Article(id=1241720035656397270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683820800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709654400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-06, onlineDate=1773978726543, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773978726543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978726543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773978726543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241720034091914228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='401', pageEnd='480', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773978726169, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773979021315, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241721272128828344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241720034091914228, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=436, endPage=441, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241720035887083993, articleId=1241720035656397270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Analysis of regulatory strategies for remote decentralized clinical trials, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional clinical trials are often expensive, relatively inefficient, and may also cause additional burden for trial participants. The use of new technologies and methods in remote decentralized clinical trials (DCT) can help to improve clinical trials efficiency. The application of DCT brings several benefits, but also poses new challenges for the regulation of clinical trials. In this study, the current situation and issues surrounding the use of digital technology in clinical trials were analyzed, as well as the regulatory practices and regulatory scientific research on DCT in Europe and the United States. The proposed regulatory strategies for DCT in China were investigated, taking into account the current development and regulatory considerations of DCT in China.

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传统的临床试验通常费用昂贵,效率相对低下,还可能造成试验受试者的额外负担。远程智能临床试验(DCT)中使用了大量新技术和方法,有助于提高临床试验的效率。DCT的应用带来多项获益,但同时也为临床试验的监管带来新挑战。本研究通过梳理在临床试验中运用数字化技术的现状和问题,分析欧美国家的监管实践和在DCT方面的监管科学研究,结合国内DCT的发展现状和监管考量,探索对我国DCT的监管策略建议。

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李刚
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孙搏,女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作,E-mail:

李刚,男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作。E-mail:

, authorsList=孙搏, 陈一飞, 李刚)}, authors=[Author(id=1241720037992624614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720035656397270, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yssunbo@yjj.sh.gov.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241720038084899305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720035656397270, authorId=1241720037992624614, language=EN, stringName=Bo SUN, firstName=Bo, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, SHANGHAI 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241720038156202478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241720035656397270, authorId=1241720037992624614, language=CN, stringName=孙搏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=上海药品审评核查中心,上海 201203, bio={"content":"

孙搏,女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作,E-mail:

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孙搏,女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作,E-mail:

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李刚,男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作。E-mail:

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李刚,男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作。E-mail:

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远程智能临床试验的监管策略分析
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孙搏 , 陈一飞 , 李刚
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(6): 436-441
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(6): 436-441
远程智能临床试验的监管策略分析
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孙搏 , 陈一飞, 李刚
作者信息
  • 上海药品审评核查中心,上海 201203
  • 孙搏,女,高级工程师,博士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作,E-mail:

    李刚,男,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事药品审评、核查/检查等相关工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李刚
Analysis of regulatory strategies for remote decentralized clinical trials
Bo SUN , Yi-feng CHEN, Gang LI
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, SHANGHAI 201203, China
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.08
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传统的临床试验通常费用昂贵,效率相对低下,还可能造成试验受试者的额外负担。远程智能临床试验(DCT)中使用了大量新技术和方法,有助于提高临床试验的效率。DCT的应用带来多项获益,但同时也为临床试验的监管带来新挑战。本研究通过梳理在临床试验中运用数字化技术的现状和问题,分析欧美国家的监管实践和在DCT方面的监管科学研究,结合国内DCT的发展现状和监管考量,探索对我国DCT的监管策略建议。

远程智能临床试验  /  监管科学  /  技术,监管  /  数字技术

Traditional clinical trials are often expensive, relatively inefficient, and may also cause additional burden for trial participants. The use of new technologies and methods in remote decentralized clinical trials (DCT) can help to improve clinical trials efficiency. The application of DCT brings several benefits, but also poses new challenges for the regulation of clinical trials. In this study, the current situation and issues surrounding the use of digital technology in clinical trials were analyzed, as well as the regulatory practices and regulatory scientific research on DCT in Europe and the United States. The proposed regulatory strategies for DCT in China were investigated, taking into account the current development and regulatory considerations of DCT in China.

