Article(id=1241720040316269156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.04, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706457600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714060800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-26, onlineDate=1773978727654, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978727654, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978727654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978727654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=416, endPage=421, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720040635036280, articleId=1241720040316269156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Impact of age on efficacy of midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients, columnId=1241720035039826937, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Special Topics on Children’s Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To evaluate the influence of age on the effectiveness of midazolam oral solution in managing preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients.

METHODS

Pediatric patients, aged 1 to 6 years, scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia, regardless of gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists Ⅰ-Ⅱ classification, were divided into two age groups: infants (1 ≤ age ≤ 3 years) and children (3 < age ≤ 6 years). The initial dose of oral midazolam solution administered was 0.5 mg·kg-1. Subsequent dosages were determined using a bias coin design dose-up-and-down sequential method, based on the patient’s modified Ramsay sedation score, parental separation anxiety score, and facemask induction score after admission. The behavior scores and adverse reactions during sedation between the two groups were recorded and compared. The 95% effective dose (ED95) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of midazolam oral solution for preoperative anxiety relief in children was calculated through isostatic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The ED95 for infants and children was 0.83 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.69 to 0.88 mg·kg-1) and 0.89 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.69 to 0.97 mg·kg-1), respectively. No statistically significant difference in ED95 was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). A comprehensive analysis of both age groups yielded an overall ED95 of 0.89 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.79 to 0.97 mg·kg-1) for midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children aged 1 to 6 years. There was a statistically significant difference in the behavior scores between the two groups (P<0.05), but no difference in parental satisfaction (P>0.05).Adverse events including hypoxemia, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting were not observed in the two groups during the induction period and the anesthesia recovery period.

CONCLUSION

The efficacy of midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children is not affected by age. The dose of ED95 for relieving preoperative anxiety in children aged 1 to 6 years is 0.89 mg·kg-1.

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目的

评价年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑疗效的影响。

方法

选取拟行全身麻醉的择期手术患儿,年龄1~6岁,性别不限,美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,按年龄分为幼儿组(1≤年龄≤3岁)和儿童组(3<年龄≤6岁)。2组首例患儿均给予咪达唑仑口服溶液0.5 mg·kg-1,根据患儿改良Ramsay镇静评分、与父母分离的焦虑评分及入室后面罩诱导接受评分的情况,采用偏性掷币设计的上下序贯法决定下一例患儿口服咪达唑仑口服溶液的剂量。记录和比较2组患儿给药时的行为评分和镇静期间不良反应。根据患儿用药剂量,采用保序回归分析计算咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解小儿术前焦虑的95%有效剂量(ED95)及相应95%置信区间(95%CI)。

结果

幼儿组的ED95为0.83 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.88 mg·kg-1),儿童组的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.97 mg·kg-1),2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析计算出咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解年龄1~6岁小儿术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.79~0.97 mg·kg-1)。2组患儿给药时行为评分存在显著差异(P<0.05),患儿家长满意度比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。2组患儿在诱导期和麻醉苏醒期间均未发生低氧血症、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等不良反应。

结论

咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑的疗效不受年龄的影响。咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解1~6岁小儿术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李思远,E-mail:
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刘广博,男,主治医师,学士,主要从事小儿舒适化诊疗研究,E-mail:

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刘广博,男,主治医师,学士,主要从事小儿舒适化诊疗研究,E-mail:

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A:幼儿组,B:儿童组。纵坐标右侧显示完整偏性掷币设计的序贯数据,黄色正方点(■)表示阴性反应(镇静失败)的病例,蓝圆点(●)表示阳性反应(镇静成功)的病例

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图中横线为中位数和四分位间距

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年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑疗效的影响
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刘广博 1 , 熊虹飞 1 , 程菲 2 , 张芸芸 1 , 卫子雯 1 , 梁雯雯 1 , 李思远 1
中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024,43(6): 416-421
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024, 43(6): 416-421
年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑疗效的影响
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刘广博1 , 熊虹飞1, 程菲2, 张芸芸1, 卫子雯1, 梁雯雯1, 李思远1
作者信息
  • 1.西安国际医学中心医院 麻醉与舒适化医疗部,陕西 西安 710100
  • 2.中国人民大学,北京 100872
  • 刘广博,男,主治医师,学士,主要从事小儿舒适化诊疗研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

