Article(id=1241720036474286556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709222400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-01, onlineDate=1773978726737, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978726737, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978726737, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978726737, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=426, endPage=431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720037858406881, articleId=1241720036474286556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Safety of tocilizumab in children with rheumatic immune disease, columnId=1241720035039826937, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Special Topics on Children’s Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To analyze the safety of tocilizumab in children with rheumatic immune disease and provide reference for clinical medication.

METHODS

The medical records of tocilizumab from January 1st, 2016 to August 9th,2022 through the medical record system were collected. Retrospective analysis of the adverse events (AE) incidence and influencing factors, distribution, occurrence time, and outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 53 children treated with tocilizumab were included, 48 cases of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 1 case of Sjogren’s syndrome, 2 cases of autoimmune disease (autoimmune disease), 1 case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (polyarticular type), and 1 case of multiple arteritis. The incidence of AE was 87% (46/53). The main AE were hypertriglyceridemia (60%), liver injury (49%), hypercholesterolemia (30%), hyperbilirubinemia (8%), neutropenia (9%), hypersensitivity (8%). Hypersensitivity was the main AE leading to drug withdrawal. The occurrence of hypercholesterolemia was associated with higher dose, and the occurrence of liver injury was associated with higher age and higher body mass index. Most of AE were mild and could recover to normal without treatment, and continuous medication rate was 96% (44/46).

CONCLUSION

The incidence of AE related to the use of tocilizumab in children is high. Hypersensitivity reactions may lead to drug withdrawal, and attention should be paid during the medication period. Although most children only suffer from mild liver injury, it is still necessary to be alert to the possibility of severe liver failure.

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目的

分析托珠单抗在儿童风湿免疫性疾病中应用的安全性,为临床用药提供参考。

方法

收集2016年1月1日—2022年8月9日使用托珠单抗治疗风湿免疫性疾病患儿的临床资料,对不良事件(AE)的发生率及影响因素、分布、发生时间和转归等进行回顾性分析。

结果

共纳入53例使用托珠单抗治疗的患儿,全身型幼年特发性关节炎48例、干燥综合征1例、自身免疫疾病(自身炎症性疾病)2例、幼年特发性关节炎(多关节型)1例。多发性大动脉炎1例,AE发生率为87%(46/53),主要AE为高甘油三酯血症(60%)、肝损伤(49%)、高胆固醇血症(30%)、高胆红素血症(8%)、中性粒细胞减少(9%)、超敏反应(8%)等。导致停药的主要AE为超敏反应,高胆固醇血症的发生与更高的给药剂量相关,肝损伤的发生与更高年龄和更高体重指数相关。AE大部分较轻,可自行恢复正常,持续用药率96%(44/46)。

结论

儿童使用托珠单抗治疗后相关AE发生率较高,超敏反应可导致停药,用药期间需要予以关注。虽然大部分患儿只发生轻度肝损伤,仍需警惕严重肝衰竭的发生可能。

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郝胜
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刘红霞,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病临床药学及相关研究,E-mail:

郝胜,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病的诊治及相关研究,E-mail:

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刘红霞,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病临床药学及相关研究,E-mail:

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郝胜,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病的诊治及相关研究,E-mail:

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郝胜,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病的诊治及相关研究,E-mail:

