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There are many factors affecting the prognosis of tumor patients, and the related mechanisms are still unclear, among which anesthetics also have certain influence on the prognosis of tumor patients. Benzodiazepines are widely used in surgical anesthesia for tumor patients due to their sedative properties. Previous studies have found that diazepam and midazolam can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and induce apoptosis or necrosis. In addition, midazolam can also stabilize the perioperative state of patients, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, and thus improve the prognosis of patients. Remimazolam can improve the prognosis of tumor patients by alleviating intraoperative stress and immunosuppression. The direct effect of remimazolam on the prognosis of these tumor patients and the related mechanisms need to be further explored.

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影响肿瘤患者预后的因素较多,且相关机制尚不明确,其中麻醉药物对肿瘤患者的预后也有一定的影响。苯二氮䓬类药物因其镇静特性被广泛用于肿瘤患者的手术麻醉,已有研究发现地西泮和咪达唑仑可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡或坏死。此外,咪达唑仑还能稳定患者围术期状态、提高化疗药物疗效,进而改善患者预后。瑞马唑仑可通过减轻肿瘤患者手术应激反应和免疫抑制作用改善患者预后,其对肿瘤患者预后的直接影响及相关机制需进一步探讨。

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王迎斌
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刘艳,女,硕士在读,主要从事围术期器官保护的研究,E-mail:

王迎斌,男,主任医师,硕士生导师,博士,主要从事围术期器官保护、疼痛机制与治疗的研究,E-mail:

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苯二氮䓬类药物对肿瘤患者预后影响的研究进展
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刘艳 1, 2 , 王迎斌 2 , 张丽 1, 2 , 曹璐 1, 2 , 张伟 1, 2 , 李欣舫 1, 2 , 郭嘉 1, 2 , 张晶玉 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(5): 321-326
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(5): 321-326
苯二氮䓬类药物对肿瘤患者预后影响的研究进展
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刘艳1, 2 , 王迎斌2 , 张丽1, 2, 曹璐1, 2, 张伟1, 2, 李欣舫1, 2, 郭嘉1, 2, 张晶玉2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学第二临床医学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.兰州大学第二医院 麻醉科,甘肃 兰州 730030
  • 刘艳,女,硕士在读,主要从事围术期器官保护的研究,E-mail:

    王迎斌,男,主任医师,硕士生导师,博士,主要从事围术期器官保护、疼痛机制与治疗的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王迎斌
Research progress in effects of benzodiazepines on prognosis of tumor patients
Yan LIU1, 2 , Ying-bin WANG2 , Li ZHANG1, 2, Lu CAO1, 2, Wei ZHANG1, 2, Xin-fang LI1, 2, Jia GUO1, 2, Jing-yu ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou GANSU 730000, China
  • 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou GANSU 730030, China
出版时间: 2024-05-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.01
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影响肿瘤患者预后的因素较多,且相关机制尚不明确,其中麻醉药物对肿瘤患者的预后也有一定的影响。苯二氮䓬类药物因其镇静特性被广泛用于肿瘤患者的手术麻醉,已有研究发现地西泮和咪达唑仑可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡或坏死。此外,咪达唑仑还能稳定患者围术期状态、提高化疗药物疗效,进而改善患者预后。瑞马唑仑可通过减轻肿瘤患者手术应激反应和免疫抑制作用改善患者预后,其对肿瘤患者预后的直接影响及相关机制需进一步探讨。

苯二氮䓬类  /  肿瘤  /  地西泮  /  咪达唑仑  /  瑞马唑仑

There are many factors affecting the prognosis of tumor patients, and the related mechanisms are still unclear, among which anesthetics also have certain influence on the prognosis of tumor patients. Benzodiazepines are widely used in surgical anesthesia for tumor patients due to their sedative properties. Previous studies have found that diazepam and midazolam can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and induce apoptosis or necrosis. In addition, midazolam can also stabilize the perioperative state of patients, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs, and thus improve the prognosis of patients. Remimazolam can improve the prognosis of tumor patients by alleviating intraoperative stress and immunosuppression. The direct effect of remimazolam on the prognosis of these tumor patients and the related mechanisms need to be further explored.

