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Article(id=1241768179437998711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673366400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709568000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-05, onlineDate=1773990204915, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1716566400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990204915, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990204915, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990204915, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768176522957402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='321', pageEnd='400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990204220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992176593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776449330414548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241768176522957402, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=354, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768180327191171, articleId=1241768179437998711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=An empirical study on influencing factors of part-time drug inspector’s willingness to inspection based on psychological contract, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influencing factors of the willingness of part-time drug inspectors.

METHODS

Based on the psychological contract theory, the questionnaire survey was conducted with samples of part-time drug inspectors from 13 cities in Jiangsu Province, and the factors influencing the willingness of part-time drug inspectors to inspect were analyzed from three dimensions of transactional, relational and developmental psychological contract.

RESULTS

A total of 212 questionnaires were distributed and 212 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. There was a significant and positive correlation between the three dimensions of psychological contract and the willingness to inspection（P<0.05）. Among them, the relational dimension had the greatest influence, the developmental dimension was the second, and the transaction dimension was the smallest.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that inspection agencies should establish the development path, strengthen the incentive and affirmation, establish and improve the system guarantee of part-time drug inspectors, so as to improve the willingness of part-time drug inspectors for inspection.

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目的

探究兼职药品检查员出检的影响因素。

方法

基于心理契约理论，以江苏省13个地市的兼职药品检查员为样本进行问卷调查，从心理契约交易型、关系型和发展型3个维度分析兼职药品检查员出检意愿的影响因素。

结果

共发放问卷212份，回收有效问卷212份，有效回收率为100%。心理契约的3个维度均与出检意愿之间存在显著相关性（P<0.05），且呈正相关，其中关系型维度影响最大，发展型维度次之，交易型维度最小。

结论

建议检查派出机构建立兼职药品检查员发展路径、加强对兼职药品检查员的激励肯定、建立健全制度保障，以提升兼职药品检查员的出检意愿。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
茅宁莹
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王雪雅，女，硕士在读，主要从事社会与管理药学的研究，E-mail: 。

茅宁莹，女，教授，博士生导师，博士，主要从事医药科技创新政策、罕见病药物政策的研究，E-mail:

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王雪雅，女，硕士在读，主要从事社会与管理药学的研究，E-mail: 。

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王雪雅，女，硕士在读，主要从事社会与管理药学的研究，E-mail: 。

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茅宁莹，女，教授，博士生导师，博士，主要从事医药科技创新政策、罕见病药物政策的研究，E-mail:

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茅宁莹，女，教授，博士生导师，博士，主要从事医药科技创新政策、罕见病药物政策的研究，E-mail:

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Psychological contract in employment relationship: from the dual perspective of organization and employees, the cognitive differences of“organizational responsibility” in contract are investigated[J].Manag World, 2006（11）: 101-110, 151., articleTitle=Psychological contract in employment relationship: from the dual perspective of organization and employees, the cognitive differences of“organizational responsibility” in contract are investigated, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822636284645698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=94, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=庄 辉, 杨成勇, 肖连立, journalName=中国食品药品监管, refType=null, unstructuredReference=庄 辉, 杨成勇, 肖连立, 等. 从职业化专业化角度论药品检查员队伍建设[J]. 中国食品药品监管, 2022（12）: 94-99., articleTitle=从职业化专业化角度论药品检查员队伍建设, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822636385308995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=94, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ZHUANG H, YANG CY, XIAO LL, journalName=China Food Drug Adm Mag, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHUANG H, YANG CY, XIAO LL, et al. Discussion of the building of drug inspector team from the perspective of professionalization and specialization[J]. 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The enlightenment of the training framework of drug inspectors in the United States to China[J].Chin Pharm Aff, 2021, 35（2）: 221-226., articleTitle=The enlightenment of the training framework of drug inspectors in the United States to China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822636657938759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=9, pageStart=984, pageEnd=989, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=游正琴, 刘 震, 王 俊, journalName=中国药事, refType=null, unstructuredReference=游正琴, 刘 震, 王 俊. 贵州省省级职业化专业化药品检查员队伍的现状分析与建议[J]. 中国药事, 2022, 36（9）:984-989., articleTitle=贵州省省级职业化专业化药品检查员队伍的现状分析与建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822636720853320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=9, pageStart=984, pageEnd=989, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=YOU ZQ, LIU Z, WANG J, journalName=Chin Pharm Aff, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOU ZQ, LIU Z, WANG J. Analysis and suggestions on the current situation of building a professional and specialized provincial drug inspector team[J]. Chin Pharm Aff, 2022, 36（9）:984-989., articleTitle=Analysis and suggestions on the current situation of building a professional and specialized provincial drug inspector team, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241822634573369643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, awardId=BR2022068, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省科技厅软科学项目(BR2022068), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241822634636284204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, awardId=22JZB002, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省社科基金一般项目(22JZB002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241822634699198765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, awardId=22SYB-036, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省精品工程项目(22SYB-036), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241822631029182729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241822631037571338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, companyId=1241822631029182729, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241822631041765643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, companyId=1241822631029182729, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国药科大学国际医药商学院，江苏　南京　211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241822632497189155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度维度说明影响因素题项描述
交易型企业为雇员提供经济、物
质等利益，员工承担基
本的工作责任和要求		出检薪酬
兼职药品检查员制度保障
软硬件设备等工具或资源		A1.从事检查工作，有合理的出检薪酬；
A2.从事检查工作，检查派出机构有较为完善的保障制度；
A3.从事检查工作，检查派出机构提供了便于检查的软硬件设备等
良好工作条件
关系型员工与组织关注双方各自
的长期的、稳定的关系		领导、同事关系融洽，检查过程中
能得到帮助
肯定检查工作中作出的贡献和成绩
检查派出机构对兼职药品检查员的
关心、尊重和重视		B1.参与检查过程中与领导、同事关系融洽，并且能得到他人的指
导帮助；
B2.检查派出机构能肯定并表扬在检查工作中做出的贡献或成绩；
B3.从事兼职检查工作，能感受到检查派出机构对兼职检查员的尊
重、关心和重视
发展型组织注重职业生涯发展及
个人能力提升，并且员
工努力为企业的发展作
出自身贡献		检查员学习和培训
参与挑战性检查工作
提高检查能力
自主表达检查想法
检查员职业晋升路径		C1.在检查派出机构能获得较多的学习培训机会；
C2.参与的检查工作有一定挑战性；
C3.参与检查工作，能发挥个人所长并能提高检查能力；
C4.参与检查工作，能自主表达对检查结果的想法；
C5.检查派出机构有较好的职业发展途径
), ArticleFig(id=1241822632585269540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

兼职药品检查员心理契约的影响因素和心理契约量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度维度说明影响因素题项描述
交易型企业为雇员提供经济、物
质等利益，员工承担基
本的工作责任和要求		出检薪酬
兼职药品检查员制度保障
软硬件设备等工具或资源		A1.从事检查工作，有合理的出检薪酬；
A2.从事检查工作，检查派出机构有较为完善的保障制度；
A3.从事检查工作，检查派出机构提供了便于检查的软硬件设备等
良好工作条件
关系型员工与组织关注双方各自
的长期的、稳定的关系		领导、同事关系融洽，检查过程中
能得到帮助
肯定检查工作中作出的贡献和成绩
检查派出机构对兼职药品检查员的
关心、尊重和重视		B1.参与检查过程中与领导、同事关系融洽，并且能得到他人的指
导帮助；
B2.检查派出机构能肯定并表扬在检查工作中做出的贡献或成绩；
B3.从事兼职检查工作，能感受到检查派出机构对兼职检查员的尊
重、关心和重视
发展型组织注重职业生涯发展及
个人能力提升，并且员
工努力为企业的发展作
出自身贡献		检查员学习和培训
参与挑战性检查工作
提高检查能力
自主表达检查想法
检查员职业晋升路径		C1.在检查派出机构能获得较多的学习培训机会；
C2.参与的检查工作有一定挑战性；
C3.参与检查工作，能发挥个人所长并能提高检查能力；
C4.参与检查工作，能自主表达对检查结果的想法；
C5.检查派出机构有较好的职业发展途径
), ArticleFig(id=1241822632652378405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数占比/%
本职工作a行政管理类12056.6
技术支持类10850.9
检查员层级初级7937.3
中级8540.1
高级3014.1
专家级188.5
从事药品检查工作的年限<1年00
1~<3年4119.3
3~<5年6229.2
5~<10年5425.5
≥10年5526.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822632711098662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