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ACG Case Rep J, 2019, 6(12): e00243., articleTitle=Fulminant liver failure due to hepatitis b reactivation during treatment with tocilizumab, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241720048490967922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=515, pageEnd=528, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=BIEHL A, HARINSTEIN L, BRINKER A, journalName=Liver Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BIEHL A, HARINSTEIN L, BRINKER A, et al. A case series analysis of serious exacerbations of viral hepatitis and non-viral hepatic injuries in tocilizumab-treated patients [J]. 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Hypersensitivity reactions to tocilizumab: role of skin tests in diagnosis[J].Rheumatology (Oxford), 2014, 53(8): 1527-1529., articleTitle=Hypersensitivity reactions to tocilizumab: role of skin tests in diagnosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241720048767791997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=552, pageEnd=557, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=37, authorNames=DEMIR S, SOYER O, BILGINER Y, journalName=Clin Exp Rheumatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DEMIR S, SOYER O, BILGINER Y, et al. Desensitisation overcomes rituximab- and tocilizumab-related immediate hypersensitivity in childhood[J]. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2020, 38(3): 552-557., articleTitle=Desensitisation overcomes rituximab- and tocilizumab-related immediate hypersensitivity in childhood, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241720048843289470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=102, issue=1-2, pageStart=114, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=38, authorNames=CORTELLINI G, MASCELLA F, SIMONCELLI M, journalName=Pharmacology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CORTELLINI G, MASCELLA F, SIMONCELLI M, et al. Effective desensitization to tocilizumab in delayed hypersensitivity reaction[J]. Pharmacology, 2018, 102(1-2): 114-116., articleTitle=Effective desensitization to tocilizumab in delayed hypersensitivity reaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241720048931369858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=48, issue=6, pageStart=749, pageEnd=752, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=39, authorNames=TETU P, HAMELIN A, MOGUELET P, journalName=Clin Exp Allergy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TETU P, HAMELIN A, MOGUELET P, et al. Management of hypersensitivity reactions to tocilizumab[J]. 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项目病例/例(%)年龄/岁性别(男/女)体重指数/ kg·m-2给药剂量/mg·kg-1
总病例539.6±3.227/2619.8±4.87.8±2.1
不良事件
发生46(87)9.7±3.125/2119.7±4.98.0±2.1
未发生7(13)8.8±3.8a2/5a20.9±4.5a6.6±1.1a
肝损伤
发生26(49)10.5±3.114/1221.4±4.77.1±1.6
未发生27(51)8.7±3.1b13/14a18.3±4.5b8.4±2.3a
高胆固醇血症
发生16(30)9.8±2.99/718.0±5.08.7±2.5
未发生37(70)9.5±3.3a18/19a20.6±4.6a7.4±1.8b
高甘油三酯血症
发生32(60)9.9±3.218/1419.8±5.08.0±2.3
未发生21(40)9.0±3.2a9/12a19.9±4.7a7.5±1.8a
高胆红素血症
发生4(8)11.2±3.61/321.7±4.87.0±2.8
未发生49(92)9.4±3.2a26/23a19.7±4.9a7.8±2.0a
中性粒细胞减少
发生5(9)9.9±2.62/315.0±2.79.9±2.6
未发生48(91)7.6±1.9a25/23a20.3±4.7a7.6±1.9a
), ArticleFig(id=1241720043772375774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

托珠单抗相关不良事件及其影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目病例/例(%)年龄/岁性别(男/女)体重指数/ kg·m-2给药剂量/mg·kg-1
总病例539.6±3.227/2619.8±4.87.8±2.1
不良事件
发生46(87)9.7±3.125/2119.7±4.98.0±2.1
未发生7(13)8.8±3.8a2/5a20.9±4.5a6.6±1.1a
肝损伤
发生26(49)10.5±3.114/1221.4±4.77.1±1.6
未发生27(51)8.7±3.1b13/14a18.3±4.5b8.4±2.3a
高胆固醇血症
发生16(30)9.8±2.99/718.0±5.08.7±2.5
未发生37(70)9.5±3.3a18/19a20.6±4.6a7.4±1.8b
高甘油三酯血症
发生32(60)9.9±3.218/1419.8±5.08.0±2.3
未发生21(40)9.0±3.2a9/12a19.9±4.7a7.5±1.8a
高胆红素血症
发生4(8)11.2±3.61/321.7±4.87.0±2.8
未发生49(92)9.4±3.2a26/23a19.7±4.9a7.8±2.0a
中性粒细胞减少
发生5(9)9.9±2.62/315.0±2.79.9±2.6
未发生48(91)7.6±1.9a25/23a20.3±4.7a7.6±1.9a
), ArticleFig(id=1241720043877233379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病例年龄/岁身高/cm体重/kg类型发生时间点是否终止治疗
18.812033输液后嘴唇肿胀第17次治疗
26.810824.3输液中过敏反应第3次治疗
38.514228输液中过敏反应第2次治疗
输液中过敏反应第8次治疗
输液后血清反应第3次治疗
输液后皮疹第4次治疗
416.116754.1输液后血清反应第1次治疗
), ArticleFig(id=1241720043956925160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036474286556, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

