系健康的医疗资源、福利保障、社会救助等。积极健康权所强调的平等并不是抽象的绝对平等,而是具体的、相对的平等,旨在根据国民的实际需求为其提供差异化的健康权利保障。健康权是我国法律中的一种基本权利,我国《宪法》第21条、第45条第1款将公民健康权保障作为国家的基本职责,具有根本规范的属性。2020年施行的《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》是我国首次以公法的形式对卫生与健康领域作出总体规定的基础性法律,明确规定公民享有包括健康资源获得权、医疗服务权、健康社会保障权等在内的一系列健康权利,这部法律彰显了健康权的社会权属性,强调国家应履行相应义务,保障公民健康权的实现5。作为中国公民的一份子,罕见病患者也拥有追求和实现健康的权利,同等享有来自国家和社会的关爱、尊重和保障,国家积极以行为、组织、程序及制度的方式推进罕见病立法,为罕见病患者权利的实现提供制度保障,让法治红利惠及罕见病患者,这是健康权的应有之义。
公共卫生在促进人类发展方面起着至关重要的作用,关乎个体的健康福祉和国家安全发展。公共卫生治理现代化是国家治理现代化的关键领域,法治是国家治理的现代方式,公共卫生治理现代化同样也需要强化法治保障。完善公共卫生法律体系,不仅是推进公共卫生治理现代化的规范支撑,更是夯实我国公共卫生法治保障的核心命题。习近平总书记指出:“要积极推进国家安全、科技创新、公共卫生、生物安全、生态文明、防范风险、涉外法治等重要领域立法” 6。罕见病病因繁多、症状复杂,新增病种不断增加,已成为我国乃至全球范围内的公共卫生治理难题。在我国,罕见病诊治遭遇药物供应短缺、药品研发内生动力不足、医疗费用无力承担等诸多难题,溯其根源在于国内罕见病系统性政策和法律制度尚不健全。专项立法是破局罕见病难题最为迅速而有效的方式之一,专项立法能够有效定位分析罕见病防治与保障过程中的问题,密切关注并及时响应立法需求,对罕见病防治与保障工作进行指引与规范,满足罕见病群体维系生命安全健康需要必备的法律制度,为公共卫生治理现代化提供强有力的法律制度供给7
2018年以来,国家卫生健康委员会、科技部等部门相继联合发布《第一批罕见病目录》《第二批罕见病目录》,目录的发布推动了罕见病有名可查,对强化我国罕见病管理和诊疗具有里程碑式的意义。除保障罕见病有名可查之外,国家医保局通过谈判或竞价方式将90余种罕见病治疗药纳入基本医疗保险药品目录,推动罕见病有药可保8。2019年国家卫生健康委发布了《罕见病诊疗指南(2019年版)》,推动罕见病多学科诊断和治疗更加精准规范,改善罕见病诊疗难度高、周期长的痛点。在促进罕见病药品研发方面,1999年颁布的《新药审批办法》首次提及罕见病药品及时评审原则。2013年以来国家深化医药行业卫生体制改革,颁布了多项政策法规,为新药研发按下加速键,包括沉寂已久的罕见病用药领域。2015年《关于药品注册审评审批若干政策的公告》明确罕见病创新药的注册申请可单独排队,加快审评审批。2017年《关于鼓励药品创新实行优先审评审批的意见》规定罕见病临床试验申报可减少试验病例数或免试。2020年新修订的《药品注册管理办法》明确罕见病创新药和改良型新药的优先审评审批程序,并对临床急需的境外已上市境内未上市的罕见病药品规定了70个工作日的审评时限。2022年《中华人民共和国药品管理法实施条例(修订草案征求意见稿)》首次提到罕见病新药不超7年的市场独占期。系列政策文件和改革举措的推出,使得罕见病防治工作有了实质性进展。上述改革举措多以“通知”“意见”等政策性文件形式确立,立法转化明显滞后,导致制度的效力强制性和稳定性大打折扣,政策改革需要法律授权和巩固,以保障其合法性和稳定性。另一方面,我国当前关于促进罕见病药械研发的政策法规体系整体上处于初步构建阶段,现有的罕见病防治相关规定散见于法律法规规章中,碎片化现象明显,实践中的指导效果不如预期。此外,各地政府针对罕见病筹资、报销机制开展了因地制宜的探索,形成了基本医疗保险、补充商业健康保险、医疗救助为主要内容的医疗保障制度,但囿于国家层面系统罕见病医疗保障制度的缺失,罕见病多层次医疗保障衔接不畅、功能界定不清晰、区域发展不平衡等问题凸显。长远来看,罕见病相关政策和改革举措需要通过立法形式将改革经验成果加以成熟定型,确保罕见病政策的落实和效果。通过专项立法将罕见病领域本来分散的条款实现整合,完善罕见病顶层制度设计,持续提升罕见病防治与保障制度的法制化程度,是发挥罕见病相关制度复合优势与治理效能的最优解。
