Article(id=1241022578647691446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700582400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709136000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-29, onlineDate=1773812439834, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812439834, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812439834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812439834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022576185634950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='641', pageEnd='720', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812439247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813972032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=661, endPage=665, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022580111503565, articleId=1241022578647691446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Regulately challenges in filing management of drug clinical trial institutions from perspective of administrative law, columnId=1207314215644270693, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the daily regulatory strategies of regulatory authorities after the implement of filing system of drug clinical trial institutions. From the perspective of administrative law, this article analyzes the differences between the qualification recognition and filing management of drug clinical trial institutions, as well as the characteristics of filing management, and explore the adjustments and response measures for regulatory authorities of drug clinical trial institutions under the current filing system through practice. The filing system simplifies the time limit for drug clinical trial institutions to obtain qualifications, refines the admission standards for drug clinical trial institutions, highlights the qualification requirements and main responsibilities of institutions and researchers, and puts forward higher requirements for post-supervision. The update of regulatory requirements and the increase in regulatory quantity require regulatory authorities to strictly inspect standards, transform law enforcement concepts, innovate regulatory methods, strengthen risk control, and continuously improve regulatory levels, thereby to help China build high-quality drug clinical trial institutions.

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为探索药物临床试验机构备案制后监管部门的日常监管策略,本文基于行政法的视角,分析药物临床试验机构资格认定与备案管理的区别及备案管理的特点,并联系实践探讨当前备案制下药物临床试验机构监管部门面临的调整和应对措施。备案制简化了药物临床试验机构获得资格的时限,细化了药物临床试验机构的准入标准,突出了机构及研究者的资格要求及主体责任,对事后监管提出了更高的要求。监管要求的更新和监管数量的增加,要求监管部门严格检查标准,转变执法理念,创新监管方式,强化风险控制,不断提高监管水平,从而助力我国建设高质量的药物临床试验机构。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡晨希
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李秀丽,女,药师,中级检查员,硕士在读,主要从事药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

胡晨希,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事药事管理、药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

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李秀丽,女,药师,中级检查员,硕士在读,主要从事药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

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李秀丽,女,药师,中级检查员,硕士在读,主要从事药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

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胡晨希,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事药事管理、药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

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胡晨希,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事药事管理、药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

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基于行政法视角的药物临床试验机构备案管理监管挑战
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李秀丽 1 , 谢建林 1 , 胡晨希 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(9): 661-665
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(9): 661-665
基于行政法视角的药物临床试验机构备案管理监管挑战
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李秀丽1 , 谢建林1, 胡晨希2
作者信息
  • 1.国家药品监督管理局食品药品审核查验中心,北京 100076
  • 2.江苏省药品监督管理局审核查验中心,江苏 南京 210009
  • 李秀丽,女,药师,中级检查员,硕士在读,主要从事药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

    胡晨希,女,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事药事管理、药物临床试验的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡晨希
Regulately challenges in filing management of drug clinical trial institutions from perspective of administrative law
Xiu-li LI1 , Jian-lin XIE1, Chen-xi HU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Center for Food and Drug Inspection of National Medical Products Administration, BEIJING 100076, China
  • 2.Center for Inspection of Jiangsu Medical Products Administration, Nanjing JIANGSU 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.05
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为探索药物临床试验机构备案制后监管部门的日常监管策略,本文基于行政法的视角,分析药物临床试验机构资格认定与备案管理的区别及备案管理的特点,并联系实践探讨当前备案制下药物临床试验机构监管部门面临的调整和应对措施。备案制简化了药物临床试验机构获得资格的时限,细化了药物临床试验机构的准入标准,突出了机构及研究者的资格要求及主体责任,对事后监管提出了更高的要求。监管要求的更新和监管数量的增加,要求监管部门严格检查标准,转变执法理念,创新监管方式,强化风险控制,不断提高监管水平,从而助力我国建设高质量的药物临床试验机构。

药物临床试验机构  /  备案  /  行政法  /  监管

To explore the daily regulatory strategies of regulatory authorities after the implement of filing system of drug clinical trial institutions. From the perspective of administrative law, this article analyzes the differences between the qualification recognition and filing management of drug clinical trial institutions, as well as the characteristics of filing management, and explore the adjustments and response measures for regulatory authorities of drug clinical trial institutions under the current filing system through practice. The filing system simplifies the time limit for drug clinical trial institutions to obtain qualifications, refines the admission standards for drug clinical trial institutions, highlights the qualification requirements and main responsibilities of institutions and researchers, and puts forward higher requirements for post-supervision. The update of regulatory requirements and the increase in regulatory quantity require regulatory authorities to strictly inspect standards, transform law enforcement concepts, innovate regulatory methods, strengthen risk control, and continuously improve regulatory levels, thereby to help China build high-quality drug clinical trial institutions.