benzodiazepines  /  neoplasms  /  diazepam  /  midazolam  /  remimazolam
刘艳, 王迎斌, 张丽, 曹璐, 张伟, 李欣舫, 郭嘉, 张晶玉. 苯二氮䓬类药物对肿瘤患者预后影响的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (5) : 321 -326 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.01
Yan LIU, Ying-bin WANG, Li ZHANG, Lu CAO, Wei ZHANG, Xin-fang LI, Jia GUO, Jing-yu ZHANG. Research progress in effects of benzodiazepines on prognosis of tumor patients[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (5) : 321 -326 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.01
研究显示,预计2040年的全球新发肿瘤患者例数将达到2 840万,较2020年的增加47%1,肿瘤作为引起死亡的主要疾病之一,对患者及社会造成严重的经济负担。手术是绝大多数原发性肿瘤及实体肿瘤患者治疗的首选方式,有80%以上的肿瘤患者在肿瘤治疗期间需要通过麻醉进行相关诊断和治疗2,但手术及相应的麻醉过程会激活下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、交感神经系统和某些肿瘤源性因素,可能会促进肿瘤微扩散和临床转移3-5。此外,肿瘤患者易在术前产生焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,会导致免疫系统功能紊乱,不利于患者预后6。苯二氮䓬类(benzodiazepines,BZDs)药物因其独特的顺行性遗忘作用,常同阿片类镇痛药、肌肉松弛(肌松)药等联合用于全身麻醉。近年来,包括BZDs在内的麻醉药物对肿瘤患者预后的影响成为业内关注的热点。笔者总结临床常用的BZDs药物对肿瘤患者预后的影响及相关机制,以期为肿瘤患者选择合理的镇静药物、减少对预后的不良影响提供参考。
BZDs药物属于双环杂环化合物,其主要由苯环和二氮䓬环构成7。BZDs药物主要通过激动中枢γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)受体,促使神经元细胞膜的氯离子通道开放频率增加,氯离子内流增多,导致神经元细胞膜发生超极化,进而抑制神经元活动,产生镇静、催眠、减轻焦虑、顺行性遗忘、中枢介导的肌松和抗惊厥作用8。膜结合蛋白GABA受体包括GABAA和GABAB两个亚型,BZDs药物的镇静、顺行性遗忘和抗惊厥作用通过α1-GABAA受体介导,减轻焦虑和肌松作用则是通过α2-GABAA受体介导9
现手术麻醉中广泛使用的BZDs药物主要有地西泮、咪达唑仑和瑞马唑仑。
地西泮属于长效BZDs药物,是临床上最早被用于麻醉诱导的BZDs药物10,可通过口服和静脉注射途径给药,主要经肝脏代谢,其代谢产物也具有镇静作用。由于地西泮的时-量相关半衰期较长,导致其不适合通过持续输注来维持麻醉或镇静11,因此地西泮更适用于小型外科手术的镇静。
一项地西泮联合氯尼达明治疗复发胶质母细胞瘤的Ⅱ期单臂临床试验纳入16例患者,因病理检查和治疗手段偏差剔除2例,最终纳入14例,所有患者均接受亚硝基脲类药物化疗,同时口服氯尼达明(150 mg,每日3次)和地西泮(5 mg,每日3次),每4周为一个周期。每月于门诊进行神经系统病变情况和药物耐受性检查,结果发现其中7例患者Karnofsky指数维持在60分以上的时间大于两个治疗周期,说明至少两个周期的治疗中患者保持病情稳定,且两药联合使用的药物耐受性、安全性良好,未产生明显药物不良反应,提示地西泮-氯尼达明与其他治疗方法的联合用药值得后期进一步研究12。基于上述研究,SARISSKY等13推测地西泮与化疗或光动力治疗联合应用,可能是治疗胶质母细胞瘤的一种潜力较大的治疗策略。因此以临床取得的胶质母细胞瘤细胞为标本,采用MTT比色法研究地西泮与光化学物质金丝桃素对肿瘤细胞存活率的影响,同时采用流式细胞术评估细胞凋亡情况,研究发现地西泮和金丝桃素联合使用时的肿瘤细胞存活率较以上两种药物单独使用时的更低,并伴有晚期凋亡/坏死细胞数量的增加。此外,DRLJACA等14选用0.1、1.0、10、50、100 µmol·L-1地西泮处理胶质母细胞瘤细胞72 h后,采用MTT比色法测定细胞存活率,发现与空白对照组比较,5组肿瘤细胞的存活率均降低,并呈剂量依赖性,说明地西泮对胶质母细胞瘤细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用;同时该研究还发现联合地西泮并未增加替莫唑胺对胶质母细胞瘤的化疗效果(地西泮阻滞胶质瘤细胞停滞在G0/G1期,而替莫唑胺阻滞胶质瘤细胞停滞在G2/M期)。