罕见病立法与罕见病患者的切身利益密切相关,涉及罕见病患者最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题,罕见病患者的医疗、健康等权利能否得到更可靠更充分的保障,取决于医疗技术的进步,更取决于法律制度的支持,罕见病患者期待立法解决急难愁盼问题。用药难是罕见病患者面临的最大治疗难题,罕见病药品研发成本高、市场需求少、投资回报率低,以营利为先决条件的药品企业研发动力不足,如果没有良性的税收优惠、费用分担、审评审批等法律制度激励,罕见病创新药物的研发很难持续。尽管国家在助力加速罕见病药品研发上市等方面出台了系列改革政策举措,对罕见病用药保障有着相当程度的裨益,但规范成熟的罕见病用药综合保障机制的建立需要系统立法的引领。立法先行是罕见病防治与保障的基本经验,推进罕见病专项立法进程,在专项立法的引领之下推动罕见病药品的研发、引进、生产、供应和保障,“量身定制”解决实际问题,使罕见病患者获得更加优质的治疗和保障,持续提升全社会对罕见病患者的情感和价值认同,是罕见病群体共同的期盼。
通过立法来解决罕见病防治与保障的困境,已经是社会各界的共识。北京协和医院院长张抒扬认为现行罕见病相关法律制度内容比较分散、未成体系,带来了一系列医疗问题和社会问题,主张研究制定《罕见病防治法》,为罕见病诊疗提供顶层设计9。复旦大学公共卫生学院胡善联教授提出,罕见病问题不仅是一个健康和生命权的问题,更是一个伦理问题。罕见病立法关乎民生福祉及健康中国目标的达成10。清华大学法学院王晨光教授强调,罕见病的罕见特性引发了特殊的社会问题,针对这一特性,应采取新的法律对策和法律框架来应对,全国性罕见病立法要立即付诸行动11。南开大学法学院宋华琳教授建议,基于权利平等原则,国家理当制定统一的罕见病防治法律,致力于消除罕见病群体“事实上不平等”的状态12。2023年3月,全国人大代表王威东在全国“两会”提出进行“罕见病诊疗及管理立法”的建议,认为只有通过制定针对罕见病诊疗及管理的法律,才能从根本上解决罕见病保障面临的困境13
1983年美国颁布《孤儿药法案》开罕见病专项立法之先河,20世纪90年代世界范围内掀起了罕见病专项立法的高潮,截至目前,全球30多个国家和地区陆续颁布了关于罕见病的专项法律法规。美国是全球最成熟的罕见病药品供应市场,拥有近600多种罕见病药品,这得益于美国健全的罕见病药品研发法律法规体系。为激励罕见病药品研发,美国相继出台《孤儿药法案》《孤儿药法案实施方法》《罕见病法案》,通过专项立法为罕见病药品研发提供基金支持和法律保障政策。在税费优惠方面,2017年美国颁布《减税与就业法》,进一步增加罕见病药品研发的税收抵免额,并延长税收抵免政策适用期限,袁妮等14研究发现多达1/3的罕见病用药研发项目被该政策激发。受美国影响,欧盟的政策制定者也深刻意识到罕见病专项立法的紧迫性。2000年欧盟制定《孤儿药条例(ec)141/2000》,对罕见病定义、罕见病药品市场资格及研发费用的减免等作出严格规定,该项法规促进了罕见病新药的开发和供应。据2022年欧盟药品管理局公布的数据显示,2000年至2021年共认定2 552个罕见病药品,207个初始罕见病药品申请,38个罕见病药品扩展适应证获得上市许可15。在亚洲,日本1993年通过的《罕见病用药管理制度》对罕见病药品的研发、取得、销售过程及患者用药前、用药中、用药后的权益和责任都有规定16。此后,日本陆续制定并修正罕见病法律支持体系,引入罕见病创新药品发现奖励、知识产权质押贷款融资、专利期补偿等制度,以激发药企进军罕见病药品研发领域的热情,逐步形成了良性的政策环境。韩国于2003年出台《孤儿药指导法案》,为罕见病药品的使用和管理确立了法律规范。2016年韩国颁布《罕见病管理法》首次明确了罕见病及孤儿药的相关概念,正式建立了罕见病医疗保障的组织管理部门和工作衔接机制。目前韩国已形成以《罕见病管理法》为核心,以《医疗法》《药事法》《国家健康保险法》等为补充的罕见病特色法律体系17
立法定位的准确与否决定了罕见病专项立法的基本走向和实施效果。笔者认为,我国的罕见病法既是一部防治法,又是一部保障法。在进行罕见病专项立法时,首先是要明确和界定其所要解决的问题、所设定的目标,罕见病法的立法目的在于推动罕见病的预防和诊治,保障罕见病患者权益,提升患者健康水平。在具体制度设计上,首先应明确罕见病的法律定义及范围,明确罕见病的认定标准和程序,这直接关系到罕见病药品的划分和药企的研发意向。其次,罕见病专项立法应规定罕见病药品审评审批机制、仿制制度、研发激励机制等,促进罕见病药品的研发、生产、使用,提高罕见病药品可及性,缓解罕见病患者大量的健康需求与罕见病药品供给不足的矛盾18。再次,罕见病专项立法应规定罕见病患者医疗保障、社会救济、教育就业等方面的内容,探索建立以基本医疗保险为主体,医疗救助为托底,商业保险、慈善捐赠、补充医疗保险、医疗互助等在内的多层次医疗保障机制,力求构建公平的教育就业环境,提升罕见病患者的社会融入和价值认同。
