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Article(id=1241768180725645760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683561600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1707062400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-05, onlineDate=1773990205222, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990205222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990205222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990205222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768176522957402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='321', pageEnd='400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990204220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992176593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=344, endPage=348, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768181044412865, articleId=1241768180725645760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=A new drug in treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: oteseconazole, columnId=1239174991388930543, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=New Drug Introduction, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis （RVVC） is one of the common recurrent and refractory diseases that troubles women. Oteseconazole, the first drug for the treatment of RVVC, is an oral azole metallic enzyme inhibitor targeting fungal sterol 14α-demethylase （CYP51） developed by Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and was approved for sale in the United States on April 26, 2022. Clinical trials have shown that oteseconazole has a significant therapeutic effect on RVVC with minimal adverse reactions.

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复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（RVVC）是困扰女性的常见复发性、难治性疾病之一。奥特康唑是由美国Mycovia制药公司研发的口服靶向真菌甾醇14α-去甲基化酶（CYP51）的唑类金属酶抑制剂，于2022年4月26日在美国获批上市，是第一个用于治疗RVVC的药物。临床试验表明，奥特康唑对 RVVC疗效显著，安全性较好。

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杨 涛，E-mail:
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周琳，女，主管药师，硕士，主要从事临床药学的研究，E-mail:

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周琳，女，主管药师，硕士，主要从事临床药学的研究，E-mail:

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周琳，女，主管药师，硕士，主要从事临床药学的研究，E-mail:

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治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病新药：奥特康唑
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周琳 1 , 王磊 1 , 邢曼 1 , 杨涛 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024,43(5): 344-348
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024, 43(5): 344-348
治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病新药：奥特康唑
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周琳1 , 王磊1, 邢曼1, 杨涛2
作者信息
  • 1.青岛市第三人民医院，山东　青岛　266041
  • 2.甘肃省妇幼保健院，甘肃　兰州　730050

    • 周琳，女，主管药师，硕士，主要从事临床药学的研究，E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨 涛，E-mail:
A new drug in treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: oteseconazole
Lin ZHOU1 , Lei WANG1, Man XING1, Tao YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The Third People’s Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao SHANDONG 266041 , China
  • 2.Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou GANSU 730050, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.05
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摘要
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复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（RVVC）是困扰女性的常见复发性、难治性疾病之一。奥特康唑是由美国Mycovia制药公司研发的口服靶向真菌甾醇14α-去甲基化酶（CYP51）的唑类金属酶抑制剂，于2022年4月26日在美国获批上市，是第一个用于治疗RVVC的药物。临床试验表明，奥特康唑对 RVVC疗效显著，安全性较好。

奥特康唑  /  外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病  /  临床研究

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis （RVVC） is one of the common recurrent and refractory diseases that troubles women. Oteseconazole, the first drug for the treatment of RVVC, is an oral azole metallic enzyme inhibitor targeting fungal sterol 14α-demethylase （CYP51） developed by Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and was approved for sale in the United States on April 26, 2022. Clinical trials have shown that oteseconazole has a significant therapeutic effect on RVVC with minimal adverse reactions.