李思远,E-mail:
Impact of age on efficacy of midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients
Guang-bo LIU1 , Hong-fei XIONG1, Fei CHENG2, Yun-yun ZHANG1, Zi-wen WEI1, Wen-wen LIANG1, Si-yuan LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi-an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi-an SHAANXI 710100, China
  • 2.Renmin University of China, BEIJING 100872, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.04
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目的

评价年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑疗效的影响。

方法

选取拟行全身麻醉的择期手术患儿,年龄1~6岁,性别不限,美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,按年龄分为幼儿组(1≤年龄≤3岁)和儿童组(3<年龄≤6岁)。2组首例患儿均给予咪达唑仑口服溶液0.5 mg·kg-1,根据患儿改良Ramsay镇静评分、与父母分离的焦虑评分及入室后面罩诱导接受评分的情况,采用偏性掷币设计的上下序贯法决定下一例患儿口服咪达唑仑口服溶液的剂量。记录和比较2组患儿给药时的行为评分和镇静期间不良反应。根据患儿用药剂量,采用保序回归分析计算咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解小儿术前焦虑的95%有效剂量(ED95)及相应95%置信区间(95%CI)。

结果

幼儿组的ED95为0.83 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.88 mg·kg-1),儿童组的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.97 mg·kg-1),2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析计算出咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解年龄1~6岁小儿术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.79~0.97 mg·kg-1)。2组患儿给药时行为评分存在显著差异(P<0.05),患儿家长满意度比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。2组患儿在诱导期和麻醉苏醒期间均未发生低氧血症、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等不良反应。

结论

咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑的疗效不受年龄的影响。咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解1~6岁小儿术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1

咪达唑仑  /  年龄因素  /  儿童  /  焦虑  /  手术前期间  /  药物剂量计算
AIM

To evaluate the influence of age on the effectiveness of midazolam oral solution in managing preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients.

METHODS

Pediatric patients, aged 1 to 6 years, scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia, regardless of gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists Ⅰ-Ⅱ classification, were divided into two age groups: infants (1 ≤ age ≤ 3 years) and children (3 < age ≤ 6 years). The initial dose of oral midazolam solution administered was 0.5 mg·kg-1. Subsequent dosages were determined using a bias coin design dose-up-and-down sequential method, based on the patient’s modified Ramsay sedation score, parental separation anxiety score, and facemask induction score after admission. The behavior scores and adverse reactions during sedation between the two groups were recorded and compared. The 95% effective dose (ED95) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of midazolam oral solution for preoperative anxiety relief in children was calculated through isostatic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The ED95 for infants and children was 0.83 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.69 to 0.88 mg·kg-1) and 0.89 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.69 to 0.97 mg·kg-1), respectively. No statistically significant difference in ED95 was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). A comprehensive analysis of both age groups yielded an overall ED95 of 0.89 mg·kg-1 (95%CI: 0.79 to 0.97 mg·kg-1) for midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children aged 1 to 6 years. There was a statistically significant difference in the behavior scores between the two groups (P<0.05), but no difference in parental satisfaction (P>0.05).Adverse events including hypoxemia, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting were not observed in the two groups during the induction period and the anesthesia recovery period.

CONCLUSION

The efficacy of midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in children is not affected by age. The dose of ED95 for relieving preoperative anxiety in children aged 1 to 6 years is 0.89 mg·kg-1.