托珠单抗超敏反应发生特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病例年龄/岁身高/cm体重/kg类型发生时间点是否终止治疗
18.812033输液后嘴唇肿胀第17次治疗
26.810824.3输液中过敏反应第3次治疗
38.514228输液中过敏反应第2次治疗
输液中过敏反应第8次治疗
输液后血清反应第3次治疗
输液后皮疹第4次治疗
416.116754.1输液后血清反应第1次治疗
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托珠单抗在儿童风湿免疫性疾病中应用的安全性研究
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刘红霞 a , 谢婷 a , 朱彦 a , 谭波宇 a , 杨巧玲 a , 郝胜 b
中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024,43(6): 426-431
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024, 43(6): 426-431
托珠单抗在儿童风湿免疫性疾病中应用的安全性研究
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刘红霞a , 谢婷a, 朱彦a, 谭波宇a, 杨巧玲a, 郝胜b
作者信息
  • a.上海市儿童医院/上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医院 药学部,上海 200062
  • b.上海市儿童医院/上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医院 肾脏风湿免疫科,上海 200062
  • 刘红霞,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病临床药学及相关研究,E-mail:

    郝胜,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事儿童肾脏风湿免疫性疾病的诊治及相关研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

郝胜
Safety of tocilizumab in children with rheumatic immune disease
Hong-xia LIUa , Ting XIEa, Yan ZHUa, Bo-yu TANa, Qiao-ling YANGa, Sheng HAOb
Affiliations
  • a.Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Hospital / Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SHANGHAI 200062, China
  • b.Department of Renal Rheumatology Immunology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital / Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SHANGHAI 200062, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.06
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目的

分析托珠单抗在儿童风湿免疫性疾病中应用的安全性,为临床用药提供参考。

方法

收集2016年1月1日—2022年8月9日使用托珠单抗治疗风湿免疫性疾病患儿的临床资料,对不良事件(AE)的发生率及影响因素、分布、发生时间和转归等进行回顾性分析。

结果

共纳入53例使用托珠单抗治疗的患儿,全身型幼年特发性关节炎48例、干燥综合征1例、自身免疫疾病(自身炎症性疾病)2例、幼年特发性关节炎(多关节型)1例。多发性大动脉炎1例,AE发生率为87%(46/53),主要AE为高甘油三酯血症(60%)、肝损伤(49%)、高胆固醇血症(30%)、高胆红素血症(8%)、中性粒细胞减少(9%)、超敏反应(8%)等。导致停药的主要AE为超敏反应,高胆固醇血症的发生与更高的给药剂量相关,肝损伤的发生与更高年龄和更高体重指数相关。AE大部分较轻,可自行恢复正常,持续用药率96%(44/46)。

结论

儿童使用托珠单抗治疗后相关AE发生率较高,超敏反应可导致停药,用药期间需要予以关注。虽然大部分患儿只发生轻度肝损伤,仍需警惕严重肝衰竭的发生可能。

托珠单抗  /  安全  /  血脂异常  /  化学性与药物性肝损伤  /  自身免疫疾病  /  超敏反应
AIM

To analyze the safety of tocilizumab in children with rheumatic immune disease and provide reference for clinical medication.

METHODS

The medical records of tocilizumab from January 1st, 2016 to August 9th,2022 through the medical record system were collected. Retrospective analysis of the adverse events (AE) incidence and influencing factors, distribution, occurrence time, and outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 53 children treated with tocilizumab were included, 48 cases of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 1 case of Sjogren’s syndrome, 2 cases of autoimmune disease (autoimmune disease), 1 case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (polyarticular type), and 1 case of multiple arteritis. The incidence of AE was 87% (46/53). The main AE were hypertriglyceridemia (60%), liver injury (49%), hypercholesterolemia (30%), hyperbilirubinemia (8%), neutropenia (9%), hypersensitivity (8%). Hypersensitivity was the main AE leading to drug withdrawal. The occurrence of hypercholesterolemia was associated with higher dose, and the occurrence of liver injury was associated with higher age and higher body mass index. Most of AE were mild and could recover to normal without treatment, and continuous medication rate was 96% (44/46).

CONCLUSION

The incidence of AE related to the use of tocilizumab in children is high. Hypersensitivity reactions may lead to drug withdrawal, and attention should be paid during the medication period. Although most children only suffer from mild liver injury, it is still necessary to be alert to the possibility of severe liver failure.