但由于替莫唑胺化疗期间容易产生耐受性,且地西泮抗肿瘤作用明显,因此可考虑联合地西泮用于替莫唑胺化疗后期的维持治疗。黄酮类化合物具有多种药理作用,如可通过猝灭脂质细胞周围自由基、抑制脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性来阻止脂质过氧化引起的细胞破坏,以及抑制肿瘤细胞生长相关因子的释放等产生抗肿瘤活性。KIM等15分别用10-5、10-6、10-7、10-8 µmol·L-1的地西泮和黄酮类化合物处理人SNU-C4结直肠癌细胞和MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞30 min,检测发现地西泮与黄酮类化合物均以浓度依赖的方式抑制FAS 活性;用10-6 µmol·L-1地西泮和黄酮类化合物分别处理上述肿瘤细胞6 d,检测发现细胞培养上清液中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和粒细胞-巨噬细胞-集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)的浓度降低,提示地西泮与黄酮类化合物类似,可抑制FAS 活性和肿瘤细胞生长相关因子的释放,从而影响肿瘤微环境,产生抗肿瘤活性。此外,一项体外实验结果显示,地西泮可通过下调miR-616-3p的表达,抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞的活力,并诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡16。综上所述,地西泮可能通过影响胶质母细胞瘤、非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、生长环境或改善某些化疗药物的耐受性,直接或间接改善肿瘤患者的预后。截至目前,地西泮用于某种特定肿瘤患者的研究相对较少,未来还需更多相关研究,进一步细化与探索。
咪达唑仑属于短效BZDs药物,具有起效快、持续时间短的特点,经肝脏代谢,代谢产物经肾脏排出体外。与地西泮相比,咪达唑仑诱导速度快、对静脉没有刺激性、且顺行性遗忘作用更显著17。咪达唑仑通过口服、肌内注射、静脉注射等途径给药,广泛用于术前用药、麻醉诱导和维持以及ICU患者的镇静等8
咪达唑仑在临床广泛使用,现有较多关于咪达唑仑对肿瘤患者预后影响及其机制的研究。一项咪达唑仑用于小儿肿瘤患者的临床试验中,在静脉穿刺操作前30 min分别给予患儿咪达唑仑和安慰剂口服,结果显示与安慰剂组相比,咪达唑仑组患儿在静脉穿刺过程中的恐惧和痛苦减少,能更好地配合后续治疗,有利于患儿早期康复18。DIKMEN等19在乳腺癌患者中发现,化疗期间给予咪达唑仑可改善患者的恶心呕吐和焦虑,提高患者舒适度,也利于患者后续治疗。此外,有研究发现咪达唑仑具有炎症抑制作用,且能够减轻围术期应激反应20,21。ZHANG等22将90例肺癌根治术患者随机均分为观察组和对照组,分别给予咪达唑仑0.1和0.05 mg·kg-1麻醉诱导,比较2组手术前后炎症因子白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的变化情况,发现2组术后48 h炎症因子水平均降低,且观察组下降幅度更大(P<0.05),说明较大剂量咪达唑仑麻醉诱导能更好地抑制肺癌根治术患者的炎症反应,稳定患者围术期状态,从而更有助于患者术后康复。有研究者比较了BZDs药物(咪达唑仑和地西泮)、巴比妥类药物(硫喷妥钠和硫戊巴比妥)和丙泊酚对口腔肿瘤细胞和正常细胞的毒性,发现以上5种药物对人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞的毒性作用强度依次为咪达唑仑>地西泮>丙泊酚>硫戊巴比妥>硫喷妥钠,而对正常口腔细胞的毒性作用强度依次为咪达唑仑>丙泊酚>地西泮>硫戊巴比妥>硫喷妥钠,其中咪达唑仑均表现出最强的细胞毒性;基于此结果,研究者用0~1 000 µmol·L-1咪达唑仑干预人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞0~48 h,发现咪达唑仑对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性随药物浓度和处理时间的增加而增强,且其主要诱导肿瘤细胞发生坏死,产生抗肿瘤作用23。同时,有多项研究发现,特定剂量的咪达唑仑可通过影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、诱导细胞凋亡,产生抗肿瘤作用。其中,JIAO等24和WANG 等25的研究发现咪达唑仑与外周苯二氮䓬受体(peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, PBR)结合,刺激肿瘤细胞凋亡、触发线粒体通透性转化孔的开放,引起肿瘤细胞内活性氧增加,导致肿瘤细胞发生细胞周期阻滞、衰老、凋亡等,推测咪达唑仑的抗肿瘤作用可能与PBR密切相关。