Article(id=1241311715992851289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1641398400000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1680710400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-04-06, onlineDate=1773881375549, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773881375549, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773881375549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881375549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241311708883513558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='78', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773881373854, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882024061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241314436116435425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241314436116435426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241311716299035503, articleId=1241311715992851289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Network pharmacological analysis and experimental verification for anti-liver fibrosis effects of Mori fructus, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To explore the main active components, targets and pathways of anti-liver fibrosis of Mori fructus by network pharmacology and animal experiment, and to explore its potential mechanism of Mori fructus against liver fibrosis.

METHODS

The main active components and corresponding targets of Mori fructus were obtained from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) and the target information was converted into target gene by Uniprot database. The targets of inflammatory disease were predicted in OMIM database and GeneCards database, and the targets of inflammatory genes were obtained. The network diagram of component-target-pathway was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Protein protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the String database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Fifty Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups, including normal group, model group and low, medium and high dose of total flavonoids from Mori fructus (75,150, 300 mg·kg-1) groups. The liver fibrosis model of mice was induced by carbon tetrachloride, and the serum biochemical indexes and predicted inflammatory indexes were detected. The histopathological changes of liver were observed, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) protein in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS

The main anti-inflammation components of Mori fructus include cyanin, quercetin, morin and β-carotene.There were 80 potential anti-inflammatory targets, and the PPI network mainly includes interleukin (IL) -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), protein kinase B (AKT) 1, albumin (ALB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and MMP9 and other core targets. The pathways involved mainly include fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, pathways in cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), etc. Animal experimental results showed that compared with the normal group, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α in liver tissue as well as the expression of MMP9 protein in the model group were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of ALT and AST in serum, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α and the protein expression of MMP9 protein in liver tissue were decreased (P < 0.05) and the degree of liver injury was alleviated in different doses of total flavonoids from Mori fructus.

CONCLUSION

Mori fructus has anti-liver fibrosis effects on IL-6, TNF-α, MMP9 and other targets through active components such as anthocyanin and quercetin, which are mainly related to phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) /AKT, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways. Its mechanism of liver protection may be related to the reduction of inflammatory reaction and the down-regulation of the protein expression of MMP9.

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目的

利用网络药理学方法研究桑椹抗肝纤维化的主要活性成分、靶点和通路,分析其抗肝纤维化作用机制,并通过动物实验验证。

方法

从中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台(TCMSP)中获取桑椹的主要活性成分及相对应的作用靶点;在OMIM数据库和GeneCards数据库中进行与炎症相关的疾病靶点预测,得到炎症相关基因靶点;使用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建桑椹与炎症相关疾病的成分-靶点-通路网络图;使用String数据库及Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,并进行基因本体(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组和桑椹总黄酮低、中、高剂量(75、150、300 mg·kg-1)组。采用四氯化碳诱导小鼠肝纤维化模型,给予桑椹总黄酮干预,检测小鼠血清生化指标和炎症指标,观察肝组织病理学变化,免疫组化法检测肝组织中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)的蛋白表达。

结果

桑椹抗炎有关的主要活性成分有花青素、槲皮素、桑色素和β-胡萝卜素,抗炎的潜在靶点有80个,PPI网络主要包括白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)1、白蛋白(ALB)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)、MMP9等核心靶点。涉及到的通路主要有流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化、癌症通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化和Janus激酶(JAK)-信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT)通路等。动物实验结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平及肝组织中炎症指标IL-6、TNF-α含量以及MMP9蛋白表达均显著升高(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比,桑椹总黄酮各剂量组血清中ALT、AST水平显著降低,肝组织中IL-6和TNF-α含量及MMP9蛋白表达显著降低(P < 0.05),肝损伤的病变程度减轻。

结论

桑椹通过花青素、槲皮素等活性成分作用于IL-6、TNF-α、MMP9等靶点发挥抗肝纤维化作用,主要与磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/AKT、JAK-STAT等信号通路有关,其保肝机制可能与减轻炎症反应、下调MMP9蛋白表达有关。

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张思森
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乔靖怡,女,高级实验师,博士,主要从事中药药理及毒理学研究,E-mail:

张思森,男,主任医师,博士生导师,博士,主要从事急诊危重症医学的研究,E-mail:

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红色圆形代表桑椹抗炎的潜在靶点,蓝色菱形代表相关通路

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1:正常组,2:模型组,3:桑椹总黄酮低剂量组,4:桑椹总黄酮中剂量组,5:桑椹总黄酮高剂量组

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A:正常组,B:模型组,C:桑椹总黄酮低剂量组,D:桑椹总黄酮中剂量组,E:桑椹总黄酮高剂量组

, figureFileSmall=ZzzFgRu4O0j1lbb5Q9XZJQ==, figureFileBig=CrsnZ1F6frMwySLtanjqBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241311727753679069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分编号OB/%DL
cyanin(花青素)MOL00620947.420.76
quercetin(槲皮素)MOL00009846.430.28
morin(桑色素)MOL00073746.230.27
beta-carotene(β-胡萝卜素)MOL00277337.180.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241311727812399326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桑椹主要活性成分基本信息表

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活性成分编号OB/%DL
cyanin(花青素)MOL00620947.420.76
quercetin(槲皮素)MOL00009846.430.28
morin(桑色素)MOL00073746.230.27
beta-carotene(β-胡萝卜素)MOL00277337.180.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241311727883702495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT/U·L-1AST/U·L-1
正常26.45±8.91122.74±11.79
模型84.11±26.82c193.03±32.68c
桑椹总黄酮低剂量69.29±23.68d169.20±32.42d
桑椹总黄酮中剂量61.24±19.15e164.47±26.16e
桑椹总黄酮高剂量55.30±23.06e158.92±27.11e
), ArticleFig(id=1241311727946617056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别ALT/U·L-1AST/U·L-1
正常26.45±8.91122.74±11.79
模型84.11±26.82c193.03±32.68c
桑椹总黄酮低剂量69.29±23.68d169.20±32.42d
桑椹总黄酮中剂量61.24±19.15e164.47±26.16e
桑椹总黄酮高剂量55.30±23.06e158.92±27.11e
), ArticleFig(id=1241311728009531617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-6/pg·mg-1TNF-α/pg·mg-1
正常36.02±7.8357.13±5.73
模型70.58±18.62c96.39±14.54c
桑椹总黄酮低剂量57.17±11.89d88.34±11.52d
桑椹总黄酮中剂量53.70±13.84e80.70±12.66e
桑椹总黄酮高剂量48.93±11.04f78.82±10.27f
), ArticleFig(id=1241311728072446178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311715992851289, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组小鼠肝组织白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α含量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-6/pg·mg-1TNF-α/pg·mg-1
正常36.02±7.8357.13±5.73
模型70.58±18.62c96.39±14.54c
桑椹总黄酮低剂量57.17±11.89d88.34±11.52d
桑椹总黄酮中剂量53.70±13.84e80.70±12.66e
桑椹总黄酮高剂量48.93±11.04f78.82±10.27f
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桑椹抗肝纤维化作用的网络药理学分析和实验验证
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乔靖怡 a, b , 李汉伟 b , 陈金香 b , 王灿 c , 宋亚刚 b , 狄培琰 c , 朱平生 d , 张思森 a , 苗明三 b
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(1): 62-69
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(1): 62-69
桑椹抗肝纤维化作用的网络药理学分析和实验验证
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乔靖怡a, b , 李汉伟b, 陈金香b, 王灿c, 宋亚刚b, 狄培琰c, 朱平生d, 张思森a , 苗明三b
作者信息
  • a.河南中医药大学 第五临床医学院/郑州人民医院,河南 郑州 450046
  • b.河南中医药大学 中医药科学院,河南 郑州 450046
  • c.河南中医药大学 药学院,河南 郑州 450046
  • d.河南中医药大学 中医学院,河南 郑州 450046
  • 乔靖怡,女,高级实验师,博士,主要从事中药药理及毒理学研究,E-mail:

    张思森,男,主任医师,博士生导师,博士,主要从事急诊危重症医学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张思森
Network pharmacological analysis and experimental verification for anti-liver fibrosis effects of Mori fructus
Jing-yi QIAOa, b , Han-wei LIb, Jin-xiang CHENb, Can WANGc, Ya-gang SONGb, Pei-yan DIc, Ping-sheng ZHUd, Si-sen ZHANGa , Ming-san MIAOb
Affiliations
  • a.The Fifth Clinical Medical College/Zhenzhou People’s Hospital, He-nan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou HE-NAN 450046, China
  • b.Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, He-nan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou HE-NAN 450046, China
  • c.Department of Medicine, He-nan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou HE-NAN 450046, China
  • d.College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, He-nan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou HE-NAN 450046, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.12
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目的

利用网络药理学方法研究桑椹抗肝纤维化的主要活性成分、靶点和通路,分析其抗肝纤维化作用机制,并通过动物实验验证。

方法

从中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台(TCMSP)中获取桑椹的主要活性成分及相对应的作用靶点;在OMIM数据库和GeneCards数据库中进行与炎症相关的疾病靶点预测,得到炎症相关基因靶点;使用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建桑椹与炎症相关疾病的成分-靶点-通路网络图;使用String数据库及Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,并进行基因本体(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组和桑椹总黄酮低、中、高剂量(75、150、300 mg·kg-1)组。采用四氯化碳诱导小鼠肝纤维化模型,给予桑椹总黄酮干预,检测小鼠血清生化指标和炎症指标,观察肝组织病理学变化,免疫组化法检测肝组织中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)的蛋白表达。

结果

桑椹抗炎有关的主要活性成分有花青素、槲皮素、桑色素和β-胡萝卜素,抗炎的潜在靶点有80个,PPI网络主要包括白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)1、白蛋白(ALB)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)、MMP9等核心靶点。涉及到的通路主要有流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化、癌症通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化和Janus激酶(JAK)-信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT)通路等。动物实验结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平及肝组织中炎症指标IL-6、TNF-α含量以及MMP9蛋白表达均显著升高(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比,桑椹总黄酮各剂量组血清中ALT、AST水平显著降低,肝组织中IL-6和TNF-α含量及MMP9蛋白表达显著降低(P < 0.05),肝损伤的病变程度减轻。

结论

桑椹通过花青素、槲皮素等活性成分作用于IL-6、TNF-α、MMP9等靶点发挥抗肝纤维化作用,主要与磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/AKT、JAK-STAT等信号通路有关,其保肝机制可能与减轻炎症反应、下调MMP9蛋白表达有关。

桑椹  /  炎症  /  免疫  /  肝纤维化  /  网络药理学  /  四氯化碳
AIM

To explore the main active components, targets and pathways of anti-liver fibrosis of Mori fructus by network pharmacology and animal experiment, and to explore its potential mechanism of Mori fructus against liver fibrosis.

METHODS

The main active components and corresponding targets of Mori fructus were obtained from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP) and the target information was converted into target gene by Uniprot database. The targets of inflammatory disease were predicted in OMIM database and GeneCards database, and the targets of inflammatory genes were obtained. The network diagram of component-target-pathway was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Protein protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the String database and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, and Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. Fifty Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups, including normal group, model group and low, medium and high dose of total flavonoids from Mori fructus (75,150, 300 mg·kg-1) groups. The liver fibrosis model of mice was induced by carbon tetrachloride, and the serum biochemical indexes and predicted inflammatory indexes were detected. The histopathological changes of liver were observed, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) protein in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS

The main anti-inflammation components of Mori fructus include cyanin, quercetin, morin and β-carotene.There were 80 potential anti-inflammatory targets, and the PPI network mainly includes interleukin (IL) -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), protein kinase B (AKT) 1, albumin (ALB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and MMP9 and other core targets. The pathways involved mainly include fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, pathways in cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), etc. Animal experimental results showed that compared with the normal group, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α in liver tissue as well as the expression of MMP9 protein in the model group were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the levels of ALT and AST in serum, the contents of IL-6 and TNF-α and the protein expression of MMP9 protein in liver tissue were decreased (P < 0.05) and the degree of liver injury was alleviated in different doses of total flavonoids from Mori fructus.

CONCLUSION

Mori fructus has anti-liver fibrosis effects on IL-6, TNF-α, MMP9 and other targets through active components such as anthocyanin and quercetin, which are mainly related to phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) /AKT, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways. Its mechanism of liver protection may be related to the reduction of inflammatory reaction and the down-regulation of the protein expression of MMP9.