midazolam  /  age factors  /  child  /  anxiety  /  preoperative period  /  drug dosage calculations
刘广博, 熊虹飞, 程菲, 张芸芸, 卫子雯, 梁雯雯, 李思远. 年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑疗效的影响. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 416 -421 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.04
Guang-bo LIU, Hong-fei XIONG, Fei CHENG, Yun-yun ZHANG, Zi-wen WEI, Wen-wen LIANG, Si-yuan LI. Impact of age on efficacy of midazolam oral solution in alleviating preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 416 -421 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.04
小儿患者在麻醉前普遍存在术前焦虑(preoperative anxiety)的现象[1]。目前临床上用于缓解小儿术前焦虑的常用镇静方法包括水合氯醛灌肠、右美托咪定滴鼻、口服咪达唑仑或氯胺酮等。水合氯醛灌肠对于轻度术前焦虑具有良好的镇静效果,但对于中、重度术前焦虑效果较差[2],且存在给药时患儿无法配合、可能诱发严重心律失常等缺点[3]。右美托咪定滴鼻存在操作复杂(需反复多次缓慢滴注才能达到效果)、起效慢、可控性差、患儿依从性差、没有特异性拮抗剂等缺点[4]。相较于直肠及经鼻给药,口服给药的方式更易为患儿接受,适宜口服给药的镇静药物有咪达唑仑及氯胺酮[5]。目前国内氯胺酮已停产,取而代之的是艾司氯胺酮,遗憾的是,市场上尚无艾司氯胺酮的标准化口服制剂。
咪达唑仑口服溶液(商品名:晓儿静)是咪达唑仑的口服制剂,因其在配方中加入了矫味剂,保证了入口舒适度,大大提高了患儿的用药依从性,因此成为我国第一个获批的具有患儿术前镇静用药适应证的口服溶液剂型镇静药。临床上对国外儿童单纯口服咪达唑仑的药动学研究较为成熟,主要为针对剂量的报道,然而,国内儿童单纯口服咪达唑仑药动学鲜有研究[6]。本研究拟评价年龄因素对咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解患儿术前焦虑疗效的影响,为临床合理用药提供参考。
本研究已获西安国际医学中心医院伦理委员会批准(第20211203号),与患者法定监护人签署知情同意书,并在临床试验注册中心注册,注册号:ChiCTR2200063989。
纳入标准:全身麻醉下进行择期手术的患儿,年龄1~6岁,性别不限,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。按年龄将其分为2组:幼儿组(1≤年龄≤3岁)和儿童组(3<年龄≤6岁)[7]
排除标准:(1)营养不良或肥胖患儿;(2)患有库欣综合征、垂体瘤、肾上腺肿瘤等内分泌系统疾病;(3)有严重呼吸道病变;(4)患任何先天性心脏病、急性心力衰竭、房室传导阻滞、严重心律失常;(5)患有感染性疾病如心肌炎或心内膜炎、败血症、肺炎。(6)患有精神系统疾病、大脑发育异常及认知功能障碍者;(7)贫血或者血小板减少;(8)凝血功能异常;(9)肾功能异常;(10)血糖未获满意控制;(11)对研究所涉及的药物过敏或有禁忌者;(12)被判定为呼吸道管理有困难的患者;(13)近3个月内作为受试者参加过任何临床药物试验且使用过该试验药物;(14)服用单胺氧化酶抑制剂2周内;(15)术前48 h内服用过镇静药物、镇吐药物、晕车药物、抗瘙痒药物;(16)其他可能干扰实验结果的因素。
剔除标准:(1)患儿拒绝参加研究或者无法配合;(2)中途改变麻醉方案患者;(3)术中出现大出血、过敏等严重并发症者;(4)术后需要送ICU患者;(5)数据记录不完全患者;(6)研究者认为无法继续治疗的其他原因。
所有患儿术前禁食8 h、禁牛奶配方奶6 h、禁母乳4 h、禁清饮2 h。患儿在父母的陪伴下进入预麻室,常规连接监护仪(MX550,荷兰飞利浦)并口服预设剂量的咪达唑仑口服溶液(宜昌人福药业,规格为20 mg∶10 mL,批号为OL912011)。咪达唑仑溶液由专人配制好剂量后交给实施麻醉操作的麻醉医生。实施麻醉的麻醉医生、患儿及家属均不清楚药物实际剂量。患儿服药时,观察并记录患儿服药时的行为评分。服药后每5 min记录患儿的改良Ramsay镇静评分[8]。当改良Ramsay评分达到3a后即尝试分离,同时记录患儿与父母分离焦虑量表(PSAS)评分[9];若PSAS评分>2分即判定分离失败,继续等待。如果改良Ramsay评分加深,则再次尝试分离,直至分离成功;如果等待时间超过30 min,或改良Ramsay评分降低,则直接判定为镇静失败。如果镇静失败,肌内注射艾司氯胺酮3 mg·kg-1进行补救镇静[10]。若PSAS评分≤2分,患儿被转入手术室常规连接心电监护后,行七氟烷吸入诱导,同时评估患儿面罩诱导接受(MAS)评分[9]。待呼气末七氟烷浓度为3 MAC时行静脉穿刺[11]。随后依次静脉注射丙泊酚3 mg·kg-1、舒芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1和顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg·kg-1,5 min后常规气管插管,连接麻醉机(Primus,德国德尔格)行机械通气。术中常规静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼进行麻醉维持。