oteseconazole  /  vulvovaginal candidiasis  /  clinical study
周琳, 王磊, 邢曼, 杨涛. 治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病新药：奥特康唑. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (5) : 344 -348 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.05
Lin ZHOU, Lei WANG, Man XING, Tao YANG. A new drug in treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: oteseconazole[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (5) : 344 -348 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.05
正文
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外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC）是妇科常见的下生殖道感染性疾病，可导致瘙痒、刺激、灼热和（或）性交困难，约75%的女性一生中至少罹患过 1次 VVC［1］。VVC经治疗后临床症状、体征消失及真菌学检查为阴性后，症状、体征重现，真菌学检查呈阳性，且一年中 4次或 4次以上反复发作称为复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, RVVC）［2］，6%~10%的VVC患者将发展为 RVVC［2, 3］，但也有报道 这一比例高达14%~28%［4］。RVVC 由于症状反复发作、难以根治，往往对女性的生活质量产生负面影响［5, 6］。RVVC的治疗原则为“强化治疗+维持治疗”，目前国内外关于维持治疗的时间尚无定论，一般疗程为6到12个月［7-11］ 。氟康唑是国内外指南推荐的RVVC的主要治疗药物，其治疗方案方便、安全，但患者并未获得远期治愈，停止治疗的6个月内，高达50%的女性出现活动性症状复发［12, 13］，需要进行再次治疗。同时有证据表明频繁长期使用氟康唑，可使之前对氟康唑敏感的白假丝酵母菌菌株出现耐药［14］。因此寻找新型RVVC治疗药物具有重要的临床意义。
奥特康唑，又称VT-1661，于2022年4月26日在美国获批上市，商品名Vivjoa，分子式C23H16F7N5O2，分子量 527.39，结构式见图1［15］。奥特康唑是第一个被批准用于治疗RVVC的口服药物，为规格150 mg的胶囊剂，有两种推荐给药方案。（1）单用奥特康唑方案：第1日单次口服600 mg，第2日单次口服450 mg，然后从第 14日开始每周1次口服150 mg，持续11周（第2周至第12周），总疗程为12周。（2）氟康唑-奥特康唑方案：第 1、4 和 7 日口服氟康唑 150 mg；第14至20日，每日1次口服奥特康唑 150 mg，持续7 d；从第28日开始，每周口服奥特康唑 150 mg，持续11周（第4周至第14周），总疗程为14周。由于对胎儿或母乳喂养婴儿的潜在风险，奥特康唑禁用于有生育能力的女性、孕妇和哺乳期妇女，不推荐用于中度或重度肝功能不全、肾损伤［估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR） 15~29 mL·min-1］或终末期肾病 （eGFR<15 mL·min-1）患者，无论是否进行透析［15］。本文对奥特康唑的药效学、药动学、临床研究和安全性进行概述，为临床应用提供参考。
作用机制
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奥特康唑是一种高度选择性的唑类金属酶抑制剂，通过靶向真菌甾醇14α-去甲基化酶（CYP51），抑制麦角甾醇的生物合成。麦角甾醇是形成和维持真菌细胞膜完整性所必需的甾醇。另外，CYP51的抑制也导致毒性甾醇产物在真菌细胞中积累，从而抑制真菌的生长与复制［16］。奥特康唑的四唑金属结合基团增加了其对真菌 CYP51 的选择性，并减少了与人CYP51的亲和力［17］。
药动学［15］
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成年女性按照RVVC治疗推荐剂量给药后，约5~10 h内达到奥特康唑血药浓度峰值，血药峰浓度（cmax）为 1.55~4.05 μg·mL-1，浓度-时间曲线下面积（AUC）为 34.8~93.6 μg·h·mL-1,血药谷浓度（cmin）为 1.31~3.69 μg·mL-1。在20 mg至320 mg剂量范围内，奥特康唑AUC与给药剂量呈等比例增加，cmax按剂量比例增加较小。脂肪、高热量膳食可使奥特康唑的cmax和 AUC在72 h内分别增加45%和36%。奥特康唑与血浆蛋白结合率为99.5%~99.7%。在体内，奥特康唑在阴道组织中的暴露量与在血浆中的暴露量相当。奥特康唑终末半衰期中值约为138 d。口服放射性标记的奥特康唑约56%在粪便中回收（主要通过胆道排泄），26%在尿液中回收。性别、种族/民族或轻-中度肾功能损害对奥特康唑的药动学无临床相关影响。