Mori fructus  /  inflammatory  /  immunity  /  liver fibrosis  /  network pharmacology  /  carborn tetrachloride
乔靖怡, 李汉伟, 陈金香, 王灿, 宋亚刚, 狄培琰, 朱平生, 张思森, 苗明三. 桑椹抗肝纤维化作用的网络药理学分析和实验验证. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (1) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.12
Jing-yi QIAO, Han-wei LI, Jin-xiang CHEN, Can WANG, Ya-gang SONG, Pei-yan DI, Ping-sheng ZHU, Si-sen ZHANG, Ming-san MIAO. Network pharmacological analysis and experimental verification for anti-liver fibrosis effects of Mori fructus[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (1) : 62 -69 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.12
炎症是机体对外界刺激的防御反应,是一种常见的病理反应。研究表明,炎症的发生发展可引起临床上大部分疾病,如肝病、肺炎、炎症性肠病、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、癌症及抑郁症等[1-5]。肝纤维化是多种原因引起的肝脏损伤和炎症后组织修复过程中的代偿反应,是细胞外基质(ECM)过度异常沉积引起的肝脏疾病[6,7]。肝纤维化是多种慢性肝病如肝炎发展至肝硬化甚至肝癌的主要病因。研究发现,早期的肝纤维化是可以逆转的[8],因此研究预防和治疗肝纤维化的药物已成为医学界关注的重要课题。中药具有多成分、多靶点和多途径的特征,在防治肝损伤方面有其独特的优势,桑椹(Mori fructus)含有多种活性成分,如白藜芦醇、黄酮类、多糖类及生物碱等,其中黄酮类化合物是其主要的有效成分。本研究利用中药网络药理学的方法,筛选桑椹抗炎的活性成分和潜在作用靶点及其信号通路,并以肝纤维化小鼠模型为研究对象,探讨桑椹总黄酮对小鼠肝纤维化的保护作用及机制,为其临床应用提供参考依据。
应用中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台(TCMSP,http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php)查找桑椹中的化学成分。以口服生物利用度(OB)和类药性(DL)评价化合物的活性,将OB≥30%和DL≥0.18作为筛选标准,获得桑椹的活性成分。在TCMSP数据库中检索桑椹活性成分所对应的靶蛋白,再将得到的靶蛋白导入到Uniprot数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)中,找到每个靶蛋白所对应的靶基因。查找时限定物种为“人”(homo sapiens)和“已验证”(reviewed)。将得到的靶基因合并后得到桑椹活性成分的靶基因。
分别在OMIM(https://www.omim.org)和GeneCards(https://www.genecards.org)数据库中以“inflammation”为关键词进行检索,得到炎症疾病相关靶点。将桑椹的活性成分所对应的作用靶点和炎症所对应的疾病靶点制作韦恩图取交集,获得桑椹抗炎的潜在作用靶点。
将得到的桑椹活性成分和炎症相关靶基因导入Cytoscape 3.7.2软件(http://www.cytoscape.org/),构建桑椹活性成分-抗炎靶点网络图。
将获得的桑椹抗炎潜在作用靶点导入String数据库(https://string-db.org)得到靶点之间的相互作用信息,下载结果为tsv格式后,导入Cytoscape 3.7.2软件绘制潜在靶点的PPI关系。利用excel表格计算靶点的度(degree)值,将靶点按度值从大到小排列取前十个基因作为核心基因,重复上述操作利用String数据库和Cytoscape 3.7.2软件构建核心靶点PPI网络。String数据库的限定条件选择“multiple proteins”和“homo sapiens”。
把桑椹抗炎的作用靶点导入Metascape数据库,选择物种为“homo sapiens”和“custom analysis”进行基因本体(GO)功能富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。条件均为P < 0.01,最小计数为3,富集因子> 1.5。GO功能富集分析包括生物学过程(BP)、细胞组成(CC)和分子功能(MF)3个部分。