主要观察指标为幼儿组与儿童组患儿服用咪达唑仑口服溶液后镇静成功的95%有效剂量(95% ED95)。镇静成功的判定根据患儿与父母分离时的改良Ramsay镇静评分、PSAS评分及MAS评分。Ramsay评分≥3a,PSAS评分≤2分,MAS评分≤2分,被定义为阳性反应,代表镇静成功;反之则为阴性反应,代表镇静失败。
次要观察指标包括给药时患儿行为评分(1分:安静并且配合;2分:焦虑但是可以耐受;3分:无法忍受的焦虑;4分:哭闹或者抗拒)、是否发生补救镇静、镇静成功分离的时间、家长对与患儿分离满意度(1分:非常不满意;2分:不满意;3分:一般;4分:满意;5分:非常满意)、镇静期间和麻醉苏醒期间的不良反应如低氧血症(吸入空气时指脉氧饱和度<95%)、呼吸抑制(鼻导管吸氧状态下,指脉氧饱和度<90%并持续10s以上)、恶心呕吐、躁动等。
研究采用基于偏性掷币设计的上下序贯法(biased coin design up-and-down sequential method,BCD-UDM)[12]。当本例患儿被判定为阳性反应时,对下一例患儿接受镇静的咪达唑仑剂量进行偏性掷币随机(靶概率Γ=0.95),随机数由R软件生成。下一例患儿所用咪达唑仑剂量有b=(1-Γ)/Γ=0.053的概率减少一个单位(0.1 mg·kg-1),有1-b=0.947的概率保持不变。出现阳性反应的患者后,按顺序打开29个信封中标记有-1或0的卡片(由偏性掷币随机获得,0表示下一例患儿使用的咪达唑仑剂量不变,而-1表示剂量减少0.1 mg·kg-1),直到出现30例阳性反应的患儿后终止研究。当本例患儿被判定为阴性反应时,下一例患儿所用咪达唑仑剂量增加一个单位(0.1 mg·kg-1)。为给目标剂量提供稳定的估计值,本研究中幼儿组和儿童组分别纳入36例患儿进行观察。
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(P25,P75)表示,分类数据以例(%)表示。组间比较采用t检验、秩和检验或卡方检验。采用保序回归分析计算口服咪达唑仑溶液缓解小儿分离焦虑的ED95及其95%置信区间(95%CI)。ED95比较采用U检验,P<0.05为有显著差异。
幼儿组共招募患儿38例,其中2例患儿因哭闹抗拒服药被剔除;儿童组共招募患儿37例,其中1例因患儿抗拒服药被剔除。幼儿组和儿童组各有36例纳入最终分析。幼儿组患儿年龄中位数为2(1,3)岁,儿童组为5(4,5)岁,2组患儿年龄差异显著(P<0.01);幼儿组性别比例(男/女)为25/11,儿童组为21/15,2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05);幼儿组患儿体重指数(BMI)为(15.60±2.19)kg·m-2,儿童组为(15.63±1.71)kg·m-2,2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05);幼儿组患儿ASA分级(Ⅰ/Ⅱ)为34/2,儿童组为33/3,2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。
幼儿组的ED95为0.83 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.88 mg·kg-1),儿童组的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.97 mg·kg-1),2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。序贯图见图1。对2组数据综合分析,计算出年龄1~6岁小儿口服咪达唑仑缓解术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.79~0.97 mg·kg-1)。
图2所示,幼儿组给药时患儿行为评分为1(1,2)分,儿童组为1(1,1)分,组间患儿给药时行为评分差异显著(P<0.05);幼儿组患儿家长满意度评分为5(4,5)分,儿童组为5(4,5)分,组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。
幼儿组和儿童组患儿分别有3例(8%)和1例(3%)需要补救镇静,2组补救镇静发生率无显著差异(P=0.607)。2组患儿在诱导期和麻醉苏醒期间均未发生低氧血症、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等不良反应。幼儿组共有30例镇静成功,成功分离的时间为15(15,20)min;儿童组共有30例镇静成功,成功分离时间为20(15,20)min;2组患儿镇静成功分离时间比较无显著差异(P=0.066)。