兼职药品检查员的基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数占比/%
本职工作a行政管理类12056.6
技术支持类10850.9
检查员层级初级7937.3
中级8540.1
高级3014.1
专家级188.5
从事药品检查工作的年限<1年00
1~<3年4119.3
3~<5年6229.2
5~<10年5425.5
≥10年5526.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822632786596135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度编号极小值/分极小值得分率/%极大值/分极大值得分率/%均值/分标准差方差
交易型3.920.6760.461
A110.9510.83.790.7590.577
A210.958.53.850.6580.433
A310.9521.74.130.6120.374
关系型3.970.5360.288
B110.9510.83.990.5610.315
B220.9510.83.940.5480.300
B320.9510.83.990.4990.249
发展型3.430.9160.851
C113.354.23.530.8390.705
C216.653.33.470.9940.988
C314.254.23.540.9020.813
C519.950.92.991.0681.141
), ArticleFig(id=1241822632853705000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

心理契约量表各维度得分情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度编号极小值/分极小值得分率/%极大值/分极大值得分率/%均值/分标准差方差
交易型3.920.6760.461
A110.9510.83.790.7590.577
A210.958.53.850.6580.433
A310.9521.74.130.6120.374
关系型3.970.5360.288
B110.9510.83.990.5610.315
B220.9510.83.940.5480.300
B320.9510.83.990.4990.249
发展型3.430.9160.851
C113.354.23.530.8390.705
C216.653.33.470.9940.988
C314.254.23.540.9020.813
C519.950.92.991.0681.141
), ArticleFig(id=1241822634359460137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241768179437998711, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目非标准化系数βtP
B标准误
常量0.1210.4320.2810.779
A20.2050.0790.1652.5770.011
B20.4490.0970.2984.641<0.001
C50.2730.0480.3455.665<0.001
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基于心理契约理论的兼职药品检查员出检意愿影响因素实证研究
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王雪雅 , 贾琪 , 茅宁莹
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(5): 354-359
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(5): 354-359
基于心理契约理论的兼职药品检查员出检意愿影响因素实证研究
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王雪雅 , 贾琪, 茅宁莹
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学国际医药商学院，江苏　南京　211198

    • 王雪雅，女，硕士在读，主要从事社会与管理药学的研究，E-mail: 。

    茅宁莹，女，教授，博士生导师，博士，主要从事医药科技创新政策、罕见病药物政策的研究，E-mail:

通讯作者:

茅宁莹
An empirical study on influencing factors of part-time drug inspector’s willingness to inspection based on psychological contract
Xue-ya WANG , Qi JIA, Ning-ying MAO
Affiliations
  • School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07
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摘要
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目的

探究兼职药品检查员出检的影响因素。

方法

基于心理契约理论，以江苏省13个地市的兼职药品检查员为样本进行问卷调查，从心理契约交易型、关系型和发展型3个维度分析兼职药品检查员出检意愿的影响因素。

结果

共发放问卷212份，回收有效问卷212份，有效回收率为100%。心理契约的3个维度均与出检意愿之间存在显著相关性（P<0.05），且呈正相关，其中关系型维度影响最大，发展型维度次之，交易型维度最小。

结论

建议检查派出机构建立兼职药品检查员发展路径、加强对兼职药品检查员的激励肯定、建立健全制度保障，以提升兼职药品检查员的出检意愿。

心理契约  /  影响因素  /  调查和问卷  /  兼职药品检查员

In order to explore the influencing factors of the willingness of part-time drug inspectors.

METHODS

Based on the psychological contract theory, the questionnaire survey was conducted with samples of part-time drug inspectors from 13 cities in Jiangsu Province, and the factors influencing the willingness of part-time drug inspectors to inspect were analyzed from three dimensions of transactional, relational and developmental psychological contract.