tocilizumab  /  safety  /  dyslipidemias  /  chemical and drug induced liver injury  /  autoimmune diseases  /  hypersensitivity
刘红霞, 谢婷, 朱彦, 谭波宇, 杨巧玲, 郝胜. 托珠单抗在儿童风湿免疫性疾病中应用的安全性研究. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 426 -431 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.06
Hong-xia LIU, Ting XIE, Yan ZHU, Bo-yu TAN, Qiao-ling YANG, Sheng HAO. Safety of tocilizumab in children with rheumatic immune disease[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 426 -431 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.06
托珠单抗(tocilizumab)是重组人源化的白细胞介素(IL)-6受体(IL-6R)抑制剂,通过竞争内源性IL-6与IL-6R的结合,从而抑制IL-6-IL-6R复合物介导的炎症反应[1],目前在国内获批的适应证为类风湿关节炎、2岁及以上儿童的全身型幼年特发性关节炎(systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis,SJIA),研究显示托珠单抗也可以用于克罗恩病、系统性红斑狼疮、大动脉炎、巨细胞动脉炎、风湿性多肌痛等的治疗[1]。托珠单抗是目前国内治疗SJIA的主要生物制剂[2],研究显示该药治疗SJIA呈现较好的有效性和耐受性[3,4]。目前关于该药长期临床安全性的真实世界研究较少,本研究对近7年上海市儿童医院使用托珠单抗治疗的风湿免疫性疾病患儿所发生的不良事件(AE)进行回顾性分析,为该药在儿童中的用药安全提供依据。
选择上海市儿童医院肾脏风湿免疫科2016年1月1日至2022年8月9日使用托珠单抗注射液[规格为4 mL:80 mg,Roche Rharma(schwei)Ltd.,进口药品注册证号S20130020]的患儿。纳入标准:(1)年龄2~18岁;(2)汉族;(3)使用托珠单抗注射液治疗的患儿。排除标准:(1)年龄<2岁或者>18岁;(2)少数民族。
通过病历系统提取患儿病历,进行信息采集及回顾性分析,包括患儿基础信息,托珠单抗使用方案,合并用药,AE描述,用药前后血压及肝酶、血脂、总胆红素(TBIL)等实验室指标的变化,影像学检查等。
(1)与托珠单抗相关的AE,具体是指用药期间发生的临床不适症状或实验室指标异常。实验室指标异常包括血脂异常、肝损伤、高胆红素血症以及中性粒细胞减少。(2)诺氏评估表[5]关联性评估结果为:AE与托珠单抗相关性为可能及以上。(3)排除合并用药的诺氏评分高于托珠单抗的AE;(4)排除疾病因素是主要诱因的AE,包括但不限于病毒性肝炎、家族性高脂血症、胆道梗阻、酒精中毒、AE发生前2周内有低血压、休克或肝脏缺血史等。
按照《儿童血脂异常临床实践建议(2019)》[6],选择总胆固醇(TC)升高(TC≥5.17 mmol·L-1)或甘油三酯(TG)升高(0~9岁:TG≥1.12 mmol·L-1;10~19岁:TG≥1.47 mmol·L-1)作为血脂异常指标。TC升高为高胆固醇血症,TG升高为高甘油三酯血症,TC和TG同时升高为混合型高脂血症。
按照《药物性肝损伤诊治指南(2017版)》[7],选择丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)在40~120 U·L-1/碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在362~724 U·L-1作为肝脏生化检查异常指标,ALT≥120 U·L-1(3 ULN)/ALP≥724 U·L-1(2 ULN)作为药物性肝损伤的指标。药物性肝损伤分为肝细胞损伤型、胆汁淤积型和混合型。按照肝损伤严重程度,ALT/ALP升高结合血清TBIL升高水平,分为0~5级。肝脏生化检查异常及药物性肝损伤,本研究统称为肝损伤。采用2021版Roussel Uclaf因果关系评估法(RUCAM)[8]进行药物相关性评估。
指血清TBIL检测值超过标准上限值[9],即TBIL>17.1 μmol·L-1