将中药桑椹的活性成分和炎症对应的靶点、通路和靶点的相互关系信息导入Cytoscape 3.7.2软件,得到桑椹靶点-通路网络图。
SPF级雄性昆明种小鼠50只,体重18 ~ 22 g,购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司,生产许可证号为SCXK(鲁)20190003,实验动物使用许可证号为SYXK(豫)2020-0004。饲养于温度(22±2)℃,明暗周期12 h/12 h环境中,自由饮水和摄食。
取干燥桑椹粗粉乙醇回流提取后洗脱,收集洗脱液,真空干燥得桑椹总黄酮含量以芦丁计(> 50.0%)。药液的配置:称取一定量桑椹总黄酮粉末,加蒸馏水配制成浓度为15 mg·mL-1药液备用。四氯化碳(CCl4,BW021001)购于天津市恒兴化学试剂有限公司;橄榄油购于天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶酶(AST)试剂盒,均购于南京建成生物工程研究所;白细胞介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α酶联免疫分析试剂盒购自苏州卡尔文生物科技有限公司。数字病理切片扫描系统KF-PRO-005(宁波江丰生物信息技术有限公司),Cytation3酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司)。
将小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,桑椹总黄酮低、中、高剂量(75、150、300 mg·kg-1)组,每组10只。除正常组外,其余组小鼠均采用腹腔注射CCl4法制肝纤维化模型。第1周造模采用40% CCl4橄榄油腹腔注射2.5 mL·kg-1,第2周采用20% CCl4橄榄油腹腔注射2.5 mL·kg-1,第3周采用20% CCl4橄榄油腹腔注射1.5 mL·kg-1,均每周2次。在造模的同时对应灌胃给予各组药物,每日1次,连续给药3周。
造模12 h后处理动物,称量小鼠体重,摘眼球取血,4 ℃ 1 400×g离心15 min后取血清,摘取肝脏。取肝右叶按质量体积比1∶9加生理盐水制成10%的肝匀浆,1 400×g离心10 min,取上清液备用。微板法检测ALT、AST水平。ELISA法检测肝组织IL-6、TNF-α含量。取肝组织固定于10%甲醛溶液中,常规石蜡包埋切片后,HE和Masson染色观察和评价小鼠肝脏组织病变程度。免疫组织化学染色法检测基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)蛋白表达,羊抗小鼠MMP9一抗4 ℃孵育过夜,生物素标记二抗室温孵育50 min,DAB显色后复染细胞核,脱水封片。显微镜下观察并拍片,采用Image-Pro软件分析肝组织中MMP9蛋白阳性表达的平均吸光度。
采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料采用表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,P < 0.05为有显著差异。
通过TCMSP平台筛选得到符合条件的桑椹活性成分共6种,同时查找每种成分对应的靶点共得到165个相关靶点,在Uniprot数据库中转换靶点名称为基因名称,删去其中11个无对应基因的靶点及3个重复靶点后,得到151个有对应基因的靶点和4种主要活性成分,见表1
利用OMIM和GenCards数据库将筛选的桑椹活性成分靶点与炎症相关疾病靶点进行对照得到1 189个疾病靶点,与桑椹活性成分对应的151个靶点取交集,得到80个桑椹活性成分抗炎的潜在靶点,绘制韦恩图,见图1
选取度值排名前10的靶点作为核心靶点并构建桑椹抗炎活性成分核心靶点PPI网络,见图2。构建结果发现,IL-6、TNF、蛋白激酶B(AKT)1、白蛋白(ALB)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)、趋化因子CXCL8、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2(PTGS2)、MMP9、CCL2、IL-1β分别与72、69、68、66、65、62、62、62、62、60个靶点存在相互作用关系,是桑椹抗炎的核心靶点。
