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Article(id=1241768179941310908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686758400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1708358400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-20, onlineDate=1773990205034, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990205034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990205034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990205034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768176522957402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='321', pageEnd='400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990204220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992176593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=339, endPage=343, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768183347085813, articleId=1241768179941310908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress in new antipsychotic drugs, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, many new drug treatment targets have been found, which provided the basis for the precise treatment of antipsychotic drugs and promoted the research and development of new antipsychotic drugs. The development of trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist, glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, peripherally restricted muscarinic receptor antagonist, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A/2C receptor inverse agonist and other new drugs have provided new possibilities for the treatment of psychotic symptoms and attracted much attention due to their significant efficacy and mild adverse reactions.

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近年来发现一些新的药物治疗靶点，为抗精神病药的精准治疗提供了相关依据，推动了新作用机制抗精神病药的研发。微量胺相关受体1激动剂、甘氨酸转运蛋白-1抑制剂、外周限制性毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂、5-羟色胺2A/2C受体反向激动剂等新药的问世，为精神病性症状的治疗提供了新的可能，其因显著的疗效及较轻的不良反应而备受关注。

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翟金国，E-mail:
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刘鑫，男，硕士在读，主要从事临床精神病学的研究，E-mail:

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刘鑫，男，硕士在读，主要从事临床精神病学的研究，E-mail:

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刘鑫，男，硕士在读，主要从事临床精神病学的研究，E-mail:

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新型抗精神病药研究进展
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刘鑫 , 翟金国
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(5): 339-343
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(5): 339-343
新型抗精神病药研究进展
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刘鑫 , 翟金国
作者信息
  • 济宁医学院精神卫生学院，山东　济宁　272067

    • 刘鑫，男，硕士在读，主要从事临床精神病学的研究，E-mail:

通讯作者:

翟金国，E-mail:
Research progress in new antipsychotic drugs
Xin LIU , Jin-guo ZHAI
Affiliations
  • School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining SHANDONG 272067, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.04
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摘要
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近年来发现一些新的药物治疗靶点，为抗精神病药的精准治疗提供了相关依据，推动了新作用机制抗精神病药的研发。微量胺相关受体1激动剂、甘氨酸转运蛋白-1抑制剂、外周限制性毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂、5-羟色胺2A/2C受体反向激动剂等新药的问世，为精神病性症状的治疗提供了新的可能，其因显著的疗效及较轻的不良反应而备受关注。

抗精神病药  /  临床试验  /  药理作用机制  /  药物不良反应

In recent years, many new drug treatment targets have been found, which provided the basis for the precise treatment of antipsychotic drugs and promoted the research and development of new antipsychotic drugs. The development of trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist, glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, peripherally restricted muscarinic receptor antagonist, 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A/2C receptor inverse agonist and other new drugs have provided new possibilities for the treatment of psychotic symptoms and attracted much attention due to their significant efficacy and mild adverse reactions.