临床试验
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1　RVVC
在美国进行的一项多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、剂量探索的Ⅱ期临床试验（NCT02267382）［18］，评估了奥特康唑 4种给药方案治疗RVVC感染患者的安全性及有效性。试验纳入了215例有RVVC感染病史并在筛查中出现急性VVC的患者，在用氟康唑治疗急性感染后，受试者随机接受以下治疗方案之一：（1）奥特康唑150 mg qd，持续7 d，然后150 mg qw，连续11周，最后安慰剂qw，持续12周；（2）奥特康唑 300 mg qd，持续7 d，然后300 mg qw，连续11周，最后安慰剂qw，持续12周；（3）奥特康唑 150 mg qd，持续7 d，然后150 mg qw，连续23周；（4）奥特康唑 300 mg qd，持续7 d，然后300 mg qw，连续23周；（5）24周的安慰剂方案。结果显示，奥特康唑给药组中有一次或多次急性VVC发作的患者比例在0%~7%之间，而安慰剂组为52%；且奥特康唑耐受性良好，具有良好的安全性，所有奥特康唑给药组的不良事件发生率均低于安慰剂组。该结果提示，奥特康唑对RVVC患者具有较好的疗效，且安全性良好。
奥特康唑对于RVVC的疗效在两项全球、随机、双盲、多中心、安慰剂对照Ⅲ期临床试验（NCT03562156和NCT03561701）［19］中得到了证实。这两项研究设计相同，分别纳入438例和425例RVVC患者。患者在第 1、4 和 7 日接受氟康唑150 mg治疗假丝酵母菌急性感染（诱导期）。在第14日，症状得到缓解的患者［定义为临床体征（红斑、水肿、表皮脱落）和症状（瘙痒、灼热、刺激）评分<3分］，按照21的比例随机接受奥特康唑（ 150 mg qd，持续 7 d，然后150 mg qw，持续11周）或安慰剂治疗12周（维持期）。然后对患者进行 36 周的随访（随访期）。结果显示，第48周奥特康唑组出现≥1次急性 VVC 发作的患者比例明显低于安慰剂组（NCT03562156：6.7% vs.42.8%；NCT03561701：3.9% vs. 39.4%）。急性VVC发作定义为假丝酵母菌菌属培养阳性，临床体征和症状评分≥3分。在接受奥特康唑治疗的患者中，两项研究中VVC首次复发的平均时间分别为45.7周和47.2周，而接受安慰剂治疗的患者，VVC首次复发的平均时间分别为27.8周和33.1周，差异有显著意义（均P<0.001）。两项研究中，治疗组与安慰剂组的突发不良事件类型及发生率相近。研究提示口服奥特康唑在48周内能有效预防RVVC的复发，且安全性良好。有71例接受奥特康唑治疗且48周内都无急性VVC发作的患者参加了后续的观察性研究［20］，最终85%的患者在96周内没有出现VVC复发，VVC复发的平均时间为92周，研究证明了奥特康唑在预防RVVC复发中发挥重要作用。
在美国进行的一项为期50周的随机、双盲、多中心、安慰剂对照、平行对照Ⅲ期临床试验（NCT 03840616）［21］评价了奥特康唑治疗RVVC的疗效和安全性，并比较了奥特康唑和氟康唑对于急性VVC的疗效。该试验共纳入RVVC患者219例，按照21随机分组接受奥特康唑/奥特康唑（OTE/OTE）或氟康唑/安慰剂治疗。患者最初接受奥特康唑（第1日 600 mg，第2日450 mg）或氟康唑（第1、4和7日150 mg）治疗急性感染（诱导期）。共有185例患者在给予奥特康唑或氟康唑14 d后急性VVC症状、体征得到缓解（定义为外阴阴道体征和症状评分 < 3分），进入为期11周的维持期治疗。维持期阶段OTE/OTE组接受每周1次奥特康唑150 mg治疗，而氟康唑/安慰剂组接受每周1次的安慰剂治疗。然后对患者进行 37 周的随访（随访期）。结果显示，在治疗第14 日急性VVC 感染缓解的患者比例上，奥特康唑不劣于氟康唑（93.2% vs. 95.8%）；50周内，OTE/OTE组出现≥1次培养证实的急性 VVC 发作的患者比例明显低于氟康唑/安慰剂组（5.1% vs. 42.2%）。这项研究随访期超过37周，研究结果表明，奥特康唑可能对RVVC患者的急性VVC感染具有长期疗效。2组不良事件发生率无显著差异，最常见的不良事件为尿路感染、细菌性阴道病、头痛、恶心、腹泻、上呼吸道感染和发热。OTE/OTE组的尿路感染、细菌性阴道病、头痛和腹泻的发生频率低于氟康唑/安慰剂组。
2　急性VVC
NCT01891331是在美国进行的一项随机、双盲、多中心、阳性对照、平行对照Ⅱ期临床试验［22］，共纳入了55例急性VVC患者，比较口服3个不同剂量的奥特康唑和单剂量氟康唑对于急性VVC患者的疗效及安全性，为期6个月。在治疗第28日（主要疗效终点），接受奥特康唑 300 mg qd×3 d的8例患者中有 75% 达到治疗性治愈（定义为急性VVC症状、体征消失的同时真菌培养假丝酵母菌阴性），接受奥特康唑 600 mg qd×3 d的 7 例患者中有 86%达到治疗性治愈，接受奥特康唑 600 mg bid×3 d的14 例患者中有79%达到治疗性治愈，阳性对照组口服单剂量氟康唑150 mg的8例患者中有62%达到治疗性治愈；各组间治愈率差异无显著意义，但与阳性对照组相比，奥特康唑组达到治疗性治愈的患者数更多。在 3 个月和 6 个月随访时，阳性对照组分别有28.5%和46.1%的患者有真菌学复发的证据，而奥特康唑组所有患者均无真菌学复发的证据。