remote decentralized clinical trials  /  regulatory science  /  techniques, aministrative  /  digital technology
孙搏, 陈一飞, 李刚. 远程智能临床试验的监管策略分析. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (6) : 436 -441 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.08
Bo SUN, Yi-feng CHEN, Gang LI. Analysis of regulatory strategies for remote decentralized clinical trials[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (6) : 436 -441 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.08
远程智能临床试验(remote decentralized clinical trials, DCT)也被称为虚拟试验(virtual trials)、去中心化临床试验、混合试验、远程试验、直达患者试验等。它是部分或全部试验相关活动在传统临床试验中心以外进行的临床试验,即以患者为中心,不局限于传统临床试验实施现场,场景可选的新型临床试验模式。DCT允许试验参与者从符合相关要求的任何地方参与临床试验,以减轻参与者的负担(如旅行费用和时间成本),提高依从性,并促进临床试验的开展。疫情加速了近年已逐步受重视的DCT应用及推广[1]。根据数字临床研究组织ObvioHealth Inc.的研究报告[2],2022年全球使用虚拟或去中心化元素的临床试验数量较2021年增长了28%。
近年来,全球多家监管机构发布了相关的政策支持DCT应用,促进了DCT的实施和发展。在DCT中源数据可能来自于穿戴设备的远程传输,而实验室检验等采血操作可能是由护士上门完成,与传统临床试验中数据产生方式有所不同。尽管DCT具有潜在的诸多优势,但实际应用仍存在诸多障碍,如数字化技术相关的基础设施不成熟、方法的使用经验有限等,在实施和使用DCT数据方面的监管问题也制约其发展[3]。本文通过梳理临床试验中运用数字化技术的现状和问题,对欧美国家的监管实践和DCT相关监管科学研究进行分析,结合国内DCT的发展现状和监管考量,为我国DCT监管的相关工作提供参考。
在新型冠状病毒感染疾病(COVID-19)大流行之前,美国FDA已经计划实施DCT。随着COVID-19的流行,全球临床试验形式迅速变化。2020年3月,FDA发布了关于《在COVID-19公共卫生紧急事件期间进行医疗产品临床试验的指南》,并定期更新[4]。该指南明确了临床试验在COVID-19大流行期间的灵活性,主题包括远程知情同意、远程访视、研究产品送货上门、远程监查等。
美国FDA认为DCT的优势在于,应用远程医疗和数字医疗技术(digital health technologies),允许频繁或连续收集临床数据;实现临床试验的远程参与,减少旅行需求,提高试验参与者的便利性;促进对罕见疾病、行动不便人群疾病的研究,减轻护理人员的负担;增加临床试验受试者人群的多样性。但FDA同时指出DCT也存在很多不利因素,包括与试验研究人员的联系减少可能会导致受试者的脱落,与非临床试验研究人员(如当地医疗人员)、当地临床实验室和影像检查等机构的合同管理问题,远程访视的时间协调和程序问题等。对于临床试验的远程访视,重要的是建立关于面对面与远程医疗访视的标准,确认受试者身份的程序,以及远程评估和管理不良事件的方法。
在临床试验中采用DCT方式,意味着从现场访视、数据获取、试验监察等方面都有相应的要求。在现场访视中允许远程医疗方式,评估内容包括不良事件、合并用药、实验室和影像检查、心电图、知情同意、药物依从性等。在数据获取方面,研究中心的远程访视数据来自医疗服务提供者(healthcare providers, HCP)源文档,可以是从受试者方直接获得的数据,但研究中心的工作人员必须收集当地实验室参考值范围和证明文件,以便在研究中心备案。临床试验监察方面需具备中心化监查能力和数字化检查能力,实现远程审查数据的准确性和完整性,另外还应考虑在恢复正常情形后,如果停止DCT应采取的措施。
