Article(id=1241720036063236106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683820800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1712073600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-03, onlineDate=1773978726640, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978726640, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978726640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978726640, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=422, endPage=425, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720036289728531, articleId=1241720036063236106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Median effective dose of ciprofol combined with remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children, columnId=1241720035039826937, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Special Topics on Children’s Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To explore the median effective dose (ED50) of ciprofol combined with remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children.

METHODS

School-aged children scheduled for painless gastroscopy were selected, regardless of gender, aged 6-12 years old. Following the intravenous injection of remifentanil 0.5 μg·kg-1, the pediatric patient was administered with ciprofol (starting with an initial dose of 0.5 mg·kg-1, the dose for the next child was determined using the Dixon sequential method, based on the sedation situation. A decrease of 0.05 mg·kg-1 was applied for successful sedation, while an increase of 0.05 mg·kg-1 was applied for failed sedation). The ED50, 95% effective dose (ED95) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of ciprofol were calculated by Probit method. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) of the pediatric patients before sedation (T0), after remifentanil administration (T1), and after ciprofol administration (T2), as well as the occurrence of adverse reactions were recorded.

RESULTS

The ED50 of ciprofol when combined with 0.5 μg·kg-1 remifentanil in anesthesia induction for school-aged children in painless gastroscopy was 0.302 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.184 to 0.356 mg·kg-1),and the ED95 was 0.461 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.390 to 1.004 mg·kg-1). Compared with those at T0, the MAP, HR, and RR of the children decreased significantly at T1 and T2 (P<0.05). Compared with those at T1, only MAP decreased significantly at T2 (P<0.05).During the examination, there were 6 cases of hypotension, 5 cases of bradycardia, and 5 cases of respiratory depression (including 3 cases of transient apnea), with no injection pain or chest wall rigidity.

CONCLUSION

The ED50 of ciprofol combined with 0.5 μg·kg-1 remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children was 0.302 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.184 to 0.356 mg·kg-1),and the ED95 was 0.461 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.390 to 1.004 mg·kg-1).

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目的

探索环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量(ED50)。

方法

选择行无痛胃镜检查的学龄期儿童,性别不限,年龄6~12岁。静脉注射瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1后,给予患儿环泊酚(初始剂量0.5 mg·kg-1,依据序贯法确定下一例患儿剂量,镇静成功递减0.05 mg·kg-1,镇静失败递增0.05 mg·kg-1)静脉注射。采用Probit法计算环泊酚的ED50、95%有效剂量(ED95)及其95%置信区间(95%CI)。观察并记录患儿镇静前(T0)、瑞芬太尼给药后(T1)、环泊酚给药后(T2)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)等生命体征指标,以及检查中不良反应的发生情况。

结果

复合瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1时,环泊酚用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1),ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1)。与T0比较,患儿T1、T2的MAP、HR、RR均显著下降(P<0.05),且T2的MAP显著低于T1P<0.05)。检查中出现低血压6例,心动过缓5例,呼吸抑制5例(其中3例为短暂性呼吸暂停),无注射痛和胸壁僵硬。

结论

环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1),ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1)。

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任悦义
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张旭,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事小儿麻醉的研究,E-mail:

任悦义,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事小儿麻醉及手术室外麻醉的研究,E-mail:

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任悦义,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事小儿麻醉及手术室外麻醉的研究,E-mail:

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指标T0T1T2
MAP/mmHg74.2±11.064.5±9.7b60.9±9.4be
HR/次·min-184.7±16.070.0±10.9b68.1±8.4bd
SpO2/%99.2±0.699.4±1.1a99.6±0.5ad
RR/次·min-118.4±3.412.7±2.7b12.0±3.4bd
), ArticleFig(id=1241720043306799338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720036063236106, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生命体征变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标T0T1T2
MAP/mmHg74.2±11.064.5±9.7b60.9±9.4be
HR/次·min-184.7±16.070.0±10.9b68.1±8.4bd
SpO2/%99.2±0.699.4±1.1a99.6±0.5ad
RR/次·min-118.4±3.412.7±2.7b12.0±3.4bd
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环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量
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张旭 a , 周加慧 b , 张蓓 b , 宋海成 b , 任悦义 a, b
中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024,43(6): 422-425
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 儿童用药专题 2024, 43(6): 422-425
环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量
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张旭a , 周加慧b, 张蓓b, 宋海成b, 任悦义a, b
作者信息
  • a.青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院 麻醉中心,山东 青岛 266011
  • b.青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院 内镜中心,山东 青岛 266011
  • 张旭,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事小儿麻醉的研究,E-mail:

    任悦义,男,副主任医师,博士,主要从事小儿麻醉及手术室外麻醉的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

任悦义
Median effective dose of ciprofol combined with remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children
Xu ZHANGa , Jia-hui ZHOUb, Bei ZHANGb, Hai-cheng SONGb, Yue-yi RENa, b
Affiliations
  • a.Anesthesia Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao SHANDONG 266011, China
  • b.Endoscopy Center, Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao SHANDONG 266011, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.05
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目的

探索环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量(ED50)。

方法

选择行无痛胃镜检查的学龄期儿童,性别不限,年龄6~12岁。静脉注射瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1后,给予患儿环泊酚(初始剂量0.5 mg·kg-1,依据序贯法确定下一例患儿剂量,镇静成功递减0.05 mg·kg-1,镇静失败递增0.05 mg·kg-1)静脉注射。采用Probit法计算环泊酚的ED50、95%有效剂量(ED95)及其95%置信区间(95%CI)。观察并记录患儿镇静前(T0)、瑞芬太尼给药后(T1)、环泊酚给药后(T2)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)等生命体征指标,以及检查中不良反应的发生情况。

结果

复合瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1时,环泊酚用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1),ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1)。与T0比较,患儿T1、T2的MAP、HR、RR均显著下降(P<0.05),且T2的MAP显著低于T1P<0.05)。检查中出现低血压6例,心动过缓5例,呼吸抑制5例(其中3例为短暂性呼吸暂停),无注射痛和胸壁僵硬。

结论

环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1),ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1)。

环泊酚  /  瑞芬太尼  /  儿童  /  胃镜  /  半数有效剂量
AIM

To explore the median effective dose (ED50) of ciprofol combined with remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children.

METHODS

School-aged children scheduled for painless gastroscopy were selected, regardless of gender, aged 6-12 years old. Following the intravenous injection of remifentanil 0.5 μg·kg-1, the pediatric patient was administered with ciprofol (starting with an initial dose of 0.5 mg·kg-1, the dose for the next child was determined using the Dixon sequential method, based on the sedation situation. A decrease of 0.05 mg·kg-1 was applied for successful sedation, while an increase of 0.05 mg·kg-1 was applied for failed sedation). The ED50, 95% effective dose (ED95) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of ciprofol were calculated by Probit method. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) of the pediatric patients before sedation (T0), after remifentanil administration (T1), and after ciprofol administration (T2), as well as the occurrence of adverse reactions were recorded.

RESULTS

The ED50 of ciprofol when combined with 0.5 μg·kg-1 remifentanil in anesthesia induction for school-aged children in painless gastroscopy was 0.302 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.184 to 0.356 mg·kg-1),and the ED95 was 0.461 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.390 to 1.004 mg·kg-1). Compared with those at T0, the MAP, HR, and RR of the children decreased significantly at T1 and T2 (P<0.05). Compared with those at T1, only MAP decreased significantly at T2 (P<0.05).During the examination, there were 6 cases of hypotension, 5 cases of bradycardia, and 5 cases of respiratory depression (including 3 cases of transient apnea), with no injection pain or chest wall rigidity.

CONCLUSION

The ED50 of ciprofol combined with 0.5 μg·kg-1 remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children was 0.302 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.184 to 0.356 mg·kg-1),and the ED95 was 0.461 mg·kg-1 (95% CI: 0.390 to 1.004 mg·kg-1).

