Article(id=1241311709579768022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673971200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1689782400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-07-20, onlineDate=1773881374020, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773881374020, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773881374020, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773881374020, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241311708883513558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='78', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773881373854, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773882024061, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241314436116435425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241314436116435426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241311708883513558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241311709835620569, articleId=1241311709579768022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Comparison of approval for marketing and drug characteristics of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs between China and United States, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To analyze the approval for marketing, drug characteristics, and differences of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs between China and the United States, and provide reference for pharmaceutical management, drug research and development, drug review and approval in China.

METHODS

The websites of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Medical Products Administration of China and package insert of drug were searched, and the novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in the United States from 1997 to 2021 and China from 1999 to 2021 were collected. The drug names, approval types, approval dates, accelerated drug marketing registration procedures, drug action mechanism and indications were extracted, and the approval status and timeliness of new drugs, as well as the number of approvals for different types of drugs were analyzed.

RESULTS

From 1997 to 2021, a total of 69 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved in the United States, which included 42 new molecular entities and 27 new therapeutic biologics. Sixty-five drugs were approved through expedited development and review pathways. From 1999 to 2021, China approved a total of 36 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs, including 24, 11, and 1 for chemical drugs, biologics products, and traditional Chinese medicine, respectively. Twenty-five drugs were approved to use accelerated drug marketing registration procedures. The number of approved drugs in both countries has significantly increased from 2017 to 2021, with 26 (87%) out of 30 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs in the United States being the first global approval drugs, and 8 (32%) out of 25 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs in China being the first global approval drugs, and the average approval time for the other 17 drugs was 6 years later than that of the United States. The novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved in China covered multiple drug targets, which were closer to the targets of new molecular entities approved in the United States and could be used to treat multiple types of hematology neoplasms. However, the biological targets were still limited compared with the United States, which mainly used for lymphoid tissue tumors. There were no drugs used for myeloid tumors, and the types were relatively single. From 2017 to 2021, among the 17 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in China had been approved in the United States, only 6 drugs had the same indications as the United States, and one drug had more indications than the United States.

CONCLUSION

In recent years, the number of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in China has significantly increased. Diverse accelerated drug marketing registration procedures has been used for the review and approval of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs. The target types of approved novel hematological antineoplastic drugs have increased, but the timeliness of new drug review and approval and the international influence of domestic drugs still need to be enhanced. The research and development of domestic novel hematological antineoplastic drugs should avoid single target aggregation, and pay attention to the exploration of new indications of drugs and new combined treatment schemes.

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目的

分析我国与美国血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市情况、药品特点及差异,为我国医药管理、新药研发和审评审批提供参考。

方法

检索美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)网站和我国国家药品监督管理局网站及相关药品说明书,收集美国1997—2021年、我国1999—2021年批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新药,提取药品名称、批准类型、批准日期、加速上市注册程序、药品作用机制及适应证等信息,并分析两国新药审评审批情况和时效性,以及不同类别药品的批准数量。

结果

1997—2021年,美国共批准69个血液系统抗肿瘤新药,新分子实体和新生物制品分别为42个、27个,65个药品通过加快上市注册程序获批。1999—2021年,我国共批准36个血液系统抗肿瘤新药,化药、生物制品和中药分别为24个、11个和1个,25个药品的获批使用加快上市注册程序。两国上市药品数量在2017—2021年明显增多,美国30个新药中26个(87%)为全球首批,我国25个新药中8个(32%)为全球首批新药,17个国外首批新药在我国的获批时间平均迟于美国6年。我国批准的血液系统抗肿瘤化药已覆盖多个作用机制靶点,与美国批准的新分子实体靶点较为接近,可用于治疗多类血液系统肿瘤;但生物制品靶点与美国相比仍较为局限,主要用于淋巴组织肿瘤,未有用于髓系肿瘤的药品,且种类较显单一。2017—2021年,我国17个批准上市且已在美国获批的血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,仅6个药品的适应证与美国相同,1个药品的适应证多于美国。