DCT实施可能涉及到与疗效终点相关的试验方案修改、数据管理和/或统计分析计划的变更、访视评估窗口的变化,以及研究组之间在评估终点时因不均性而引入的偏差,从而对临床试验数据产生潜在的影响。例如,实验室检测或影像检查中引入可变性的差异,可能影响Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类错误率;各组之间无疾病进展生存期评估窗口可能存在差异。此外,远程医疗的实践差异可能导致安全性评估工具之间、远程医疗报告率和面对面报告率之间存在差异。2021年4月,美国FDA肿瘤学卓越中心发起了一项计划,要求申办者对来自于远程模式和传统模式数据集的肿瘤研究数据进行比对,以评估DCT对数据质量的影响,并依据受COVID-19大流行影响的试验数据来确定应对策略,旨在推动DCT在疫情后时代的发展[5],目前尚未公布具体研究结果。
为了改善临床试验的各方合作伙伴关系,美国发起了临床试验转型倡议(clinical trials transformation initiative, CTTI)。CTTI由美国FDA与杜克大学联合创建,旨在为应对美国DCT设计和实施中实际存在和可能需要的法律、监管和实践挑战提供建议,推动临床试验质量和效率的提高[6]。CTTI启动了DCT项目计划(decentralized clinical trials project),旨在解决使用移动技术规划和开展临床试验的挑战。CTTI围绕六个DCT主题制定了共识建议[7],包括DCT方法和试验设计、远程医疗州许可问题、药品供应链、移动HCP、研究者授权和监督以及安全监控。
CTTI发布了2030年临床试验愿景[8],包括以下五个方面:临床试验以患者为中心且易于访问;临床试验完全融入健康流程;临床试验采用质量方法进行设计;临床试验最大限度地利用可用的临床和非临床数据,包括通过数字技术收集的数据,以尽量减少必要的试验特定数据的收集;临床试验提供有关如何预防、诊断和治疗疾病的知识,同时也应该成为改善人口健康的信息来源。
欧盟区有关临床试验的COVID-19指南均提及DCT实施,认为在DCT实施中需要确保试验受试者的自主权和保护。申办者和研究者应明确法律角色和责任,管理和访问所需的数据和信息,并确保批准试验的伦理委员会和监管机构在临床试验申请中知晓相关情况。欧盟认为,DCT是一个快速发展的领域,有必要更新相关人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(ICH)指南。
2021年3月,瑞典医疗产品局更新了“以患者为中心、去中心化和虚拟临床试验”项目的最新情况。2021年5月,丹麦药监局启动最新指南规范DCT实施要素,提及该指南在疫情后也持续有效。2022年2月,EMA颁布更新版COVID-19期间临床试验管理指南(版本5)[9]。随后欧盟国家包括德国、奥地利、荷兰、匈牙利、希腊、瑞典、丹麦等也更新其国家指南。在欧洲层面协调有关DCT的指南和法规有助于进一步促进DCT应用,并可以减少特定国家/地区进行调整的需要。目前欧盟尚未就使用去中心化元素的可接受性和有效性达成共识,例如通过去中心化方式采用电子签名获得知情同意,以及将试验用药品(investigational medicinal product)直接运送给试验参与者。
在研究中,监管机构人员表示对DCT提案持开放态度,但也指出他们在DCT方面的经验有限,需要实践经验来确定优势和不足之处,以及减少面对面访视的影响。有学者建议,应向监管机构提出科学建议和启动培训项目展示案例,通过评估证明临床试验中的分散元素适用于该适应证和试验药物,从回答科学问题的角度来展示DCT对受试者有利的方面。从监管者角度来看,数据质量仍然是在监管决策制定中具有最高优先级的因素。
DCT有可能通过将试验活动转移到参与者的家中和当地环境,来改善临床试验的可及性、多样性和保留性。一项研究通过半结构化访谈讨论欧盟实施DCT的监管挑战和机遇[10],监管机构受访者认可DCT的重要性,预计收集的数据更能代表真实世界结果。同时,由于研究者和受试者面对面的访视和接触有限,引起监管机构对研究人员监督和受试者安全的担忧。受访者还建议通过混合模式临床试验,结合分散元素和传统方式,促进未来临床试验发展。
2019年11月,欧盟与欧洲制药行业协会联合会(EFPIA)启动了为期五年的创新医药倡议(innovative medicines initiative)项目Trials@Home(https://trialsathome.com/),由乌得勒支大学医学中心和赛诺菲公司负责,共有32个参与单位。该项目旨在欧盟组织和发展DCT,为ICH指南在DCT领域的更新提供依据,并为在欧盟实施完全DCT提供建议和支持性工具。具体内容分为三个步骤:利用单个合作案例研究,确定开展DCT的最佳实践方式,并明确此类试验在临床研发中的定位;分析欧盟区临床试验环境,应用第一步中分析的单个合作案例的研究成果,相应地为欧盟区更新DCT的最佳实践方式,为建立泛欧盟区试点(Pan-EU pilot)提供初步指南;设计并实施泛欧盟区试点DCT,明确完全DCT或混合模式在临床研发中的定位。