RESULTS

A total of 212 questionnaires were distributed and 212 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. There was a significant and positive correlation between the three dimensions of psychological contract and the willingness to inspection（P<0.05）. Among them, the relational dimension had the greatest influence, the developmental dimension was the second, and the transaction dimension was the smallest.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that inspection agencies should establish the development path, strengthen the incentive and affirmation, establish and improve the system guarantee of part-time drug inspectors, so as to improve the willingness of part-time drug inspectors for inspection.

psychological contract  /  influencing factors  /  surveys and questionnaires  /  part-time drug inspector
王雪雅, 贾琪, 茅宁莹. 基于心理契约理论的兼职药品检查员出检意愿影响因素实证研究. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (5) : 354 -359 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07
Xue-ya WANG, Qi JIA, Ning-ying MAO. An empirical study on influencing factors of part-time drug inspector’s willingness to inspection based on psychological contract[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (5) : 354 -359 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07
正文
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药品检查员是药品检查工作的核心载体，是加强药品监管、保障药品安全的重要支撑力量。国家药品监督管理局内部数据显示，我国各省份兼职药品检查员数量较大，占比在九成以上。可见，兼职药品检查员在药品检查员队伍中发挥着重要作用。但是受本职工作等的影响，兼职检查员派出较为困难［1］。江苏省药品监督管理局2019年关于药品检查员出勤出检的统计数据显示，超半数兼职药品检查员2019年全年未派出检查，兼职药品检查员的出检率有待提高。对此，有学者建议可从设置药品检查员职业序列、实施分级管理、完善人员培训考核、构建独立职业发展渠道、重塑职业立场和培养职业理想等方面对药品检查员加大激励力度，提高其出检率［2-4］，但是这些研究未对专职和兼职检查员进行区分，也较少考虑到检查员的主观意愿。出检意愿是检查派出机构和兼职药品检查员之间一种无形的期望，提升兼职检查员出检意愿，有利于提高兼职检查员出检率，完成检查任务，这与社会心理学理论中的心理契约理论相契合。心理契约能够反映组织与员工相互所抱持的心理期望，组织与员工之间的良好心理契约，有利于维持员工的高昂士气，使组织充满活力，从而有助于实现组织目标［5］。心理契约理论多用于研究员工工作满意度［6］、工作绩效［7］、敬业度［8］和离职意向［9］的影响因素，侧重于研究组织与员工之间的责任和义务，能够反映员工的个人意愿。为探讨我国兼职药品检查员出检意愿的影响因素，提升兼职药品检查员的出检积极性，本研究基于心理契约理论，从交易型、关系型和发展型3个维度对影响心理契约的因素进行了分析，并提出对策建议，以期为我国兼职药品检查员的管理和检查员队伍的建设提供参考，进而提升药品监管水平，保障人民用药安全。