结论

我国近年来血液系统抗肿瘤新药批准数量有了明显提升,多种药品加快上市注册程序已用于新药审评审批,批准新药靶点类型增多,但新药审评审批时效性和国产药品的国际影响力仍有待增强,相关研发应避免靶点单一聚集,注重药品新适应证和新联合治疗方案探索。

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林海,E-mail:
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胡晓静,女,助理研究员,博士,主要从事药学、血液肿瘤学的研究,E-mail:

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胡晓静,女,助理研究员,博士,主要从事药学、血液肿瘤学的研究,E-mail:

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编号药品名称来源批准时间批准类型加快上市注册程序美国上市时间与美国获批时间差/年
1芦可替尼原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2011年6
2阿扎胞苷原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2004年13
3伊布替尼原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2013年4
4伊沙佐米原研进口2018年化药优先审评审批2015年3
5苯达莫司汀原研进口2018年化药优先审评审批2008年10
6信迪利单抗国内企业2018年生物制品优先审评审批
7卡瑞利珠单抗国内企业2019年生物制品优先审评审批
8达雷妥尤单抗原研进口2019年生物制品优先审评审批2015年4
9氟马替尼国内企业2019年化药优先审评审批
10替雷利珠单抗国内企业2019年生物制品优先审评审批
11维布妥昔单抗原研进口2020年生物制品优先审评审批2011年9
12泽布替尼国内企业2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2019年1
13普拉曲沙原研进口2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2009年11
14泊马度胺*国内企业2020年化药优先审评审批2013年7
15维奈克拉原研进口2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2016年4
16贝林妥欧单抗原研进口2020年生物制品附条件批准、优先审评审批2014年6
17奥布替尼国内企业2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批
18吉瑞替尼原研进口2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2018年3
19奥妥珠单抗原研进口2021年生物制品优先审评审批2013年8
20卡非佐米原研进口2021年化药附条件批准2012年9
21派安普利单抗国内企业2021年生物制品附条件批准
22赛帕利单抗国内企业2021年生物制品附条件批准
23塞利尼索原研进口2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2019年2
24奥雷巴替尼国内企业2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批、突破性治疗药物
25奥加伊妥珠单抗原研进口2021年生物制品优先审评审批2017年4
), ArticleFig(id=1241311716009636340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311709579768022, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2017—2021年我国使用加快上市注册程序批准的血液系统抗肿瘤新药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号药品名称来源批准时间批准类型加快上市注册程序美国上市时间与美国获批时间差/年
1芦可替尼原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2011年6
2阿扎胞苷原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2004年13
3伊布替尼原研进口2017年化药优先审评审批2013年4
4伊沙佐米原研进口2018年化药优先审评审批2015年3
5苯达莫司汀原研进口2018年化药优先审评审批2008年10
6信迪利单抗国内企业2018年生物制品优先审评审批
7卡瑞利珠单抗国内企业2019年生物制品优先审评审批
8达雷妥尤单抗原研进口2019年生物制品优先审评审批2015年4
9氟马替尼国内企业2019年化药优先审评审批
10替雷利珠单抗国内企业2019年生物制品优先审评审批
11维布妥昔单抗原研进口2020年生物制品优先审评审批2011年9
12泽布替尼国内企业2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2019年1
13普拉曲沙原研进口2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2009年11
14泊马度胺*国内企业2020年化药优先审评审批2013年7
15维奈克拉原研进口2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2016年4
16贝林妥欧单抗原研进口2020年生物制品附条件批准、优先审评审批2014年6
17奥布替尼国内企业2020年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批
18吉瑞替尼原研进口2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2018年3
19奥妥珠单抗原研进口2021年生物制品优先审评审批2013年8
20卡非佐米原研进口2021年化药附条件批准2012年9
21派安普利单抗国内企业2021年生物制品附条件批准
22赛帕利单抗国内企业2021年生物制品附条件批准
23塞利尼索原研进口2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批2019年2
24奥雷巴替尼国内企业2021年化药附条件批准、优先审评审批、突破性治疗药物
25奥加伊妥珠单抗原研进口2021年生物制品优先审评审批2017年4