antipsychotic agents  /  clinical trial  /  pharmacological mechanisms of action  /  adverse drug reactions
刘鑫, 翟金国. 新型抗精神病药研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (5) : 339 -343 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.04
Xin LIU, Jin-guo ZHAI. Research progress in new antipsychotic drugs[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (5) : 339 -343 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.04
正文
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数十年来，抗精神病药研发缓慢，目前使用中的抗精神病药存在各种不良反应，而精神疾病需要较长时间维持治疗，不良反应会影响患者服药依从性，进而影响疗效。为更好地控制精神病性症状，减少药物不良反应，提高治疗依从性，近年来抗精神病药物的研发逐渐兴起。目前精神分裂症的病因学研究取得了一些新进展，同时精神药理学家也从“非多巴胺”学说角度出发，寻找新的治疗靶点，研发新型抗精神病药。近年来一些新作用机制的抗精神病药逐渐问世，本文综述了近年来新药研发的现状，以期为日后临床药物的选择以及未来新药的研发提供一些新思路。
ulotaront（SEP-363856）
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SEP-363856是一种微量胺相关受体1（trace amine-associated receptor 1, TAAR1）激动剂，具有5-羟色胺1A（5-HT1A）受体激动剂特性，代表了治疗精神分裂症的一种新的药理机制［1, 2］。5-HT1A受体在突触前定位于中缝核5-HT神经元的胞体和树突上，在突触后定位于边缘区、额叶和内嗅皮层的靶细胞膜上。突触前5-HT1A受体可介导5-HT和乙酰胆碱的释放，突触后5-HT1A受体可介导去甲肾上腺素或多巴胺的释放，5-HT1A受体激动剂可抑制焦虑行为、抑郁样行为、攻击行为和强迫行为［3］。SEP-363856还可能通过促进神经可塑性相关基因的表达而发挥神经调节活性，主要作用于前额叶皮质，具有在低谷氨酸条件下防止异常行为和恢复活动调节基因表达的能力［4］。有动物实验发现，氯胺酮导致小鼠纹状体多巴胺合成能力增加，类似于精神分裂症患者的多巴胺能改变，而SEP-363856可以减弱此改变［5］，这也为SEP-363856用于精神分裂症的临床治疗提供了理论依据。
临床前药动学研究［6］发现，SEP-363856是一种高溶解性、高渗透性、与血浆蛋白结合力低的化合物，其代谢是通过还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）依赖性和非NADPH依赖性两种途径来调节的，其中细胞色素P450（CYP）2D6是主要的代谢酶，SEP-363856是CYP2B6的诱导剂，也是CYP2D6、鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶1（OCT1）和OCT2的抑制剂；SEP-363856吸收快速，生物利用度大于70%，分布容积约3.5 L·kg-1，半衰期1.5~4 h，清除率为12~43 mL·min-1·kg-1；具有良好的血脑屏障通透性，有穿透血脑屏障进行中枢神经系统靶向定位的能力，并已在小鼠和大鼠实验中得到证实。在精神分裂症患者中的群体药动学研究［7］发现，SEP-363856达到最大血药浓度的中位时间为2.8 h，中位有效半衰期为7 h，在每日给药12周后，没有发现SEP-363856药动学随时间变化，唯一有意义的协变量是体重，体重与药物代谢的关系有待未来进一步探讨。
动物实验发现，奥氮平与SEP-363856联用可以改善地佐环平（MK-801）诱导的精神分裂症模型小鼠的记忆障碍，并协同增强抗精神分裂症阳性症状；实验还发现，奥氮平与SEP-363856联用显著减少了长期暴露于奥氮平引起的小鼠体重增加的副作用［8］。度洛西汀与SEP-363856联用比单用度洛西汀能更好地改善小鼠的抑郁样行为，且该组合不影响小鼠的活动，表明度洛西汀和SEP-363856似乎在调节抑郁症相关行为方面发挥了协同作用，这可能对难治性抑郁症的治疗有益［9］。另一项动物实验发现，SEP-363856不存在成瘾性，且在治疗药物滥用方面可能具有潜在作用［10］。上述动物实验发现SEP-363856在改善精神分裂症样阳性症状、记忆障碍、抑郁症状、药物滥用方面似乎存在独特优势，日后的临床研究可着重探讨。