患儿术前焦虑是一种常见的患儿术前心理反应,发生率高达42%~75%,通常发生在术前24 h内,表现为躁动、身体紧张僵直、持续抱怨哭闹、反常沉默等[1]。术前粗暴分离可能对患儿术后的人格发育和行为造成持久影响,产生如梦游、夜尿、激惹增多、学习障碍等并发症[13]。因此,如何避免这些伤害,保护儿童身心健康是麻醉医师围手术期关注的焦点。
患儿术前焦虑一般与多种因素有关,如与父母分离、对于建立静脉通路时疼痛的恐惧、陌生的手术室环境以及对手术本身的恐惧等。新生儿和婴儿因缺乏对恐惧的认知,术前焦虑程度较轻;7岁以上学龄期或青春期儿童由于能够相对理性思考并愿意参与医疗决策,术前焦虑程度也比较轻;1~3岁幼儿是对父母依赖程度最高的阶段,大多数不能有效沟通,术前焦虑程度常较重;4~6岁学龄前儿童已步入理解手术和可被说服的阶段,但对父母仍有一定依赖性,术前焦虑程度相对较重[1]。因此本研究将目标人群确定为1~6岁患儿,分为幼儿组(1≤年龄≤3岁)和儿童组(3<年龄≤6岁),探讨实现不同年龄组患儿与家长安静分离及入手术室后安静吸入七氟烷的术前咪达唑仑口服溶液剂量。
本研究采用BCD-UDM和保序回归分析咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解不同年龄组患儿术前焦虑的ED95。传统的药物剂量寻找方法通过绘制治疗对固定样本量分组的二值响应(阴性/阳性)的响应曲线,但往往需要较大的样本量,通常是序贯设计的2~3倍[12,14];通过序贯设计获得的ED50再外推到更高分位数的有效剂量的方法误差较大,而采用BCD-UDM不仅大大减少需要的样本量、提高了统计效率,在减少受试者和节约预算方面具有显著优势,而且具有更小的偏差和更高的精度[15]。因此统计学家建议为获取更高分位数的有效浓度时采用BCD-UDM[16]。ED95和ED99均能更好地反映药物的治疗指数,但ED99的样本量也会成倍增加,因此本研究选择ED95作为精准麻醉的指标,可行性较高,对患者的伤害也明显减少,更符合伦理要求[17]
本研究中咪达唑仑口服溶液的起始剂量设定为0.5 mg·kg-1,此剂量依据来源于CHENG等[15]的关于咪达唑仑口服用于儿童镇静催眠和抗焦虑的荟萃分析研究,其建议儿童口服咪达唑仑溶液剂量为0.5~1 mg·kg-1。本研究的保序回归结果显示,单次服用咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解儿童术前焦虑的ED95,在幼儿组和儿童组分别为0.83 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.88 mg·kg-1)和0.89 mg·kg-1(95%CI: 0.69~0.97 mg·kg-1),这与CHENG等[15]的荟萃分析结果一致。对幼儿组与儿童组ED95进行统计学比较分析,一方面采用率的U检验,2组比较无显著差异(P>0.05);另一方面,对ED95的95%CI进行比较,发现置信区间非重叠部分<87%,进一步证明2组比较无显著差异[18]。本研究显示咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解小儿术前焦虑的效力不受年龄的影响,这与咪达唑仑口服给药在成年人当中的研究[19]结论是一致的,主要是因为咪达唑仑由肝脏和肠CYP3A4/5酶催化代谢,代谢物与葡糖醛酸结合成葡糖醛酸苷后经肾脏排出体外。而CYP3A通常在新生儿一出生时就达到成人水平[20]。本研究对于两个年龄段患儿数据进行综合统计分析,计算出咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解年龄1~6岁小儿分离焦虑的ED95及其95%CI,为临床合理用药提供参考。
本研究发现,幼儿组和儿童组患儿给药时行为评分存在差异。相较于幼儿组,儿童组患儿给药时行为评分更低,喂药的接受度更高,这可能由于儿童组患儿随着年龄增长,已步入理解和可被说服的阶段,更容易沟通,依从性更高。
本研究仍存在很多不足之处。首先,未对不同组儿童喂药前的焦虑程度进行详细评估,患儿术前焦虑程度的不同将会影响镇静药物的疗效。其次,本研究未能明确咪达唑仑口服溶液对于不同时长手术患儿的术后苏醒是否会产生影响,这对于咪达唑仑口服溶液在临床当中的使用推广具有非常重要的意义。
综上所述,对于1~6岁小儿而言,利用咪达唑仑口服溶液缓解术前焦虑,其疗效和ED95不受年龄的影响。咪达唑仑口服溶液用于缓解1~6岁小儿术前焦虑的ED95为0.89 mg·kg-1
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.04
  • 接收时间:2024-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-29
  • 录用日期:2024-04-26
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    1.西安国际医学中心医院 麻醉与舒适化医疗部,陕西 西安 710100
    2.中国人民大学,北京 100872

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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