项目组于2020年6月将糖尿病适应证作为试点,计划分完全传统模式、完全远程模式和混合模式(部分传统/部分远程)三个组。该试点试验的研究结果将为患者满意度、数据质量和其他方面的最优方案提供参考基础,此外项目后续将关注更多的适应证[6]。随后,项目组发布了计划在该试点试验中使用的第一组推荐内容。这是欧盟区首次提出关于DCT的考虑,并提出了关键推荐和次要推荐。三项关键推荐分别为:回答重要的研究问题、持续聚焦于受试者、优化受试者体验并保证临床试验质量和科学性。三项次要推荐分别为:相关方尽早参与、分享知识和经验、研究DCT方法的实施与改进。
我国智能化临床试验起步于20世纪90年代,近年来快速发展的信息技术在医药领域得到广泛应用。2016年原国家食品药品监管总局发布《临床试验数据管理工作技术指南》《药物临床试验的电子数据采集技术指导原则》等文件,对我国以注册为目的的药物临床试验的数据管理工作做出了规范化指导[11]。2018年国务院办公厅发布《关于促进“互联网+医疗健康”发展的意见》推进了医药研发领域信息技术进程,为DCT实施奠定了基础。2020年7月,我国开始施行新版药物临床试验质量管理规范(GCP),其中对临床试验中电子数据的管理及计算机化系统和人员提出了相应的规定和要求,明确了电子文件可以作为源数据或核证副本的定义。在对信息化系统的安全性和风险管理的要求中,申办者的电子数据管理系统应当经可靠验证,具备完整的标准操作规程,保证数据的完整性、安全性和可追溯。
我国实施DCT的监管要求主要涉及三个方面。首先是临床试验管理法规,包括《药品注册管理办法》[12]《药物临床试验质量管理规范》[13]《药物临床试验机构管理规定》[14]《药品记录与数据管理要求(试行)》等。二是医疗管理类法规,包括医护资质、多点执业、远程医疗、电子病例、人口健康信息管理办法等相关内容。三是综合性法律法规,如《民法典》《网络安全法》《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》《电子签名法》等[15]
国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心(CDE)于2020年7月发布《新冠肺炎疫情期间药物临床试验管理指导原则(试行)》,建议尝试选择DCT方法,借助智能化临床试验管理平台及远程通讯技术,以受试者为中心开展临床试验[16]。《以临床价值为导向的抗肿瘤药物临床研发指导原则》中,鼓励企业探索在抗肿瘤药物临床试验设计中加入DCT元素[17]。该指导原则鼓励申请人引用或开发多种评估方式,如使用电子化手段记录的电子化患者报告结局(patient reported outcome, PRO),减轻受试者负担。随后发布的《患者报告结局在药物临床研发中应用的指导原则(试行)》《药物临床试验中心化监查统计指导原则(试行)》,也为DCT元素应用制定了相应的实施准则。
2020年6月由上海市药学会药物临床研究专业委员会牵头发表了《智能化临床研究专家共识》[18]。在此基础上,结合行业内各方的实践经验,2022年7月发表了《远程智能临床试验专家共识》,内容包括DCT的实施、设计和管理、数字化技术应用、监管考量等,为其实施和质量监管提供了实践经验,推动智能化临床研究在我国的应用和发展[19]
传统的临床试验往往无法招募具有代表性的参与者群体,仅有5%合格受试者参与临床研究[20,21]。DCT可以通过降低患者参与所需的成本和承诺来减少障碍并吸引更广泛的参与者。目前实施DCT面临新的挑战,包括数字鸿沟、某些测试或程序的排除、药品配送到家的复杂性以及需要建设新的基础设施。
欧美已较为广泛地应用基于风险的质量管理、虚拟试验、大数据分析和人工智能驱动的研究方案设计及试验中心遴选系统。目前国内的情况是电子数据采集/病例报告表(EDC/CRF)有较高普及率,但随机化和物资供应管理系统、临床试验管理系统(CTMS)和电子试验主文档(eTMF)、电子临床结局评估(eCOA)等远程智能技术还在发展中,其经验和实践较为有限,加上法规政策、数据隐私和安全等不完善,广泛实施DCT仍处于探索阶段。