按照欧洲成人和儿童中性粒细胞减少诊断和治疗指南(2023)[10],1岁以上儿童、中性粒细胞绝对值<1.5×109·L-1诊断为中性粒细胞减少。
采用SPSS25.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料采用均值±标准差表示,不符合正态分布的计量资料采用中位值表示。符合方差齐性的连续变量组间比较采用t检验,不符合方差齐性的连续变量组间比较采用秩和检验,分类变量组间比较采用卡方检验,计数资料以百分比表示。P<0.05为有显著差异。
共纳入53例患儿,其中男性27例,女性26例,首次用药的平均年龄为(9.6±3.2)岁,纳排流程见图1。体重30 kg及以上的患儿按照单次剂量8 mg·kg-1给药,体重30 kg以下的患儿按照12 mg·kg-1给药,每2周给药1次,后逐渐延长给药间隔。患儿疾病分布为:48例SJIA、1例干燥综合征、2例自身免疫疾病(自身炎症性疾病)、1例幼年特发性关节炎(多关节型)、1例多发性大动脉炎。患儿合并用药:83%患儿合并使用泼尼松或者甲泼尼龙等糖皮质激素,57%患儿合并使用甲氨蝶呤,其他常见的合并用药包括双氯芬酸、吗替麦考酚酯、环孢素、柳氮磺吡啶等。
53例患儿中,有46例患儿发生AE,AE发生率为87%。AE与患儿年龄、性别、体重指数、给药剂量的相关性见表1。年龄越大、体重指数越高的患儿,发生肝损伤的可能性越大;给药剂量越大的患儿,发生TC升高的可能性越大。
46例发生AE的患儿共发生116例次AE,其中37例患儿发生过两种或两种以上AE。见图2
诺氏评估关联性显示,超敏反应、右腕关节肿痛、甲沟炎、肝损伤(13例次)与托珠单抗的相关性为很可能;高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、肝损伤(32例次)、高胆红素血症、中性粒细胞减少与托珠单抗的相关性为可能。儿童使用托珠单抗注射液相关AE以血脂异常、肝损伤较为常见。血脂异常以高甘油三酯血症最为常见,肝损伤以肝脏生化检查异常为主。5例(10例次)患儿发生了药物性肝损伤,占发生肝损伤患儿总数的19%(5/26)。RUCAM评估肝损伤与托珠单抗的关联性显示,2例次为极可能,3例次为很可能,5例次为可能。
24例患儿(52%)在首次用药后发生AE,其中发生超敏反应1例,高胆固醇血症5例,高甘油三酯血症11例,混合型高脂血症2例,高胆红素血症1例,肝脏生化检查异常3例,药物性肝损伤1例。托珠单抗用药后发生肝损伤45例次,发生时间为6~29 d,中位值为13 d。
2例患儿因超敏反应导致停药,其余AE均未有导致停药事件的发生。患儿发生超敏反应的中位年龄为8.6岁,中位身高为131 cm,中位体重为30.5 kg,其发生特点见表2。药物性肝损伤持续时间为9~96 d,中位值为24 d,均为肝细胞损伤型,严重程度均为0级,2例次在保肝治疗后恢复正常,8例次为自行恢复正常,4例次在ALT恢复正常后继续用药,4例次在ALT为1~3 ULN时继续用药,2例次在ALT为3~5 ULN时继续用药,用药剂量减半或维持原剂量,均未发生任何不适症状。
托珠单抗是治疗风湿免疫性疾病的一种重要生物制剂,相关研究显示其不良反应发生率较高(69.3%)[4],且大多发生于首次用药后[11],本研究也发现其AE发生率高达87%,首次用药后AE发生率为52%。成人使用托珠单抗主要的不良反应包括高胆固醇血症(发生率37.9%)[12]、高甘油三酯血症(发生率33.33%)[13]、肝损伤(发生率20%~30%)[14,15]、中性粒细胞减少(发生率3.9%)[16]等,儿童使用后继发感染也较常见[17],年发生率45.3%[18]。本研究中,高胆固醇血症发生率30%,与文献报道[12]相近,但高甘油三酯血症发生率60%、肝损伤发生率49%、中性粒细胞减少发生率9%均高于文献报道[13-16],继发感染发生率0.9%低于文献报道[17]。本研究中高甘油三酯血症发生率高的原因,一方面可能与儿童高甘油三酯的判定指标(0~9岁:TG≥1.12 mmol·L-1;10~19岁:TG≥1.47 mmol·L-1)与成人(TG≥1.7 mmol·L-1[19]不同有关,另一方面可能与类固醇的使用相关。本研究中大多数患儿有合并使用类固醇药物,该类药物也有引起TG升高的可能。此外,肝损伤发生率高的原因可能与儿童更容易发生药物性肝损伤有关[20];中性粒细胞减少发生率高可能是因本研究为真实世界研究,研究时间长,干扰因素较多。另外,托珠单抗相关继发感染,本研究仅纳入1例继发甲沟炎的病例,可能与患儿继发感染大多发生于居家期间,病程几乎无相关记录有关。