一项为期4周的安慰剂随机对照临床研究发现，与安慰剂组（n=125）相比，SEP-363856组（n=120，每日50 mg或75 mg）患者的阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）总分下降幅度更大，不良反应包括嗜睡和胃肠道症状，SEP-363856组发生1例心脏性猝死［11］。一项为期26周的SEP-363856长期治疗研究发现，最初4周的双盲安慰剂对照研究证实了它对精神分裂症急性加重期患者的疗效；长期治疗研究观察到，日剂量25~75 mg依从性相对较高，没有锥体外系相关的不良反应，对体重和代谢不良影响的风险较低，对催乳素水平没有影响［12］。有研究将SEP-363856与作用于多巴胺D2受体的抗精神病药（鲁拉西酮、喹硫平、奥氮平）进行对照临床试验，发现SEP-363856显示出明显的安全性优势［13］。
一项关于SEP-363856对人快速眼动睡眠影响的临床研究发现，单次给药50 mg、血药浓度≥100 ng·mL-1后，SEP-363856对受试者快速眼动睡眠有很大的抑制作用，而不改变总的睡眠时间；单次给药剂量10 mg时影响要小得多，只增加了进入快速眼动睡眠的潜伏期；当药物浓度在夜间降至100 ng·mL-1以下时，快速眼动睡眠增加［14］。
综上，临床试验证实了SEP-363856在治疗精神分裂症中的作用，其在安全性方面似乎也优于目前临床中常用的抗精神病药，未来还需要更多的临床研究来进一步证实SEP-363856的长期疗效和安全性。
iclepertin（BI-425809）
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精神分裂症患者存在谷氨酸能通路异常，导致N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体功能低下，从而产生认知障碍。BI-425809是甘氨酸转运蛋白-1抑制剂，可增加脑脊液中甘氨酸浓度，口服剂量与脑脊液中甘氨酸水平存在剂量依赖性关系［15］。甘氨酸是NMDA受体激动剂，脑脊液中甘氨酸水平升高，激动NMDA受体，可改善精神分裂症患者的认知障碍［16］。
临床前研究发现，BI-425809逆转了由NMDA受体抑制引起的感觉加工缺陷和神经网络功能障碍，并增强了啮齿类动物的工作记忆能力和社会识别记忆能力，这一发现也是支持BI-425809促进认知功能改善的证据［17］。临床研究发现，BI-425809在健康志愿者和精神分裂症患者中安全性、耐受性良好，且在10和25 mg·d-1剂量下可改善认知功能［16, 18］，目前正在进行Ⅲ期临床试验，该药有希望成为第一个被批准用于治疗精神分裂症相关认知障碍的药物。
在药物不良反应方面，研究表明该药物耐受性良好［15, 19, 20］。BI-425809在预期临床使用剂量范围内（0.5~25 mg·d-1）耐受性良好，常见的不良反应是头痛、疲劳、视力模糊、眩晕、头晕、嗜睡、畏光和背痛；头痛在低剂量（0.5~25 mg·d-1）时更常见，随着剂量增加，头晕、嗜睡和共济失调等不良反应显现出剂量依赖性趋势，当日剂量达150 mg时，不良反应发生率达100%；视觉相关不良反应（视力模糊、畏光、色觉改变）似乎与剂量有关，只有在100 mg或150 mg日剂量下才会出现［21］。一例患者服用BI-425809 150 mg后出现严重不良反应：呕吐伴恶心、眩晕、轻度头痛、视力模糊、轻度头晕［21］。值得一提的是高剂量BI-425809（100或150 mg·d-1）常见的神经系统和视觉相关的不良反应通常在服药后1 h内发生，并在2~3 h内消失，最常见的头痛一般在12 h内消失［21］。
BI-425809主要经CYP3A4代谢，在与强CYP3A4抑制剂伊曲康唑联用后血药浓度显著增加，在与强CYP3A4诱导剂利福平联用后，血药浓度显著降低，但一项针对健康成年男性的试验发现，无论是BI-425809 25 mg单用，还是与伊曲康唑或利福平联用，对于受试者都是安全的［22］。总的来说该药物的不良反应较轻，且不良反应持续时间并不长，安全性及耐受性良好，但不容忽视的是≥90%的BI-425809经CYP3A4代谢，因此在联合用药时要注意联用药物对CYP3A4的影响，未来需进行真实世界研究，探讨治疗剂量下在精神疾病患者群体中联合用药可能存在的风险。
xanomeline-trospium（KarXT）
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毒蕈碱受体激动剂xanomeline有抗精神病的特性，没有多巴胺受体阻断活性，但会引起胆碱能不良反应；trospium是一种外周限制性毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂，可减少xanomeline的外周胆碱能效应［23］。因此这种复合剂型既具有抗精神病作用，又减少了外周胆碱能不良反应，KarXT可能代表着一类基于毒蕈碱受体激动剂的新型抗精神病药。
一项为期5周的双盲安慰剂对照临床研究中，KarXT组（n=88，xanomeline 50 mg/trospium 20 mg bid，可增至xanomeline 100 mg/trospium 20 mg bid，可继续增至xanomeline 125 mg/trospium 30 mg bid，具体剂量视患者耐受性而定）和安慰剂组（n=90）的精神分裂症患者PANSS减分分别为17.4分和5.9分，且服用KarXT的患者临床总体印象-严重程度量表得分也比安慰剂组低［23］。另一项同样给药方法的安慰剂对照临床试验也发现，使用KarXT 5周后患者（n=72）的PANSS减分明显优于使用安慰剂的患者（n=76）［24］。WEIDEN等［25］进行的为期5周的临床试验发现，相比于安慰剂组（n=87），KarXT组（n=83）早在服药2周时就表现出了临床疗效，不仅PANSS减分要优于安慰剂组，而且患者在阳性症状、阴性症状、思维混乱、不受控制的敌意和焦虑/抑郁评分上均有改善。上诉三项给药方法和剂量相同的Ⅱ期临床试验的结果均表明KarXT的疗效优于安慰剂，该结果还需进一步在Ⅲ期临床试验中证实。