), ArticleFig(id=1241311716101911036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311709579768022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用途径药品类型靶点美国中国
信号转导通路20(47)11(46)
酪氨酸激酶通路1410
BCR-ABL抑制剂BCR-ABL55
STAMP抑制剂BCR-ABL STAMP1
BTK抑制剂BTK33
JAK抑制剂JAK21
FLT3抑制剂FLT311
KIT抑制剂KIT1
多靶向激酶抑制剂FLT3、PKC、C-FOS等多种激酶1
丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶通路PI3K抑制剂PI3K4
Hedgehog通路Hedgehog通路抑制剂SMO1
凋亡通路Bcl-2抑制剂Bcl-211
表观遗传调控9(21)3(13)
DNA甲基化去甲基化药物DNMT32
组蛋白修饰HDAC抑制剂HDAC41
组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化IDH抑制剂IDH2
蛋白质水平调控4(10)4(17)
蛋白质核输出XPO抑制剂XPO111
蛋白质降解蛋白酶体抑制剂蛋白酶体33
免疫调节免疫调节剂2(5)2(8)
细胞毒类5(12)2(8)
DNA结构和功能PDC氨肽酶1
双功能烷化剂11
蛋白质合成蛋白质翻译抑制剂1
核酸生物合成二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂11
T细胞选择性核苷类似物1
其他砷剂、维甲酸类似物、天冬酰胺酶等2(5)2(8)
), ArticleFig(id=1241311716202574338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311709579768022, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中美两国批准上市血液系统抗肿瘤新分子实体/化药治疗靶点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用途径药品类型靶点美国中国
信号转导通路20(47)11(46)
酪氨酸激酶通路1410
BCR-ABL抑制剂BCR-ABL55
STAMP抑制剂BCR-ABL STAMP1
BTK抑制剂BTK33
JAK抑制剂JAK21
FLT3抑制剂FLT311
KIT抑制剂KIT1
多靶向激酶抑制剂FLT3、PKC、C-FOS等多种激酶1
丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶通路PI3K抑制剂PI3K4
Hedgehog通路Hedgehog通路抑制剂SMO1
凋亡通路Bcl-2抑制剂Bcl-211
表观遗传调控9(21)3(13)
DNA甲基化去甲基化药物DNMT32
组蛋白修饰HDAC抑制剂HDAC41
组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化IDH抑制剂IDH2
蛋白质水平调控4(10)4(17)
蛋白质核输出XPO抑制剂XPO111
蛋白质降解蛋白酶体抑制剂蛋白酶体33
免疫调节免疫调节剂2(5)2(8)
细胞毒类5(12)2(8)
DNA结构和功能PDC氨肽酶1
双功能烷化剂11
蛋白质合成蛋白质翻译抑制剂1
核酸生物合成二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂11
T细胞选择性核苷类似物1
其他砷剂、维甲酸类似物、天冬酰胺酶等2(5)2(8)
), ArticleFig(id=1241311716332597767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311709579768022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品类型靶点美国中国
单抗14(52)8(73)
CD2052
CD3821
PD-125
CCR41
CD191
CD521
γ干扰素1
SLAMF71
抗体偶联药物8(29)2(18)
CD2221
CD3011
BCMA1
CD791
CD331
CD191
CD1231
双抗CD3-CD191(4)1(9)
天冬酰胺酶3(11)
干扰素1(4)
), ArticleFig(id=1241311717842547212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241311709579768022, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中美两国批准上市血液系统抗肿瘤新生物制品治疗靶点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品类型靶点美国中国
单抗14(52)8(73)
CD2052
CD3821
PD-125
CCR41
CD191
CD521
γ干扰素1
SLAMF71
抗体偶联药物8(29)2(18)
CD2221
CD3011
BCMA1
CD791
CD331
CD191
CD1231
双抗CD3-CD191(4)1(9)
天冬酰胺酶3(11)
干扰素1(4)
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中美血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市情况及药品特点对比
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胡晓静 , 丁媛媛 , 宋捷 , 张苹 , 王月强 , 林海
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(1): 22-29
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(1): 22-29
中美血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市情况及药品特点对比
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胡晓静 , 丁媛媛, 宋捷, 张苹, 王月强, 林海
作者信息
  • 上海市卫生和健康发展研究中心/上海市医学科学技术情报研究所,上海 200031
  • 胡晓静,女,助理研究员,博士,主要从事药学、血液肿瘤学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