KEGG通路富集分析共得到223个信号通路,显著富集的通路主要有癌症通路、脂质与动脉粥样硬化通路、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化通路、前列腺癌通路、Janus激酶(JAK)-信号传导及转录激活蛋白(STAT)信号通路、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)信号通路等,提示桑椹的活性成分主要通过上述途径起到抗炎作用,取P值前20的通路用富集气泡图做可视化分析,见图3。GO功能富集分析得到GO条目共5 449个,其中BC相关条目4 581个,CC相关条目342个,MF相关条目526个。将P值由小到大排序,按P值排序分别筛选排名前5的条目,制作GO富集柱状图,主要涉及的生物过程为基因表达的正向调节、对药物的反应、炎症反应等,涉及的细胞组分为细胞外空间、细胞外域、大分子复合物、细胞表面、小腔等,涉及的分子功能为酶结合、同种蛋白质结合、细胞因子活性等,见图4
桑椹靶点-通路网络见图5,共有67个节点(57个靶点、10个相关通路)和179条边,主要通路有脂质与动脉粥样硬化、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化、癌症通路、前列腺癌、疟疾、类风湿性关节炎、松弛素信号通路、细胞衰老、铂类耐药性和JAK-STAT通路。
HE染色和Masson染色结果显示,正常组小鼠肝索结构正常,肝小叶结构完整,无纤维组织增生。模型组小鼠肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞肿胀,胞质疏松,出现大量的肝细胞脂肪变性、坏死和炎症细胞浸润,有明显的纤维组织增生和胶原沉积。与模型组相比,桑椹总黄酮中、高剂量组炎症细胞浸润和肝纤维化程度明显改善,见图6
与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清ALT、AST水平显著升高(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比,桑椹总黄酮中、高剂量组ALT、AST水平均显著降低(P < 0.05),低剂量组有降低趋势但无显著差异(P > 0.05),见表2
与正常组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织中IL-6、TNF-α含量显著升高(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,桑椹总黄酮中、高剂量组小鼠肝脏组织中IL-6、TNF-α含量显著降低(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),见表3
与空白组比较,模型组小鼠肝组织MMP9蛋白表达水平明显上调(4.46±1.03 vs. 10.92±1.61,P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,桑椹总黄酮低、中、高剂量组小鼠肝组织MMP9蛋白表达水平显著下调(6.32±0.84、6.19±1.52、5.60±0.94,P < 0.01),见图7
桑椹为桑科植物桑(Morus alba L.)的干燥果穗,味甘、酸,性寒,归心、肝、肾经,具有滋阴补血、生津润燥的功效。主要用于肝肾阴虚、眩晕耳鸣、心悸失眠、须发早白、津伤口渴等症[9]。桑椹自古以来就是临床常用中药,《本草纲目》中记载有桑椹“捣汁饮,解酒中毒”之说。现代药理研究表明桑椹具有抗炎、抗氧化、调节免疫、保护肝脏、降血糖、调脂、抗肿瘤、抗抑郁和保护神经等作用,用于预防和治疗多种疾病,包括肝炎、肝癌、眼病、糖尿病和高血压等[10-13]。文献报道桑椹中的黄酮类成分主要有花青素、芦丁、槲皮素、桑色素、山奈酚和花旗松素等[14]。本研究筛选得到桑椹抗炎的4种活性成分,分别为花青素、槲皮素、桑色素和β-胡萝卜素。现代研究表明花青素具有抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化和抗癌等作用,可预防和治疗多种慢性疾病,如代谢紊乱、癌症、眼病以及心血管疾病[15]。槲皮素具有抗炎、抗氧化活性,可治疗糖尿病/肥胖症和循环功能障碍等多种疾病[16]