ciprofol  /  remifentanil  /  child  /  gastroscopes  /  median effective dose
张旭, 周加慧, 张蓓, 宋海成, 任悦义. 环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 422 -425 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.05
Xu ZHANG, Jia-hui ZHOU, Bei ZHANG, Hai-cheng SONG, Yue-yi REN. Median effective dose of ciprofol combined with remifentanil for sedation in painless gastroscopy of school-aged children[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 422 -425 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.05
随着舒适化医疗在儿童领域的开展和普及,越来越多的儿童及其父母更倾向于无痛胃肠镜检查。目前临床上丙泊酚应用广泛,但引起的注射痛是一个棘手的问题,发生率在32%~48%[1,2]。最近的研究显示,中长链丙泊酚联合利多卡因引起患儿注射痛的发生率仍高达20%[3]。且有荟萃分析显示,在接受胃肠镜检查的患儿中,与其他麻醉方案相比,单用丙泊酚的患儿心肺并发症的发生率更高[4]。环泊酚是一种新型静脉麻醉药物,在成人无痛胃肠镜检查中效果不劣于丙泊酚,且注射痛和呼吸抑制的发生率显著低于丙泊酚,患者血流动力学更稳定[5,6]。环泊酚镇痛作用较弱,复合小剂量阿片类药物可以减少其用量及其相关不良反应的发生[7]。目前,环泊酚复合阿片类药物用于儿童无痛胃肠镜检查中的研究较少,且用药剂量及安全性尚未明确。学龄期儿童是儿科消化系统疾病的高发群体,因此,本研究采用序贯法[8]探索环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的半数有效剂量(ED50)和95%有效剂量(ED95),以期为临床儿童用药提供参考。
选择2023年3月至4月于本院内镜中心行无痛胃镜检查的学龄期儿童,性别不限,年龄6~12岁,ASA分级Ⅰ级。排除标准:急诊内镜检查,上呼吸道感染,肥胖(体重指数在30 kg·m-2以上),频繁呕吐,检查期间需要复杂治疗,严重营养不良,合并其他复杂先天性疾病或最近7 d内有麻醉史和对所使用药物过敏。本研究经本院伦理委员会审核通过(QFELL-YJ-2023-64),患儿监护人签署知情同意书。样本量根据序贯法[8]计算,预计纳入患儿30~40例,序贯图出现6~8个交叉点(crossover point)。
术前禁食6 h,禁水2 h,入室后开放外周静脉,麻醉前10 min予达克罗宁胶浆6 mL口服。常规监测血压(BP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)和呼吸频率(RR)。患儿侧卧,通过加温加湿鼻导管吸氧,氧气流量为10 L·min-1,吸入氧分数(FiO2)60%。
予瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1静脉注射(静注,注射时间>60 s)后,基于预试验结果,给予第1例患儿环泊酚(四川海思科制药有限公司,规格为10 mL:50 mg)0.5 mg·kg-1(>30 s)静注。根据序贯法[8],若镇静成功,则下一例环泊酚剂量降低1个梯度,反之则为镇静失败,环泊酚剂量升高1个梯度,1个环泊酚剂量梯度为0.05 mg·kg-1。镇静成功定义为环泊酚静注后1 min内,改良警觉/镇静(MOAA/S)评分≤1分,且在进镜过程中患儿无明显体动、呛咳等影响检查操作的情况,反之为镇静失败。镇静失败的患儿追加环泊酚0.2 mg·kg-1,总剂量<0.8 mg·kg-1,若镇静仍失败则给予丙泊酚静注以完成后续检查并被剔除本研究。检查过程中若SpO2<90%超过15 s为低氧血症,给予托下颌,增加氧流量;RR<10次·min-1为呼吸抑制,密切监测;若RR<5次·min-1,则为呼吸暂停,给予托下颌、提高FiO2,如同时SpO2<90%,则给予面罩加压给纯氧。平均动脉压(MAP)降低幅度超过基础值的20%为低血压,加快补液或使用血管活性药物以提升血压。HR<60次·min-1为心动过缓,根据情况静注阿托品0.1~0.3 mg。研究中使用的所有镇静、镇痛药物均由同一名麻醉医师管理和给药,所有胃镜检查均由同一名经验丰富的内镜医师执行,检查结束将患儿送至内镜恢复室。
由另一名麻醉医生评估并记录患儿的镇静情况和MOAA/S评分。观察镇静期间患儿的生命体征,并记录镇静前(T0)、瑞芬太尼给药后(T1)、环泊酚给药后(T2)的HR、MAP、SpO2和RR。观察并记录不良反应发生情况。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,各时点生命体征比较采用重复测量方差分析。计数资料以例(%)表示。采用Probit回归法计算ED50、ED95及其95%置信区间(95%CI)。P<0.05为差异有显著意义。
本研究共纳入35例患儿,其中3例因口服药物出现恶心、呕吐而排除。共32例患儿纳入分析,其中男性20例,女性12例,年龄(9.4±2.0)岁,体重指数(18.9±2.7)kg·m-2
复合瑞芬太尼时,环泊酚用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1),ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1)。序贯图见图1。剂量-效应关系曲线见图2