林海,E-mail:
Comparison of approval for marketing and drug characteristics of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs between China and United States
Xiao-jing HU , Yuan-yuan DING, Jie SONG, Ping ZHANG, Yue-qiang WANG, Hai LIN
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Health Development Research Center/Shanghai Medical Information Center, SHANGHAI 200031, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.05
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目的

分析我国与美国血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市情况、药品特点及差异,为我国医药管理、新药研发和审评审批提供参考。

方法

检索美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)网站和我国国家药品监督管理局网站及相关药品说明书,收集美国1997—2021年、我国1999—2021年批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新药,提取药品名称、批准类型、批准日期、加速上市注册程序、药品作用机制及适应证等信息,并分析两国新药审评审批情况和时效性,以及不同类别药品的批准数量。

结果

1997—2021年,美国共批准69个血液系统抗肿瘤新药,新分子实体和新生物制品分别为42个、27个,65个药品通过加快上市注册程序获批。1999—2021年,我国共批准36个血液系统抗肿瘤新药,化药、生物制品和中药分别为24个、11个和1个,25个药品的获批使用加快上市注册程序。两国上市药品数量在2017—2021年明显增多,美国30个新药中26个(87%)为全球首批,我国25个新药中8个(32%)为全球首批新药,17个国外首批新药在我国的获批时间平均迟于美国6年。我国批准的血液系统抗肿瘤化药已覆盖多个作用机制靶点,与美国批准的新分子实体靶点较为接近,可用于治疗多类血液系统肿瘤;但生物制品靶点与美国相比仍较为局限,主要用于淋巴组织肿瘤,未有用于髓系肿瘤的药品,且种类较显单一。2017—2021年,我国17个批准上市且已在美国获批的血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,仅6个药品的适应证与美国相同,1个药品的适应证多于美国。

结论

我国近年来血液系统抗肿瘤新药批准数量有了明显提升,多种药品加快上市注册程序已用于新药审评审批,批准新药靶点类型增多,但新药审评审批时效性和国产药品的国际影响力仍有待增强,相关研发应避免靶点单一聚集,注重药品新适应证和新联合治疗方案探索。

血液肿瘤  /  抗肿瘤药  /  生物制品  /  化学药品
AIM

To analyze the approval for marketing, drug characteristics, and differences of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs between China and the United States, and provide reference for pharmaceutical management, drug research and development, drug review and approval in China.

METHODS

The websites of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Medical Products Administration of China and package insert of drug were searched, and the novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in the United States from 1997 to 2021 and China from 1999 to 2021 were collected. The drug names, approval types, approval dates, accelerated drug marketing registration procedures, drug action mechanism and indications were extracted, and the approval status and timeliness of new drugs, as well as the number of approvals for different types of drugs were analyzed.

RESULTS

From 1997 to 2021, a total of 69 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved in the United States, which included 42 new molecular entities and 27 new therapeutic biologics. Sixty-five drugs were approved through expedited development and review pathways. From 1999 to 2021, China approved a total of 36 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs, including 24, 11, and 1 for chemical drugs, biologics products, and traditional Chinese medicine, respectively. Twenty-five drugs were approved to use accelerated drug marketing registration procedures. The number of approved drugs in both countries has significantly increased from 2017 to 2021, with 26 (87%) out of 30 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs in the United States being the first global approval drugs, and 8 (32%) out of 25 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs in China being the first global approval drugs, and the average approval time for the other 17 drugs was 6 years later than that of the United States. The novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved in China covered multiple drug targets, which were closer to the targets of new molecular entities approved in the United States and could be used to treat multiple types of hematology neoplasms. However, the biological targets were still limited compared with the United States, which mainly used for lymphoid tissue tumors. There were no drugs used for myeloid tumors, and the types were relatively single. From 2017 to 2021, among the 17 novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in China had been approved in the United States, only 6 drugs had the same indications as the United States, and one drug had more indications than the United States.