临床试验应提供可靠的临床试验数据作为监管决策基础,即需要先解决科学问题,然后再考虑是否可以采用DCT方法[22]。DCT实施模式有完全远程、部分受试者DCT与传统模式并行、部分流程环节DCT的混合模式。DCT采用了多种数据采集工具,如可穿戴设备、生物传感器等,确保试验数据安全可靠地采集、传输和储存。但同时增加了数据清理、监察及报告的难度。因此,采集数据的信息化系统需要通过规范测试和严格认证,并将网络安全作为认证的重要内容,确保系统的安全性、稳定性和合规性。基于安全原则,需要定期审查和更新数据访问权限,以防止隐私泄露的风险。
DCT实施中的伦理问题需重点关注,特别是保证远程参与受试者的充分知情和同意。通过网络招募的受试者可能面临信息和隐私泄露的风险,必须要事先制定电子知情同意标准操作规程(SOP),采用包括识别器、图像、音视频等方式传达有关信息,获得知情同意的记录,同时对个人信息进行脱敏,以保护受试者权益。远程签署电子知情同意时,应符合《电子签名法》等法规的相关要求。
DCT实施过程中的风险管控,相较于传统临床试验模式更具挑战,应充分考虑如何有效地进行数据管理和加强试验质量保证。合规且可靠的信息化系统不仅应经过规范的测试获得认证,还需要能与医院内部医疗信息化平台[23]对接。信息化系统最好能具备实时的分析能力,以便及时发现问题并处理。在远程操作授权、远程受试者招募、电子知情同意、远程访视、远程监查、试验药物配送、生物样本采集与运输、受试者隐私保护等远程化、智能化环节均应采取严格的风险控制措施。
国内很大一部分研究者还未对DCT有深入了解,DCT实际操作与传统方式有诸多不同,在实施过程中需要加强对研究者的培训,并积累相关实践经验。由于受试者与研究者的面对面接触减少,研究者应对受试者加强相关宣教,提高依从性。受试者在家使用试验药物需正确遵照医嘱执行,并采取恰当的护理措施,确保治疗顺利,减少不良事件的发生。
我国DCT的实施与应用涉及到药品监管部门、卫生监管部门和新兴数字化技术的监管部门等,在近三年的迅速发展中,实践经验不断积累。根据我国DCT实施的现状和存在问题,有必要梳理整合多方监管要求,完善DCT适用法规,出台我国DCT指南性文件,明确监管标准。
DCT是临床试验体系现代化的重要实践,需开发相应的工作方式来加强临床试验监管。对于实施DCT的项目,建议基于风险加强临床试验机构的日常监管,查看项目开展过程中质量管理体系的运作情况,如是否开展了切实有效的质量控制活动,特别对伦理风险和数据安全问题是否加强质量控制,对发生的重大问题或偏离是否进行调查及采取相关预防、纠正措施。同时,监管部门可为与DCT相关的试验问题设立专用的沟通途径,由专门的评价团队来识别、确定优先级并解决问题。
DCT的数字智能化技术应用应以GCP中保护受试者安全和保障数据完整性等要求为基础,最终提高临床试验效能。确保DCT数字智能化系统的合规性和安全性是非常重要的工作,也是实现DCT的重要环节,需建立相应的数字智能化系统认证标准,还需加强对系统的实时监测能力,相关系统可识别异常情况并做出提示预警,进一步完善DCT质量和风险控制体系。
在DCT实施过程中,保护受试者还包括提高受试者信息安全意识,增强数字化、智能化知识宣教。受试者电子知情同意流程应恰当、充分,且不被电子化方式误导或诱导。在收集和使用受试者个人信息前必须取得同意,且不得收集和保存与临床试验无关的个人信息,通过脱敏处理来保护个人隐私信息。合理设计安全监测频率和方式,确保医疗服务方的资质并明确各方职责。建立受试者和研究者通畅的交流渠道,以便对不良事件、突发情况等能全面、及时和恰当地处理、记录和报告。
随着监管政策的支持、新模式的应用普及和DCT项目实施经验的不断积累,我国临床试验有望建设以受试者为中心、临床试验与医疗服务相整合、高质量方法学设计、数据利用最大化的临床试验新生态,促进生物医药产业发展。
  • 上海市市场监督管理局政策研究课题(20220232)
  • 上海市药品监督管理局课题(LX-2022-02)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.06.08
  • 接收时间:2023-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-12
  • 录用日期:2024-03-06
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上海市市场监督管理局政策研究课题(20220232)
上海市药品监督管理局课题(LX-2022-02)
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    上海药品审评核查中心,上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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