另外,ZHANG等26对癌症基因组图谱数据库的胰腺癌患者数据进行分析,发现咪达唑仑也主要通过PBR来抑制肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的活化,从而影响肿瘤细胞增殖,最终延缓胰腺癌的进展。但咪达唑仑的抗肿瘤作用并非全通过PBR介导,STEVENS等27基于咪达唑仑用于体外小鼠间质细胞和啮齿动物体内神经元时,会诱导细胞凋亡的结论,提出咪达唑仑诱导不同的神经元和非神经元肿瘤细胞系细胞凋亡的假设;并通过细胞实验发现咪达唑仑可诱导造血细胞、外胚层细胞、间充质细胞和神经元凋亡,且该药物诱导的细胞凋亡是通过线粒体凋亡途径而非GABAA受体或PBR所介导。有研究采用体外实验发现,咪达唑仑作用于人鳞状细胞癌细胞时显著抑制了癌细胞的增殖,主要与抑制膜蛋白TRPM728或下调蛋白P300的表达29有关,而非激动苯二氮䓬受体(GABAA受体和PBR)。近年来,还有研究证实咪达唑仑可诱导肺癌细胞30、肝细胞癌细胞31、乳腺癌细胞32及胃癌细胞33发生凋亡。另有最新研究发现,咪达唑仑除能抑制肝细胞癌细胞增殖,还能提高抗肿瘤药物程序性死亡受体(PD)-1单克隆抗体治疗肝细胞癌的疗效34。咪达唑仑已被多项研究证实不仅能抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和坏死,还能稳定患者围术期状态、提高化疗药物疗效,从而直接或间接改善患者的预后,但咪达唑仑长期用药对患者生存率的影响还需进一步研究。
瑞马唑仑是一种新型超短效BZDs药物,在体内经组织酯酶代谢迅速转化为无药理活性的代谢物。瑞马唑仑具有清除率高、稳态分布容积小、起效和恢复快等特点,瑞马唑仑的安全性高,引起呼吸、循环功能抑制和注射痛的概率低,可通过静脉、口服、经鼻、吸入等途径给药35。该药在围术期主要用于术前用药、诊疗操作的镇静和麻醉、联合阿片类药物用于麻醉诱导和维持、ICU患者镇静等36
HOROWITZ等4发现术中应激反应可能会促使肿瘤细胞扩散,从而导致肿瘤局部复发甚至远处转移,不利于改善患者预后,但瑞马唑仑可通过其独特的药理特性减轻术中应激反应。LEE等37开展了一项回顾性研究,比较瑞马唑仑和七氟烷对胃癌根治术患者术中血流动力学的影响,结果发现瑞马唑仑组CO2气腹即刻、CO2气腹30、60、90 min和手术结束即刻的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及心脏指数(CI)均高于七氟烷组(P<0.001),且血管活性药物使用率更低(P<0.001),说明瑞马唑仑较七氟烷能更好地维持患者围术期血流动力学稳定,这可能与减轻患者应激反应有关。李会新等38比较了瑞马唑仑联合瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼用于衰弱老年患者胃癌根治术的效果,结果显示,与丙泊酚组相比,瑞马唑仑组注射痛、低血压、心动过缓等不良反应的发生率低(P<0.05),但术后嗜睡的发生率升高(P<0.05),推测嗜睡的发生可能与瑞马唑仑联合瑞芬太尼协同发挥麻醉效果,加深镇静相关。但有研究发现,瑞马唑仑联合瑞芬太尼麻醉更能减轻患者的术中应激反应,从而维持患者围术期稳态39。此外,有研究通过比较瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚用于腹腔镜食管癌根治术老年患者时的术后恢复质量QoR-15量表评分,发现瑞马唑仑组术后1 d和术后3 d的QoR-15量表评分高于丙泊酚组(P<0.001),且瑞马唑仑可降低患者主观不适感、缓解焦虑情绪进而改善患者术后恢复质量40。免疫细胞如单核细胞、巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞等均表达GABAA受体,而GABA可通过抑制细胞因子分泌和调节细胞增殖等来影响免疫细胞功能41。瑞马唑仑作为GABAA受体激动剂,主要通过激活中枢 GABAA受体来抑制神经元活动,由此推测瑞马唑仑可通过GABAA受体介导的信号传导或调节免疫细胞来影响患者免疫功能。李亚琦等42将80例乳腺癌根治术患者随机分为瑞马唑仑组和丙泊酚组,观察患者围术期细胞免疫功能。结果显示,与丙泊酚组相比,术后24 h瑞马唑仑组CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞水平和CD4+/CD8+比值均显著升高(P<0.05),CD8+细胞水平及术后72 h的上述免疫指标水平组间比较无显著差异,提示瑞马唑仑对患者围术期细胞免疫功能的抑制程度较丙泊酚轻,更有助于患者预后,但具体机制不详,李锋43的研究也得到类似结论。