CONCLUSION

In recent years, the number of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs approved for marketing in China has significantly increased. Diverse accelerated drug marketing registration procedures has been used for the review and approval of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs. The target types of approved novel hematological antineoplastic drugs have increased, but the timeliness of new drug review and approval and the international influence of domestic drugs still need to be enhanced. The research and development of domestic novel hematological antineoplastic drugs should avoid single target aggregation, and pay attention to the exploration of new indications of drugs and new combined treatment schemes.

hematologic neoplasms  /  antineoplastic agents  /  biologics products  /  chemical drugs
胡晓静, 丁媛媛, 宋捷, 张苹, 王月强, 林海. 中美血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市情况及药品特点对比. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (1) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.05
Xiao-jing HU, Yuan-yuan DING, Jie SONG, Ping ZHANG, Yue-qiang WANG, Hai LIN. Comparison of approval for marketing and drug characteristics of novel hematological antineoplastic drugs between China and United States[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (1) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.05
近年来,抗肿瘤新药研发进展迅速,肿瘤治疗从细胞毒性药物治疗时代进入了以细胞遗传学、分子生物学、免疫学为基础的靶向治疗和免疫治疗时代。血液系统肿瘤是最早使用靶向药物治疗的疾病。抗肿瘤新药的不断问世,极大地改善了血液系统肿瘤的治疗效果,患者5年生存率提高,总生存期延长[1]。加速创新药品研发,已经成为全球的共识。我国是全球第二大处方药市场,随着肿瘤发病率的不断攀升,对抗肿瘤药尤其是抗肿瘤新药的需求也日渐增加。近年来,我国在医药领域进行了一系列重大改革,对新药研发、审批、临床应用产生巨大影响。本研究对1997—2021年美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)与1999—2021年我国批准的血液系统抗肿瘤新药相关信息进行汇总分析,探讨两国上市药品的不同特点并提出相关建议,旨在为我国医药改革背景下医药管理、新药研发、临床用药提供参考。
以美国FDA网站Drugs@FDA数据库[2]和美国药品审评和研究中心(CDER)新药年度审评报告[3]为美国批准上市血液系统抗肿瘤新药的主要数据来源,检索时间为1997—2021年。以国家药品监督管理局(药监局)[4]网站的公开数据库为我国血液系统抗肿瘤新药的主要数据来源,检索时间为1999—2021年。
检索美国FDA网站数据库、CDER新药年度审评报告和其他文献[5,6]以及我国药监局网站的公开数据库、年度药品审评报告来获取药品批准上市信息,提取药品名称、批准类型、批准日期等信息。根据美国的孤儿药认定和4种加快上市注册程序[7-9](快速通道认定、突破性疗法认定、优先审评认定和加速审批程序)以及我国的3种加快上市注册程序[10](突破性治疗药物程序、附条件批准程序、优先审评审批程序),记录美国血液系统抗肿瘤新药是否通过孤儿药认定、是否为首创性新药以及两国新药审评审批是否采用加快上市注册程序,分析两国血液系统抗肿瘤新药的审评审批情况及时效性。