本研究显示儿童使用托珠单抗更高的给药剂量与高胆固醇血症的发生相关,有研究提示减少托珠单抗剂量可轻微降低高胆固醇血症的发生率[11]。本研究中,儿童用托珠单抗引起的肝损伤与更高的年龄相关,发生肝损伤患儿的平均年龄为10.5岁,未发生肝损伤患儿的平均年龄为8.7岁,这是首次发现肝损伤与患儿年龄的相关性,提示年龄更大的患儿使用托珠单抗需更多关注肝酶相关指标的变化。另外更高体重指数的患儿发生肝损伤的风险更高,成人中的研究也发现了该相关性[21]。本研究未发现超敏反应与年龄、性别、体重指数、剂量的相关性。但有研究提示年龄较小、身高较矮、体重较轻是发生超敏反应的危险因素[22],且多发生于5次治疗以内[23]。这可能与本研究发生超敏反应患儿例数较少有关,同时提示超敏反应也可发生于大年龄儿童及注射5次以上的情况。另外,本研究中继发感染的例数较少,未能统计出其相关影响因素,但有研究提示,继发感染的发生与年龄和性别相关,小年龄患儿[24]及男性患儿[25]继发感染风险会更高。
托珠单抗相关肝损伤大部分较为轻微,少部分会发生严重肝损伤[26],本研究中仅发生肝脏生化检查异常和严重程度为0级的肝细胞损伤型药物性肝损伤,且均可恢复正常,无严重肝损伤发生。但仍有病例报道显示,托珠单抗治疗可引起危及生命或需要移植的急性肝衰竭[27,28],其机制一方面是托珠单抗引起的肝损伤会加重潜在的病毒性肝炎,另一方面托珠单抗对IL-6介导的免疫保护和肝细胞再生的破坏作用,也能在某些情况下加重肝损伤[29],合并使用肝毒性药物,有可能加重肝损伤。另外,虽然肝损伤后继续用药在本研究中未有严重AE发生,但仍建议按照托珠单抗说明书,ALT在1~3倍ULN的情况下减量使用,3~5倍ULN期间中断给药,>5倍ULN时终止给药。
按照发生时间,托珠单抗治疗2周内出现的血脂异常为急性期血脂异常,即本研究中首次用药后发生的血脂异常,发生机制为托珠单抗导致体内IL-6的急性升高,从而促进脂肪动员;治疗2周以后发生的为长期用药血脂异常,其发生机制未明[30]。本研究中,儿童长期用药血脂异常例数(19例)与急性期(18例)相近,尚需进一步研究明确相关发生机制。另外,本研究中患儿使用托珠单抗高胆固醇血症发生率低于高甘油三酯血症,但在成人中的荟萃研究结果相反[31],其原因还需要进一步研究探索。此外,本研究中患儿使用托珠单抗相关血脂异常均可自行恢复正常,建议关注血脂异常相关并发症的远期影响。
本研究中性粒细胞减少发生率为9%,且未有因此停药的情况发生,这与文献报道结果[19]一致。有2例患儿在用药过程中,多次发生中性粒细胞减少,1例患儿中性粒细胞计数低于0.5×109·L-1,建议在患儿用药过程中关注中性粒细胞计数的变化,警惕相关严重感染事件的发生。
托珠单抗相关超敏反应是导致停药的主要原因,本研究中有2例患儿因超敏反应而停止用药。研究显示,皮肤试验是一种可行的预测超敏反应的诊断方式[32],可在用药前进行,以避免导致生命威胁的严重不良反应发生的可能。另外,对患儿进行脱敏治疗[33,34]或者换用皮下注射制剂[35]也可用于改善停药导致的疾病控制困难的窘境。
本研究存在一定的局限性:(1)纳入的患者样本量相对较少,超敏反应、继发感染等AE的例数较少,无法进一步统计分析其影响因素;(2)本研究为回顾性研究,从医院管理信息系统(HIS)调取患者的病历及检验报告,住院的继发感染事件在病程录内记录少,导致继发感染事件数据不足。因此,本研究结论需要大样本、高质量前瞻性临床研究补充和验证。
  • 上海市“医苑新星”青年医学人才培养资助计划(沪卫人事〔2020〕87号)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.06
  • 接收时间:2023-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-18
  • 录用日期:2024-03-01
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上海市“医苑新星”青年医学人才培养资助计划(沪卫人事〔2020〕87号)
作者信息
    a.上海市儿童医院/上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医院 药学部,上海 200062
    b.上海市儿童医院/上海交通大学医学院附属儿童医院 肾脏风湿免疫科,上海 200062

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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