我国恒瑞医药有限公司也引进了奥特康唑（SHR8008胶囊），并开展了两项全国多中心、随机、双盲、阳性对照的Ⅲ期临床试验（NCT05074602、NCT04956419）用以评价其治疗RVVC及重度VVC的安全性及有效性，并与氟康唑进行比较。NCT04956419［23］共纳入322例重度VVC患者（定义为临床体征和症状评分≥7分），按照11随机分组接受奥特康唑（第1 日600 mg，第 2 日 450 mg）或氟康唑（第 1、4日各150 mg）治疗。结果显示，在治疗第28日奥特康唑组达到治疗性治愈（定义为症状、体征消失的同时真菌培养假丝酵母菌阴性）的受试者比例明显高于氟康唑组（66.88% vs 45.91% ），2组患者不良反应发生率相似，不良反应均为轻中度。该药在我国已于2023年6月获批上市，用于治疗重度VVC。
3　其他真菌感染
体外研究显示，奥特康唑除了对于氟康唑敏感或耐药的假丝酵母菌有活性外，对新生隐球菌、粗球孢子菌/波萨达斯球孢子菌、毛癣菌属也均有活性［24-27］。在动物实验中奥特康唑也显示出对治疗一些真菌感染的有效性，包括由氟康唑敏感和耐药的假丝酵母菌菌株引起的口咽和外阴阴道感染，以及甲真菌病［28-30］。据报道，在球虫病实验模型中，奥特康唑治疗也减少了真菌负荷，提高了生存率［31］。在由根霉引起的肺毛霉菌病的小鼠模型中也证明了其预防效果［32］。目前奥特康唑对于甲真菌病及侵袭性和机会性真菌感染的治疗作用正在进行相关临床研究。
NCT02267356是一个为期60周的多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、剂量探索的Ⅱ期临床试验［33］，评估了4种口服奥特康唑给药方案与安慰剂相比，对中度至重度趾甲远端侧位甲下甲真菌病患者的安全性和有效性，共纳入259例患者。治疗方案包括负荷剂量和维持剂量：奥特康唑 300 mg或600 mg，每日1次，为期14 d（负荷），然后每周1次，持续给药至第12或24周（维持），对照组给予安慰剂。结果表明，在治疗第48周治疗组完全治愈［临床治愈（无指甲受累）且真菌学治愈（KOH试验及皮肤癣菌培养均为阴性）被认为完全治愈］的患者比例为32%~42%，而安慰剂组的比例为0。
安全性
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奥特康唑说明书提示最常见的不良反应生率>2%）是头痛和恶心［15］。奥特康唑治疗RVVC的Ⅲ期临床试验［19, 21］汇总分析显示，奥特康唑组最常见的不良反应（发生率>2%）是头痛（7.4%，包括头痛、偏头痛和窦性头痛）和恶心 （3.6%）。1例（0.2%）患者由于过敏性皮炎停止奥特康唑治疗。奥特康唑组和对照组严重不良反应和导致治疗中止的不良反应的患者比例是相似的。其他不良反应（发生率<2%）有肌酸激酶升高、消化不良、皮肤潮红、生殖系统出血（包括月经过多、子宫出血、阴道出血）、外阴阴道刺激（包括外阴阴道烧灼感、外阴阴道不适和外阴阴道疼痛）［13］。
在患有中度至重度趾甲远端侧位甲下甲真菌病的成年人中，奥特康唑组不良事件发生率与安慰剂组相似［33］。最常见的治疗突发不良事件包括脚趾甲向内生长、皮炎、头痛和咳嗽。这些不良事件通常为轻度至中度。研究者认为可能与药物有关的不良事件包括恶心（2%）、便秘（2%）和味觉障碍（2%）。未见与药物相关的严重不良事件报告，无患者因实验室检查异常而停止研究。
结语
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临床试验已经证实奥特康唑能有效降低RVVC患者的复发率，是美国食品和药物管理局批准的第一个用于治疗RVVC的口服药物。与氟康唑相比，奥特康唑具有选择性高、不良反应少的特点，同时对于氟康唑耐药的假丝酵母菌有效。中国目前已批准奥特康唑的重度VVC适应证，而正在进行的Ⅲ期临床试验将为中国患者RVVC的临床应用提供循证依据，其结果值得关注。另外，由于奥特康唑的药理学作用机制优势，治疗其他真菌感染相关疾病的探索也在不断进行，具有较好的临床应用前景。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.05
  • 接收时间：2023-05-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-05-09
  • 录用日期：2024-02-05
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    1.青岛市第三人民医院，山东　青岛　266041
    2.甘肃省妇幼保健院，甘肃　兰州　730050

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species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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