根据血液系统抗肿瘤新药最后更新的说明书(截至2021年12月),获取药品作用机制及适应证相关信息,对不同作用机制和作用靶点新药进行分类,分析不同类别药品的批准数量。根据2016年世界卫生组织(WHO)造血及淋巴组织肿瘤的分类标准[11,12]对血液系统肿瘤进行分类,分析两国用于急性髓系白血病、骨髓增殖性肿瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征、前驱淋巴性肿瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤、浆细胞肿瘤、T细胞淋巴瘤等血液系统疾病的抗肿瘤新药种类和数量。
自1997年抗CD20单抗利妥昔单抗被批准上市,至2021年,美国FDA共批准血液系统抗肿瘤新药69个。69个新药中有3个以其他适应证首批上市,之后批准用于血液系统肿瘤。药品批准数量呈逐年上升趋势,1997—2001年、2002—2006年、2007—2011年、2012—2016年新药获批数量分别为6个、9个、8个和16个,而2017—2021年获批新药达30个。69个新药均被认定为孤儿药,其中32个为首创性新药,占46%。
我国自1999年三氧化二砷批准上市起,至2021年共批准36个血液系统抗肿瘤新药上市。1999—2001年、2002—2006年、2007—2011年、2012—2016年新药获批数量分别为2个、2个、5个和2个,而2017—2021年,我国获批新药数量有了明显提升,共25个,其中我国国产新药10个,9个为1类新药。
美国批准上市的69个血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,有65个通过不同的加快上市注册程序加快新药研发和审评审批,其中通过快速通道认定的药品38个(55%),优先审评认定的药品58个(84%),加速审批程序的药品36个(52%)。美国FDA于2012年设置突破性疗法认定,在2012—2021年美国FDA批准的46个血液系统抗肿瘤药中,有22个(48%)药品获得突破性疗法认定。对药品使用加快上市注册程序的数量进行分析,使用2种加快上市注册程序获批的新药数量最多,共26个,使用3种加快上市注册程序的有24个,使用4种、1种和未使用加快上市注册程序获批的新药较少,分别为5个、10个和4个。
我国在2016—2020年逐步建立药品加快上市注册制度。2017—2021年批准的25个血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,22个(88%)药品使用优先审评认定程序。2020—2021年批准的15个血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,11个(73%)药品使用附条件批准程序。奥雷巴替尼(olverembatinib)在2021年获批当年还因使用突破性治疗药物程序得以加快获批上市。25个药品中,使用1种加快上市注册程序获批的新药数量最多,共17个,使用2种、3种加快上市注册程序的分别为7个和1个,见表1
美国2017—2021年批准上市的30个新药中,26个(87%)为全球首批。我国2017—2021年批准上市的25个新药中,信迪利单抗、卡瑞利珠单抗、氟马替尼、替雷利珠单抗、奥布替尼、派安普利单抗、赛帕利单抗、奥雷巴替尼等8个(32%)国产创新药为全球首批,17个药品在国外获得全球首批,其中15个药品于美国获得全球首批(除奥加伊妥珠单抗、吉瑞替尼在美国获批当年先于欧洲、日本首批)。17个新药在我国的获批时间平均迟于美国6年。见表1
美国评审新药类型主要为新分子实体和新生物制品。1997—2021年美国FDA批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新药中,以新分子实体批准的药品42个,以新生物制品批准的药品27个,新分子实体数量大于新生物制品。我国评审新药类型主要为化学药品(化药)、生物制品、中药。1999—2021年我国批准上市的血液系统新型抗肿瘤药中,化药24个,生物制品11个,中药1个。获批的化药数量也远大于生物制品。
美国批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新分子实体以分子靶向药为主,通过抑制信号转导通路、表观遗传学调控和蛋白质水平调控等机制发挥作用,其中以信号转导通路蛋白为靶点的药品最多,共14个,涉及10余个不同靶点。2012年之前批准的药品仅为靶向BCR-ABL和JAK的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,2012年之后靶点更为多元;其次是作用于表观遗传学相关靶点的药品,共9个。