与T0比较,患儿T1、T2的MAP、HR、RR均显著下降(P<0.05),SpO2无显著差异(P>0.05)。与T1比较,患儿T2的MAP显著下降(P<0.05),其他指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表1
检查中发生低血压6例(19%),心动过缓5例(16%),呼吸抑制5例(16%),其中短暂性呼吸暂停3例(9%),未发生注射痛和胸壁僵硬。低血压和心动过缓均为一过性,未予处理。呼吸抑制患儿未发生低氧血症,呼吸暂停者在轻托下颌后快速恢复通气。
儿童无痛内镜检查要求无痛舒适,镇静起效、恢复均快速平稳,同时诊断性胃镜检查通常用时较短,因此用于镇静的药物应是短效药物,循环和呼吸抑制轻,其他副作用较少。瑞芬太尼是一种强效阿片类药物,起效快,作用时间短(约3~10 min),可被非特异性血浆和组织酯酶快速代谢,非常适用于需要快速改变麻醉深度或术后镇痛要求较低的内镜检查[9]。与丙泊酚相比,环泊酚具有更好的药动学和药效学性能,在成年患者麻醉诱导中呈剂量依赖性镇静,且在0.4~0.9 mg·kg-1的剂量范围内患者耐受性良好[5]。也有病例报道,研究者误用环泊酚1.2 mg·kg-1·min-1(应为1.2 mg·kg-1·h-1)持续泵注3 min才发现,但并未导致严重并发症[10]。在成人群体中,与阿片类药物联用时,环泊酚初始剂量推荐为0.4 mg· kg-1,可根据患者反应每次追加0.15~0.20 mg·kg-1[11]。考虑到儿童群体单位体重药物剂量较成人高,本研究根据预试验结果设定环泊酚初始计量为0.5 mg·kg-1。本研究结果显示,复合瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1时,环泊酚的ED50和ED95分别为0.302 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.184~0.356 mg·kg-1)和0.461 mg·kg-1(95% CI:0.390~1.004 mg·kg-1),环泊酚的ED95处于成人推荐剂量范围内(0.4~0.6 mg·kg-1),且未引起严重不良反应。达克罗宁胶浆为儿童胃镜检查前的常规用药,用于咽喉部黏膜局部麻醉和润滑,祛除胃内泡沫。该药为口服,剂量过小无法起到消除胃内泡沫的作用,因此本研究采用了临床上的常用剂量6 mL。有研究显示,达克罗宁胶浆检查前服用可以减少无痛胃镜检查麻醉药的用量,提高麻醉效果[12]。因此,口服达克罗宁胶浆可能对本研究结果有一定影响。
本研究观察到,给予瑞芬太尼0.5 μg·kg-1具有明显的镇静作用,会导致RR明显减慢,MAP和HR均有一定程度下降,虽低血压和心动过缓均为一过性,但提示复合用药时应注意监测患儿生命体征。HAYES等[13]进行的丙泊酚复合氯胺酮用于儿童胃镜检查ED50的研究中,呼吸暂停发生率为12%~26%。本研究中呼吸暂停发生率为9%,低于HAYES等的研究结果,这可能提示环泊酚的呼吸抑制作用弱于丙泊酚。对于呼吸暂停的患儿,给予托下颌后即恢复了通气。一项Meta分析结果表明,高流量鼻导管吸氧用于儿童程序性镇静可以降低低氧血症的发生率[14]。因此推测,本研究由于给予持续高流量鼻导管吸氧,并未发生低氧血症。发生呼吸暂停的原因可能为,一方面由于学龄期儿童中度镇静情况下很难配合操作,所以本研究要求患儿处于深度镇静(MOAA/S评分≤1分)时才置入内镜,所用麻醉药物的剂量较大;另一方面瑞芬太尼和环泊酚都有呼吸抑制作用,两者联用呼吸抑制作用叠加,导致患儿的RR下降,发生呼吸暂停。延长瑞芬太尼静注时间,或增加与环泊酚之间的注药间隔时间,可能会有益于降低呼吸暂停的发生率。本研究中无注射痛发生,可能与环泊酚本身注射痛发生率较低,且复合瑞芬太尼后进一步减少了其注射痛的发生有关[15]
综上所述,环泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50为0.302 mg·kg-1,ED95为0.461 mg·kg-1。但本研究仅测定了环泊酚复合单一剂量瑞芬太尼用于学龄期儿童无痛胃镜检查镇静的ED50和ED95,环泊酚复合不同剂量瑞芬太尼在儿童无痛胃镜检查的应用效果和安全性,还需随机对照试验进一步研究。此外,学龄期儿童处于发育阶段,身高、体重发育存在一定差异,对于肥胖儿童剂量选择需谨慎。
  • 山东省医学会舒适化医疗-麻醉优化专项资金(YXH2021ZX012)
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2024年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.05
  • 接收时间:2023-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-12
  • 录用日期:2024-04-03
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山东省医学会舒适化医疗-麻醉优化专项资金(YXH2021ZX012)
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    a.青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院 麻醉中心,山东 青岛 266011
    b.青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院 内镜中心,山东 青岛 266011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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