在安全性方面，临床研究发现，KarXT常见的不良反应是便秘、恶心、口干、消化不良和呕吐，其中嗜睡、体重增加、躁动和锥体外系症状的发生率与安慰剂相似［23］。另一项临床研究也指出，KarXT主要的不良反应是轻到中度的胃肠道症状，如恶心、便秘、口干、消化不良，且大多数不良反应是短暂的［24］。没有观察到KarXT与体重、代谢参数、生命体征有关的不良反应［26］。可见，KarXT在为期5周的Ⅱ期临床试验中耐受性良好，只观察到轻到中度的消化道不良反应，长期应用会产生何种不良反应还有待在更长时间的临床研究中进一步观察。
pimavanserin（ACP-103）
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pimavanserin是一种选择性的5-HT2A/2C受体反向激动剂，是美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）唯一批准用于治疗帕金森病精神病性障碍的药物，近年来也在不断探索其在其他精神障碍中的疗效。
pimavanserin可显著改善帕金森病精神病性障碍患者的阳性症状，不会损害患者的运动功能和认知功能［27, 28］，并且可以降低患者的死亡率［29, 30］。也有研究发现，pimavanserin对精神分裂症阴性症状也有改善作用，且未观察到明显药物相关不良反应［31］，将pimavanserin与目前常用抗精神病药联用，也不会导致QTc间期延长［32］。一项为期12周的随机双盲安慰剂对照临床研究发现，每日给予pimavanserin 34 mg，在精神病性症状严重程度较高（神经精神量表疗养院版精神病评分≥12分）的阿尔茨海默病患者中疗效显著，且耐受性良好，不良反应中尿路感染、跌倒、激越最常见［33］。一项为期10周的Ⅱ期临床试验发现，每日给予pimavanserin 34 mg作为辅助抗抑郁药物与选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂/5-HT和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂（SSRI/SNRI）类药物联用，可显著降低重度抑郁症患者的汉密尔顿抑郁量表得分［34］；但在其他Ⅲ期临床试验中发现，尽管耐受性良好，辅助治疗并不能显著改善抑郁症状［35］，因此其用于辅助治疗抑郁方面的疗效还有待进一步研究。5-HT2A受体可能在焦虑和情绪记忆中发挥作用，动物实验发现，pimavanserin可以通过反向激动此受体逆转创伤后应激障碍小鼠持续的应激效应［36］，该结果有待在临床试验中进一步验证。
尽管近期针对pimavanserin的研究多数表明其在改善阳性、阴性精神病性症状中疗效好，耐受性好，不良反应少，但既往也有研究报道pimavanserin具有增加老年患者死亡率和增加患者QTc间期延长的潜在风险。因此，近期MA等［37］设计并合成了一系列新型pimavanserin衍生物，其中化合物7-16表现出比pimavanserin高50倍的5-HT2A受体拮抗活性和高23倍的反向激动活性，体内功能活性提高了4倍，并且具有良好的安全性，该衍生物未来有望成为新的治疗帕金森病精神病性障碍的药物。
综上，pimavanserin对于帕金森病精神病性障碍患者的阳性症状疗效较好，且不会损害患者的运动和认知功能。近年来也发现该药对阿尔茨海默病患者的精神病性症状有效，似乎也可用于重度抑郁障碍的辅助治疗和创伤后应激障碍的治疗，但这些新的发现仍缺乏足够的临床试验支持。
小结
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总而言之，SEP-363856、BI-425809、KarXT、pimavanserin等新型抗精神病药在作用机制、临床作用谱、安全性和耐受性方面与目前临床上常用的抗精神病药存在明显差异，在治疗精神分裂症阳性症状、阴性症状、认知缺陷症状方面存在各自的优势，且较少引起锥体外系不良反应、抗胆碱能不良反应及代谢方面的不良反应。对于新药来说，普遍需要更长期的临床试验来验证其在精神障碍患者长期治疗中的作用。未来需要进一步研究更加高效的新药，探索合理的给药途径和方式，将新型药物与目前已有的有效药物一起合理使用，最大限度增加药物的疗效，降低药物的不良反应。
文献
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.04
  • 接收时间：2023-06-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-15
  • 录用日期：2024-02-20
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    济宁医学院精神卫生学院，山东　济宁　272067

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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