尽管我国批准上市的血液系统新型抗肿瘤药数量低于美国,但从作用靶点来看,我国批准的化药与美国批准的新分子实体差距已不大。在我国批准的血液系统新型抗肿瘤化药中,数量最多的也是以信号转导通路蛋白为靶点的药品,2017年后批准上市的药品靶点更为多元。见表2
美国批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新生物制品包括单克隆抗体(单抗)、抗体偶联药物(ADC)、双特异性抗体(双抗)等,其中单抗类药品最多,共14个;其次为ADC,共8个。10个单抗类药品的靶点为肿瘤细胞表面特异性白细胞分化抗原,药品可通过作用于肿瘤细胞发挥作用。2012—2021年,作用于其他靶点如γ干扰素(γ干扰素单抗)、骨髓瘤细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞表面SLAMF7(SLAMF7单抗)、免疫检查点[程序性死亡受体(PD)-1单抗]等的单抗陆续获批上市,还批准了利用双特异性T细胞连接蛋白(BiTE)同时靶向B细胞和T细胞的CD3-CD19双抗上市;ADC批准数量也明显增加。对于大分子生物制品,我国尽管已有单抗、双抗、ADC上市,但目前生物制品上市新药中PD-1单抗占据主要地位,其他靶点新药仍较为少见。见表3
美国批准上市的新分子实体中,用于B细胞淋巴瘤的药品数量最多(12个),其次为骨髓增殖性肿瘤(9个)。我国批准上市的血液系统新型抗肿瘤化药用于骨髓增殖性肿瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤和浆细胞肿瘤的药品数量最多,均为6个。两国血液系统肿瘤的新分子实体与化药的用药结构较为接近,信号转导通路抑制剂主要用于骨髓增殖性肿瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤和急性髓系白血病;表观遗传药物主要用于急性髓系白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征等髓系肿瘤及T细胞淋巴瘤,美国还批准用于浆细胞肿瘤。从蛋白水平进行调控的蛋白酶体抑制剂和核输出抑制剂目前仅局限于浆细胞肿瘤和B细胞淋巴瘤。见图1
美国批准上市的新生物制品主要用于淋巴组织肿瘤,包括B细胞淋巴瘤、浆细胞肿瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、T细胞淋巴瘤等,且以单抗类药品为主。批准用于前驱淋巴性肿瘤的新生物制品较为多元,虽主要为天冬酰胺酶,但还包括ADC、双抗类等突破性和首创性新药。用于髓系肿瘤的新生物制品仅有2个,远不及淋巴组织肿瘤。我国批准上市的血液系统新型抗肿瘤生物制品主要用于淋巴组织肿瘤,未有用于髓系肿瘤的药品,且药品以单抗为主,PD-1单抗占5种,种类较显单一。见图2
尽管部分药品在我国和美国均有上市,但是适应证存在一定差异。2017—2021年我国批准上市的血液系统抗肿瘤新药中有17个药品已在美国上市,对比说明书发现6个药品(阿扎胞苷、伊沙佐米、普拉曲沙、泊马度胺、吉瑞替尼、奥加伊妥珠单抗)两国适应证相同。泽布替尼在我国批准的适应证疾病谱多于美国,4个药品(芦可替尼、伊布替尼、苯达莫司汀、贝林妥欧单抗)在美国批准的适应证疾病谱多于我国,卡非佐米在美国批准的适应证药品联合用药多于我国,5个药品(达雷妥尤单抗、维布妥昔单抗、维奈克拉、奥妥珠单抗、塞利尼索)在美国批准的适应证疾病谱和药品联合用药均多于我国。
近年来,小分子化学靶向药和大分子生物药等疗效确切的抗肿瘤新药陆续上市,改变了血液系统肿瘤的治疗策略,抗肿瘤药成为目前新药研发焦点。本研究结果显示,中美两国血液系统抗肿瘤新药批准数量均有明显提升,多种药品通过加快上市注册程序获批,批准新药靶点类型增多,为临床提供多种选择。
美国FDA在创新药审评上制度较为完善,其使用多种调控途径加速药品审评审批[13,14]。我国参考国际经验,也陆续设立加快上市注册程序,覆盖从药品研发到上市后监管的全生命周期[10]。本研究发现,1997至2021年,美国FDA批准血液系统抗肿瘤新药数量呈现明显上升趋势,所批准新药全部通过孤儿药认定,大多数药品通过2 ~ 3种加快通道获批上市。2017年以来,我国批准上市血液系统新型抗肿瘤新药大多数通过加快上市注册程序获批,上市数量明显提升。加速药品审评审批途径在保证药品安全性和有效性的同时,有助于缩短新药上市时间,使患有严重疾病的患者尽快获得新疗法,提升了药品的可及性[15]。但也应看到,我国的血液系统抗肿瘤新药仍多为进口原研药,在审批上市的时效性方面与美国仍有一定的差距。
我国新药加快审评审批政策仍处于起步阶级,因此,在推进我国新药审评审批速度的同时,应在执行过程中不断完善所存在的不足之处,主要有以下几个方面:(1)注重药品研发审评全流程管理。(2)优化审评审批流程,确保审评审批时长。(3)加强审评审批人员、制药企业、学术机构、医院、患者等利益相关方的沟通,提升新药审评的公开性和合理性。(4)健全审评审批机构的监管与服务职能,保障新药的有效性和安全性。(5)定期回顾性分析加快审评审批政策的具体执行情况,不断完善政策法规。