资料与方法
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调查对象
本研究采用简单随机抽样法，以江苏省兼职药品检查员为研究对象。江苏省药品监督管理局2019年关于兼职药品检查员的统计数据显示，截至2019年底，江苏省共有兼职药品检查员1 228人，占全部药品检查员的95.86%。本研究从江苏省药品监督管理局人事处获取了其中751位检查员信息，通过电话沟通确定了愿意接受问卷调查的兼职药品检查员共212位。
本研究中的兼职药品检查员是指在江苏省药品监督管理局相关处室、审评中心、审核查验中心、省所属药品检查分局、各市市场监督管理局、科研机构、高等院校等有本职工作且兼职从事药品检查工作的人员，排除在江苏省药品检查机构专门从事药品检查的专职药品检查员。
问卷设计及内容
本问卷分为兼职药品检查员的基本信息、心理契约量表和出检意愿调查表三部分：（1）基本信息部分包括研究对象的本职工作职责、检查层级及从事药品检查工作的年限。（2）心理契约量表根据影响兼职药品检查员心理契约的因素设置题项。根据ROBINSON等［10］和李原等［11］的研究结果，组织中员工的心理契约受公平的工资、有吸引力的福利、充分的工具和资源、稳定的工作保障、良好的上下级关系、支持性的工作环境、领导对员工的支持帮助和欣赏程度、领导对员工的尊重关心和重视、成长和晋升机会、学习机会、工作能发挥所长、工作自主且能参与决策、工作具有挑战性等因素影响，本研究在上述因素的基础上，结合兼职药品检查员的职业特点，并根据相关专家的咨询意见进行针对性修改，最终确定了“兼职药品检查员心理契约的影响因素和心理契约量表”（表1）。其中，兼职药品检查员心理契约的影响因素包含3个维度——交易型、关系型、发展型，共计11个子维度（影响因素）。（3）出检意愿的题目为“基于目前情况，您作为兼职检查员，具有强烈的出检意愿”。问卷中，心理契约量表和出检意愿的选项均分为“非常不符合”“比较不符合”“不确定”“比较符合”“非常符合”5个层次，分别记1~5分，得分越高，表明兼职药品检查员认为检查派出机构在该心理契约维度尽到更多责任或提供更多保障，或兼职药品检查员的出检意愿越高。
预调研和问卷收集
在调查问卷正式发放之前，本研究对形成的问卷进行了预调研，采用简单随机抽样的方式，利用问卷星小程序通过网络向愿意接受调查的兼职药品检查员发放了30份问卷，收回有效数据30份，最终剔除了不满足信度检验的题项C4“参与检查工作，能自主表达对检查结果的想法”。最终得到的正式问卷共包含14个题项。通过短信、微信等渠道向研究对象发送问卷链接并进行回收，将作答时间过短（<1 min）的问卷视为无效问卷。将回收的问卷导入到Excel 2021版和SPSS 26.0软件进行数据整理。
统计学方法
采用Excel 2021版和SPSS 26.0软件对收集到的数据进行统计分析。采用Cronbach检验对心理契约量表各维度的题项进行信度检验，Cronbach’α>0.7表示问卷可靠性较高；采用KMO和Bartlett球形检验评估数据是否适合因子分析，若KMO>0.5，Bartlett的球形度检验P<0.05，表示问卷适合进行因子分析；采用主成分分析法进行因子提取，若提取的因子累计方差贡献率>70%，表明量表结构效度好。以心理契约的3个维度为自变量，即交易型维度（X1）、关系型维度（X2）、发展型维度（X3），以兼职药品检查员的出检意愿（Y）为因变量，研究3个维度以及各维度影响因素对兼职药品检查员出检意愿的影响。显著性水准α=0.05。
结果
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信效度分析
本研究对心理契约量表各维度的题项进行Cronbach信度检验，结果显示，3个维度和总体的信度系数Cronbach’ α均大于0.7，表示该量表的可靠性较高。KMO和Bartlett球形检验结果显示，KMO值为0.817，Bartlett的球形度检验值为356.331（P<0.001），说明各题项间的相关性较好，适合进行因子分析。本研究采用主成分分析法对心理契约量表进行因子分析，结果当提取3个因子时，累计方差贡献率为70.22%，说明该量表结构效度较好。因子旋转后的成分矩阵分析结果显示，A1、A2、A3共享1个因子，B1、B2、B3共享1个因子，C1、C2、C3、C5共享1个因子，与心理契约量表中交易型、关系型、发展型3个结构维度相符。
兼职药品检查员的基本情况
本研究最终发放问卷212份，回收有效问卷212份，有效回收率为100%。受访者的本职工作类型、检查员层级、从事药品检查工作的年限等基本情况见表2。如表2所示，受访的兼职药品检查员中，本职工作为行政管理类和技术支持类的比例接近，大多数为初级和中级检查员，高级和专家级检查员检查员较少，且从事药品检查工作的年限都在1年以上。