此外,刘忠涛等44观察了瑞马唑仑联合神经阻滞麻醉对老年肿瘤根治术患者应激反应的影响,发现与丙泊酚联合神经阻滞相比,采用瑞马唑仑联合神经阻滞的患者术后2 h血去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、皮质醇、血管紧张素Ⅱ水平较低(P<0.05),术后24 h血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、NK细胞水平及CD4+/CD8+比值较高(P<0.05),证明与丙泊酚相比,瑞马唑仑不仅能减轻应激反应,还能提高患者免疫功能。LIU等45选用0.1、1.0、10 µg·mL-1瑞马唑仑处理结直肠癌细胞24 h后,采用MTT比色法测定细胞存活率,发现与空白对照组相比,瑞马唑仑组肿瘤细胞的存活率均降低,说明瑞马唑仑对结直肠癌细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用;该研究还用过表达转位分子蛋白(TSPO)和瑞马唑仑干预结直肠癌细胞,发现瑞马唑仑可减弱TSPO对结直肠癌细胞凋亡的抑制作用,提示瑞马唑仑可能靶向抑制TSPO/VDAC通路来抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖、促进凋亡。以上研究提示,瑞马唑仑对肿瘤患者的预后有积极影响,主要与减轻手术应激反应、免疫抑制作用等相关,同时瑞马唑仑对结直肠癌细胞有抑制增殖、促进凋亡的作用,但目前瑞马唑仑对肿瘤患者影响的相关研究仍较少,未来需要继续探究瑞马唑仑对不同类型肿瘤的影响及可能机制,以进一步评估瑞马唑仑的使用价值。
BZDs药物除临床麻醉常用的地西泮、咪达唑仑及瑞马唑仑外,还包括劳拉西泮、氯硝西泮、氟西泮、溴西泮、阿普唑仑、艾司唑仑等药物,这些药物多用于辅助肿瘤患者化疗。
IQBAL等46开展了一项口服BZDs药物至少两个月是否会致癌的回顾性研究,结果发现口服氯硝西泮、劳拉西泮、溴西泮、阿普唑仑的患者患癌风险增高,主要与每日用药剂量和用药时间有关。KU等47发现口服劳拉西泮治疗6周后,正常体重患者体内肿瘤标志物无明显变化,但肥胖患者体内肿瘤标志物显著增加,提示劳拉西泮用于肥胖患者,可能具有致癌作用。也有研究发现劳拉西泮辅助乳腺癌化疗时,可以有效地减轻患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪障碍,缓解化疗患者恶心呕吐症状,改善患者舒适度,提高治疗依从性,进而间接改善患者预后48,该结论与氯硝西泮用于肺癌化疗时,可改善患者化疗期间恶心呕吐发生的结论49相似。此外,与氟哌啶醇单用治疗食管癌术后精神障碍相比,氯硝西泮联合氟哌啶醇能更好地缓解患者精神症状,从而使患者更好地配合后续治疗50。由此可见,这些BZDs药物对肿瘤患者预后的作用主要是通过辅助化疗时减轻化疗的不良反应来实现,这些药物的临床应用价值还有待进一步挖掘。
综上所述,临床常用的BZDs药物可通过直接或间接作用改善肿瘤患者预后。其中,地西泮和咪达唑仑可直接抑制肿瘤细胞生长、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡或坏死,咪达唑仑还可通过增加患者治疗期间的舒适度、稳定围术期状态等间接改善预后。辅助肿瘤患者化疗的BZDs药物在减轻患者不良情绪的同时,可减轻化疗期间的恶心呕吐等不适,从而提高患者依从性,间接改善预后。瑞马唑仑稳定的血流动力学特性便于术中管理,可减轻患者应激反应和免疫抑制,有助于稳定患者围术期状态,同时其可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡,但瑞马唑仑对肿瘤患者的确切影响及相关机制有待进一步研究。
  • 甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRA0988)
  • 兰州大学第二医院萃英科技创新项目(CY2022-MS-A20)
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2024年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.05.01
  • 接收时间:2022-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-25
  • 录用日期:2023-12-19
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甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRA0988)
兰州大学第二医院萃英科技创新项目(CY2022-MS-A20)
作者信息
    1.兰州大学第二临床医学院,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.兰州大学第二医院 麻醉科,甘肃 兰州 730030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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