血液系统肿瘤是最早使用靶向药物治疗的疾病,新药极大地改善了患者预后,颠覆了多种血液系统肿瘤的传统治疗方案[16,17]。本研究结果显示,在美国和我国批准的新分子实体/化药中,信号转导通路抑制剂数量最多。两国前期批准上市的信号转导通路抑制剂主要为以BCR-ABL、JAK等为靶点的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,以治疗骨髓增殖性肿瘤为主。随着对多条信号转导通路研究的深入,美国上市药品的靶点涉及到如丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶通路、Hedgehog通路、凋亡通路等其他通路。BCR-ABL酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、表观遗传药物、蛋白酶体抑制剂等较早用于血液系统肿瘤,但仍不断有新药被批准上市,通过对药品的升级、改变用药途径或选用更为精准的靶点,解决了治疗中的耐药问题,提高了患者依从性。尽管我国批准的血液系统新型抗肿瘤药数量低于美国,但从药品作用靶点来看,我国批准的血液系统新型抗肿瘤化药与美国批准的新分子实体的结构差距已逐渐缩小。
本研究结果还显示,美国批准上市的新生物制品主要以单抗、ADC为主,药品的靶点主要为肿瘤细胞表面特异性抗原。血液系统肿瘤的肿瘤细胞呈克隆性增殖,且不同途径用药,药品均易到达肿瘤部位,而新生物制品因靶向肿瘤特异性抗原,更易发挥直接作用。2012年后,更多类型的靶点被用于单抗类药品[18],ADC、双抗也成为研发热点,药品的作用机制和靶点更为多元,作用更为精准。我国批准上市的生物制品主要为单抗,且以PD-1单抗为主,其他靶点新药较为局限,药品上市数量、类型及自主研发能力仍有待提高。
中美两国批准的新药适用于不同类型的血液系统肿瘤,涉及的疾病较广。部分新药目前已进入一线治疗,通过单一用药、与化疗联合、多种不同靶点新药联合等方式治疗血液系统肿瘤,如在慢性髓系白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤[19]、多发性骨髓瘤[20]中,新药的出现使一线治疗中细胞毒类抗肿瘤药的使用减少,为肿瘤的“慢病化管理”提供了可能。部分新药被批准用于复发难治性患者,为患者提供了更多的治疗机会。本研究结果显示,用于淋巴系统肿瘤的新药多于髓系肿瘤,期待未来有更多的新药用于髓系肿瘤。
在肿瘤领域,我国对新药的临床需求较大。目前,我国创新药研发还主要为“fast follow”模式,可理解为快速追踪新药的模仿性创新模式,通过布局已有临床验证、风险相对较小且较为成熟的靶点,我国的制药企业迅速向创新型企业转型,但如果在这一过程中靶点扎堆,则可能面临市场的激烈争夺和价格战。为此,我国药品审评中心于2021年11月发布《以临床价值为导向的抗肿瘤药物临床研发指导原则》,提出新药研发应以为患者提供更优(更有效、更安全或更便利等)的治疗选择作为更高目标,明确指出了“对照药”是体现新药临床价值的基础,应该关注阳性对照药是否反映和代表了临床实践中目标患者的最佳治疗选择。
随着我国血液系统抗肿瘤新药审批速度的提升,我国临床指南的更新速度不断加快,并日趋与国际接轨,极大改善了临床诊疗,使患者获益。国家医保谈判大大提升了药品的可及性和可负担性。但也应当看到,我国血液系统抗肿瘤新药的获批时效与美国仍有一定差距,新药的适应证也较为单一。未来,在新药审评中,还应密切结合我国血液系统肿瘤的临床特点,加快临床急需新药的上市。另外,应重视药品适应证的拓展、联合治疗方案及个体化治疗的探索,发挥药品的最大效能。
  • 上海市2021年度“科技创新行动计划”软科学重点项目(21692104200)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.01.05
  • 接收时间:2023-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-18
  • 录用日期:2023-07-20
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上海市2021年度“科技创新行动计划”软科学重点项目(21692104200)
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    上海市卫生和健康发展研究中心/上海市医学科学技术情报研究所,上海 200031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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