通过构建的桑椹活性成分-炎症疾病靶点和PPI网络图分析可知,桑椹抗炎的主要作用靶点有炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF、PTGS2、IL-1β、AKT1、ALB、VEGFA、CXCL8等。结合靶点-通路网络图分析可知,桑椹主要通过JAK-STAT信号通路和PPAR信号通路调控IL-6、TNF、AKT1、CCL2、MMP9等靶点发挥抗炎作用。炎性细胞因子如IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α在免疫调节、造血、炎症和肿瘤发生等方面具有广泛的生物学活性。核因子κB(NF-κB)是参与免疫、炎症反应和细胞存活的转录调节因子。研究发现,在肝损伤的初始阶段,肝细胞的凋亡和坏死激活Kupffer细胞,随后激活NF-κB信号通路,导致释放大量炎性细胞因子,如TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β,进一步加重炎症反应[17]。PTGS2表达降低可以抑制前列腺素的产生,发挥抗炎效应。研究表明,磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/AKT信号通路参与炎症反应和细胞凋亡,在减轻肝损伤方面发挥重要作用[18]。桑椹的主要活性成分槲皮素可通过抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路和STAT3途径保护酒精诱导的肝损伤[19]。CXCL8又称IL-8,与受体CXCR1或CXCR2结合后可对中性粒细胞产生趋化作用,诱导机体局部及全身炎症反应,参与炎症性肠病、组织损伤、乙型肝炎与肝癌等多种疾病的发生发展过程[20]。CCL2具有调节炎症的生理作用,CCL2/CCR2可在肝脏和脂肪细胞中诱导炎症细胞募集,参与肝脏脂肪变性、炎症和肝纤维化[21]。MMPs在ECM重塑中起着重要作用,研究表明MMPs是解决慢性肝脏疾病潜在的治疗靶点,可在肝纤维化形成过程中增强ECM降解[22]。此外,花青素可降低肝脏脂质积聚,并可对抗氧化应激和肝脏炎症,阻止非酒精性脂肪肝相关肝损伤的进程,可能通过减少固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBP)1c抑制脂肪生成,诱导PPAR促进脂肪分解活动,减少抗氧化酶诱导的氧化应激以及通过激活肝细胞AMPK通路影响脂质代谢[23]。这与桑椹涉及到的脂肪细胞脂解的调节和PPAR信号通路是一致的。
肝脏是人体重要的免疫器官,在面对如细菌、病毒等有害因素时,肝脏能够产生快速而强大的免疫反应,当免疫力不足时可引导感染和癌症[24]。提示桑椹活性成分的作用靶点和通路主要与炎症和免疫相关,特别是与肝脏疾病关系密切。中医肝病病机复杂,在中后期阶段多属本虚标实之证,标实主要为湿热血瘀之证,本虚主要为肝肾阴虚之证。桑椹为临床常见的补阴药,可治疗肝肾阴虚病证,其滋阴补血的功效亦针对了肝病的主要病因。
肝纤维化的发病机制复杂,肝星状细胞是肝纤维化发生发展的核心环节,它在组织损伤后能活化为肌成纤维细胞,通过炎症和纤维化分泌ECM蛋白,从而产生纤维瘢痕[25]。肝脏中慢性炎症持续损伤肝细胞刺激肝纤维化的发展,炎性细胞因子激活肝星状细胞,而肝星状细胞的活化又能分泌炎症趋化因子,炎症和纤维化细胞之间相互刺激存在正反馈环,导致纤维化的进展[26,27]。本研究动物实验结果表明,桑椹总黄酮作为其抗纤维化的主要活性成分能够显著降低肝纤维化模型小鼠肝脏中IL-6、TNF-α含量,下调MMP9蛋白表达,提示桑椹抗肝纤维化作用机制与抑制IL-6、TNF-α过量释放和降低MMP9蛋白表达有关。
综上所述,桑椹通过花青素、槲皮素等活性成分作用于IL-6、TNF-α、MMP9等靶点发挥抗肝纤维化作用,涉及的通路主要有PI3K/AKT信号通路、JAK-STAT信号通路等。桑椹可能通过抗炎、调节免疫等多种途径对肝病等多种疾病进行干预,动物实验表明其保肝作用机制可能与减轻炎症反应、下调MMP9的蛋白表达有关。本研究通过网络药理学和动物实验初步探讨桑椹抗肝纤维化的作用机制,但后续仍需大量实验进行深入研究和验证,为药物研发和临床应用提供参考。
  • 国家国际合作基地(国科外函(2016)65号)
  • 河南省博士后科研资助项目(284330)
  • 河南省高校重点科研项目(21A360022; 22B360008)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.12
  • 接收时间:2022-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-06
  • 录用日期:2023-04-06
基金
国家国际合作基地(国科外函(2016)65号)
河南省博士后科研资助项目(284330)
河南省高校重点科研项目(21A360022; 22B360008)
作者信息
    a.河南中医药大学 第五临床医学院/郑州人民医院,河南 郑州 450046
    b.河南中医药大学 中医药科学院,河南 郑州 450046
    c.河南中医药大学 药学院,河南 郑州 450046
    d.河南中医药大学 中医学院,河南 郑州 450046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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