兼职药品检查员心理契约量表调查结果
受访者心理契约量表各维度得分情况见表3。由表3可见，关系型维度得分均值最高，即检查派出机构对兼职药品检查员在关系型维度上的心理契约履行程度最高，且方差最小，表明该维度题项中受访者的选择较为集中；交易型维度的得分均值次于关系型，但这一维度的极大值得分率较高，方差也较大，表明在这一维度的题项上，受访者的选择较为分散；发展型维度的得分均值最低，表明检查派出机构对兼职药品检查员在发展型维度上的心理契约履行程度最低，该维度极大值得分率最低，方差也最大，反映出受访者在这一维度题项上的选择非常分散。
兼职药品检查员出检意愿调查结果
出检意愿的平均得分为（3.5±0.8）分，可见受访兼职药品检查员总体出检意愿一般，但均值以下人数为148人，占总人数的69.8%，反映出大部分兼职药品检查员的出检积极性不高。兼职药品检查员出检意愿方差为0.68，数值的波动程度较大，表明受访的兼职药品检查员的出检意愿程度有较大不同。
回归分析
由于每个维度下都存在3~4个变量，因此本研究尝试用每个维度中最能解释该维度的变量代替该维度，即用每个维度因子旋转后成分最大值的题项代替该维度，从而将回归分析中的自变量提取成3个，再与因变量进行回归分析。结果，交易型维度中A2项成分值最高，关系型维度中B2项成分值最高，发展型维度中C5项成分值最高，故将上述3组数据与出检意愿（Y）进行多元回归，得到的相关系数R2为0.252，介于0~1之间，可进行回归分析。回归分析结果显示，心理契约的3个维度都与兼职药品检查员的出检意愿高度相关（P<0.05，表4），且呈显著正相关性。线性回归数学模型可以表示为Y=0.205X1+0.449X2+0.273X3+0.121。可见，兼职药品检查员心理契约得分越高，即检查派出机构对其的责任履行程度越高，兼职药品检查员的出检意愿越高；其中，关系型维度对其出检意愿的影响程度最大，发展型维度的影响次之，交易型维度影响最小。
讨论
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与专职检查员相比，兼职检查员是在已有本职工作的基础上兼职从事药品检查工作。因此，在兼职检查员已有本职工作收入的情况下，不能仅仅从出检薪酬等经济物质角度对其进行激励，更要重视其内心情感的诉求。本研究从心理契约理论着手，探究了兼职药品检查员对于出检的个人意愿及影响因素，结果发现，心理契约的各维度与兼职检查员的出检意愿呈正相关，即增强检查派出机构对兼职检查员心理契约各维度的责任履行程度，有助于提升兼职检查员的出检率。其中，关系型心理契约对兼职检查员出检意愿影响最大，发展型次之，交易型维度最小。可见，兼职检查员在从事药品检查工作时，最重视与检查派出机构的良好关系，机构对兼职检查员检查工作的认可和充满人文关怀的工作环境，能够使兼职检查员对兼职单位和检查员身份产生认同感和归属感，从情感层面上更愿意出检。同时，兼职检查员也较为关注职业发展和个人成长，希望在本职工作之外，有更多的上升或晋升途径，可以进一步提升工作能力，继而推进检查工作的顺利进行。此外，检查派出机构提供的经济、物质等因素，也能增强检查工作对兼职检查员的吸引力；完善的保障制度和合理的薪酬设置，有助于打消兼职检查员从事检查工作时的后顾之忧。本次调查显示，检查派出机构对兼职检查员关系型心理契约的责任履行程度最高，交易型维度次之；而发展型维度作为兼职检查员出检第二大影响因素，其整体履行度偏低。这提示，检查派出机构应重点关注兼职药品检查员的职业发展，同时兼顾与兼职检查员的互动关系以及对兼职检查员的物质经济利益保障。基于此，本研究提出以下建议。
1 检查派出机构应重点完善兼职检查员职业发展路径，培养兼职检查员的检查能力 从本研究心理契约量表的得分结果可以看出，检查派出机构对兼职检查员发展型心理契约的责任履行程度偏低，其中C5“检查派出机构有较好的职业发展途径”项得分最低，提示检查派出机构今后应重点完善兼职检查员的职业发展和个人成长途径。药品检查工作侧重于药品生产风险研判和合规确认，药品检查员在职业晋升方面与其他从事药品研发的专业技术人员相比不具备优势，缺乏清晰的职业成长通道［12］。考虑到兼职检查员已有本职工作，检查派出机构可以建立不同层级检查员与事业单位专业技术岗位等级对应机制，合理设定专业技术岗位数量，满足兼职药品检查员队伍发展需要；并积极探索兼职检查员参加相应职称评审的制度机制，例如，对于在检查工作中表现优秀的兼职药品检查员，可允许其申请转为同等职级的专职检查员，实现兼职检查员职业双通道发展［13］。