关于罕见病专项立法过程中应坚持的价值取向,功利主义的观点认为,在无限需求和资源有限前提下,将大量医疗财政资源投入到罕见病群体中收益较低,分配给治愈可能性更高的普通病患者能够实现效益的最大化,国家对罕见病群体通过立法给予特别保障,不符合大多数人的利益19。反对者认为功利主义者追求幸福总量的最大化,可能造成“最大多数人的暴政”等社会道德伦理问题。道义论的观点认为,罕见病患者在社会性资源的分配上具有先天的劣势,立法者在决定权利义务分配时基于朴素的人文道德精神,应对罕见病患者给予特别的保护20。但道义论并未回答在资源有限的前提下,国家究竟应如何合理公正地向罕见病领域分配资源才符合道义论上的平等。合理的差别待遇应是罕见病专项立法的价值导向。社会领域立法中的差别待遇强调合理设定,在符合一定条件和原则的前提下,通过立法的方式,对弱势群体或个体权利待遇进行倾斜性配置,实现和保障实质的平等21。需要注意的是,差别待遇并不是毫无节制的,而是与特定地域、历史时期的经济社会发展水平相适应,不能过于理想化地追求抽象的、超阶级的平等,造成相关群体间的矛盾对立和利益失衡。罕见病专项立法既要立足于平等保障罕见病患者的权利义务,又要符合医疗资源的分配正义,不能突破当下经济社会的发展水平去追求超越时代的福利保障,避免过度的差别对待,以期实现实质正义。
自上而下推动与自下而上探索是世界法治国家通行的立法路径,两者各有鲜明特色。立法的自上而下推动通常由中央或国家政府主导,然后逐步向下传导至地方,强调法律适用的统一性和标准化。立法的自下而上探索则是由基层或地方组织在立法实践的基础上逐步向上发展,强调法律适用的试验性和灵活性。在中国式法治现代化的进程中,选择了自上而下与自下而上央地立法双向互动的路径,并取得了良好的效果22。在罕见病专项立法的实践中,这种立法的“双向互动”模式有着充分的应用价值。因由如下,罕见病专项立法是一项系统复杂的工程,涉及医疗保障、社会救助、药品专利等诸多方面,除了确保国家立法层面不同单行法之间紧密配合与协调外,还需要考虑地方立法的推进。罕见病患者分布地域广泛,受经济发展水平差异的影响,各地罕见病医疗资源、卫生事业投入分布并不均衡,由中央立法对涉及罕见病医保基金支付等地方差异性事项进行统一规定的难度较大,可考虑由地方政府先行先试制定地方性法规,为国家层面统一立法积累实践经验。对于涉及罕见病药品注册审批、税收优惠等专属于中央的立法事项或跨区域事项,应由中央在相关法律法规中统一规定。罕见病专项立法是一个渐进式的发展过程,不可能一蹴而就,全国性罕见病立法规划和体系布局势在必行,通过地方立法的先行先试,检验和调整罕见病立法的既定思路,为全国性罕见病专项立法提供智识准备,遵循顶层设计与地方试验相结合的良性互动进路,积极进行尝试和探索,逐步提高罕见病立法的适用性和体系性。
传承是人类社会发展的延续,基因突变伴随着人类生命传承的始终,这种可能性对每个个体是平等的。罕见病是人类进化的一次次试错,每一个罕见病患者都不应被放弃。破解罕见病难题既要靠爱心,又要靠制度。建立完善的罕见病法律法规、伦理道德和政策支持体系,解决罕见病群体的急难愁盼,是贯彻落实健康中国战略的重要保障,离不开多方主体的协同推进,需要在深入研究和充分实践的基础上探路前行。
  • 2023年度黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究规划项目(23FX437)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.06
  • 接收时间:2023-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-07
  • 录用日期:2024-02-04
基金
2023年度黑龙江省哲学社会科学研究规划项目(23FX437)
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    1.黑龙江大学法学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.渤海大学法学院,辽宁 锦州 121013

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张 腾
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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