“较多的学习培训机会”和“提高检查能力”也是兼职检查员在职业发展中比较关注的方面。本次调查结果显示，这两项的得分情况大致相同，但整体偏低，有学者也提出我国药品检查员缺乏专业化培训，且现有培训内容过于碎片化，培训模式倾向“纸面化”，培训师资也不足［14］。建议检查派出机构成立由资深兼职检查员、政府相关工作人员、企业技术人员、高校教师组成的培训师资团队，并建立兼职检查员分级培训体系，根据兼职检查员的层级设置相对应的分级课程，教授相应的检查知识，从而方便各级兼职检查员有针对性地查漏补缺提升能力［15］；在培训方式上，采用线上学习和线下脱产培训、带教检查相结合的方式，培训考核成绩可纳入兼职检查员评级，也可作为本职单位晋升和年终考核的参考。
2 检查派出机构应关注对兼职检查员的激励肯定，兼顾出检保障 检查派出机构与兼职检查员之间长期稳定的互动关系，以及检查派出机构为兼职检查员提供的物质、经济利益保障，都能正向提升兼职检查员的出检意愿。本次调查显示，检查派出机构对关系型和交易型维度的履行程度较发展型维度高，但仍有较大提升空间。尤其是派出机构和兼职检查员之间良好的互动关系对出检意愿的影响最大，建议检查派出机构加强对兼职检查员的激励肯定，构建长期稳定的关系。例如，检查派出机构可建立激励制度，对于表现优秀的兼职检查员可考虑在职级晋升、年终考核等方面予以倾斜，提高兼职检查员的成就感；或开展“年度优秀兼职药品检查员”评比，对优秀检查员进行发文表彰，在本职单位通报表扬，或利用官方网站等进行宣传，提高兼职检查员从事药品检查的职业荣誉感；或摸清兼职药品检查员的实际诉求，缓解其心理压力；或通过开展优秀兼职药品检查员讲座、树立榜样等形式的价值观融合活动，增强兼职检查员对于工作的认同感和信任感。
此外，问卷调研显示，在检查派出机构对兼职检查员提供的物质、经济条件中，“合理的出检薪酬”和“较为完善的保障制度”两项得分偏低。薪酬待遇水平未与检查工作难易程度、任务量挂钩，检查基础设施不能有效满足检查工作需求，均不利于推进我国检查员队伍的建设［15］。建议检查派出机构应明确兼职检查员的身份、职责、权利和义务等，加强对兼职检查员的管理和监督，建立健全兼职检查员制度保障；根据各省份专职检查员的薪酬标准，并结合地方经济水平和检查任务难度优化保障薪酬结构体系，调动兼职检查员的工作积极性；对于年度考核为优秀的兼职药品检查员，再给予适当奖励，增加一线检查人员的津贴补贴，鼓励兼职检查员挑战自己，完成高难度高风险的检查任务［14］。同时，进一步完善兼职药品检查员参与检查所需的检查设备；在软件方面，检查派出机构可以建立检查信息查询系统，将各类检查的要点事项、该检查区域内企业的检查信息等进行统计整理，方便兼职检查员利用“线上了解+线下实施”的方法，做到有侧重点地开展检查，提高检查效率；在硬件方面，可为兼职检查员配置便携的检查仪器、执法车、检查员制服等，便于其开展检查工作。
兼职药品检查员目前在我国药品安全隐患排查和群众用药安全保障方面发挥着重要作用，从心理层面探究兼职检查员出检的影响因素，对于提升兼职检查员出检率、加强药品检查员队伍管理建设有着积极意义。由于本研究调查对象只纳入了江苏省的兼职药品检查员，区域性较强，样本量有限，今后可以考虑扩大样本量，在全国范围内开展调查，从而获取更为全面准确的兼职药品检查员出检影响因素情况，以更有针对性地提升我国兼职药品检查员出检率，加强我国药品质量安全。
基金
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  • 江苏省科技厅软科学项目(BR2022068)
  • 江苏省社科基金一般项目(22JZB002)
  • 江苏省精品工程项目(22SYB-036)
文献
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07
  • 接收时间：2023-01-11
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-11
  • 录用日期：2024-03-05
基金
江苏省科技厅软科学项目(BR2022068)
江苏省社科基金一般项目(22JZB002)
江苏省精品工程项目(22SYB-036)
作者信息
    中国药科大学国际医药商学院，江苏　南京　211198

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茅宁莹
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgxyylczz/CN/10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.07
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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