drug clinical trial institutions  /  filing  /  administrative law  /  supervision
李秀丽, 谢建林, 胡晨希. 基于行政法视角的药物临床试验机构备案管理监管挑战. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (9) : 661 -665 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.05
Xiu-li LI, Jian-lin XIE, Chen-xi HU. Regulately challenges in filing management of drug clinical trial institutions from perspective of administrative law[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (9) : 661 -665 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.05
药物临床试验是以人体为对象开展的为确定药物疗效与安全性的系统性试验,是药物研发的重要步骤,也是药品注册上市的关键环节。为保证研究质量和受试者的权益与安全,药物临床试验应当在具备相应条件的机构中开展,并接受监管部门监管。我国药物临床试验机构及其准入监管已历经约40年的发展变化:从20世纪80年代开始,原卫生部分批设立了多个临床药理基地用于完成药物临床研究任务;1995年2月,原卫生部颁布了《卫生部临床药理基地管理指导原则》,明确临床药理基地应在申请、评审、考核和批准后方可开展药物临床试验;1998年后,原国家食品药品监督管理局对原卫生部批准的临床药理基地进行了重新确认,建立了国家药品临床研究基地,用于承担药物临床试验项目[1-3];2004年,原国家食品药品监督管理局和卫生部又共同制定了《药物临床试验机构资格认定办法(试行)检查》,从此,我国开始对药物临床试验机构实施资格认定。2017年,中共中央、国务院联合发布《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》,提出对临床试验机构资格认定实行备案管理(以下简称“备案制”);2019年,新修订版《药品管理法》正式提出我国药物临床试验机构实施备案制,国家药品监督管理局、国家卫生健康委又于当年共同发布《关于发布药物临床试验机构管理规定的公告》,自此,我国药物临床试验机构的资格认定正式调整为备案制。
伴随着药物临床试验机构备案管理的深入实施,截至2023年11月,全国已有近1 500家药物临床试验机构完成备案。对于药物临床试验机构的日常监管机构而言,监管对象数量的增加,对其监管理念和风险控制能力都提出了新的要求。本文基于行政法的视角,探讨备案制的内涵及法律渊源,并联系实践探讨当前备案制下药物临床试验机构监管部门面临的调整和应对思路。
我国《行政许可法》第二条对“行政许可”给出了定义,并在第十三条规定了可不设定许可的事项,如“行政机关采用事后监督等其他行政管理方式能够解决的事项”。而行政备案,一般指行政机关根据公民、法人或者其他组织依法报送的相关材料,经审核予以存档备查的行为。对于取消许可的事项,实践中一般分为两种情形:一种是直接取消了行政许可,另一种是将行政许可改为备案管理[4]
关于行政备案的性质,一般认为包括以下3种:一是行政许可意义上的备案,即将备案作为后续许可的前置性条件;二是行政确认意义上的备案,即只是在法律上对该行为或事实的存在与否给予明确,以便行政机关统计汇总或公众查询;三是监督意义上的备案,是指由申请人向行政机关告知相关事项,行政机关予以存档以便审查,为后续行政机关监管提供信息[5-7]。由此可见,备案制旨在实现政府对市场的合理干预,实现资源的优化配置,促进社会发展与自治。但是备案制的实施并不意味着政府监管责任的缩减,其实质是政府监管责任的加强,这对政府的监管效能和监管质量提出了更高的要求[5]
根据《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》,药物临床试验机构备案管理作为深化审评审批制度改革的重要一环,指具备临床试验条件的机构在药品监管部门指定网站登记备案后,可接受注册申请人委托开展临床试验。我国新修订版《药品管理法》第十九条明确规定,药物临床试验机构由资格认定改为备案管理。《药物临床试验机构管理规定》作为国家药品监督管理局、国家卫生健康委联合发布的规范性文件,对我国药物临床试验机构的备案管理进行了详细且具有可操作性的规定,包括备案制的实施及适用对象,药物临床试验机构的备案条件、备案流程、备案后管理、监督检查及法律责任等相关内容。值得关注的是,对于新备案的药物临床试验机构或者增加临床试验专业、变更地址的,省级药品监管部门应于药物临床试验机构备案后对其进行首次监督检查。2023年发布的《药物临床试验机构监督检查办法(试行)》及国家药监局食品药品审核查验中心配套发布的《药物临床试验机构监督检查要点及判定原则(试行)》则对药物临床试验机构监督检查(包括备案后首次监督检查)的工作程序、核查要点及判定原则进行了细化,对进一步加强药物临床试验管理、规范药物临床试验机构监督检查工作起到了重要的作用。
依据《药物临床试验机构管理规定》,申请开展药物临床试验且经评估符合相应条件的机构按照法定程序和要求在药物临床试验机构备案管理信息平台上进行登记备案后,方可依法开展临床试验;对于新备案的药物临床试验机构或者增加临床试验专业、变更地址的,省级药品监督管理部门应当在60个工作日内开展首次监督检查,检查结论可以为通过或不通过。若将备案后的首次监督检查认为是行政机关事后日常监管行为的一部分,根据上文的行政备案性质分类,药物临床试验机构备案制倾向于监督意义上的行政备案;若将备案后的首次监督检查认为是对药物临床试验机构相关资格的确认,即完成备案与否并非药物临床试验机构具备开展药物临床试验机构条件的肯定性事项,还需通过事后检查予以进一步确认,则药物临床试验机构备案也可考虑为许可意义上的行政备案。
但无论哪种性质归属,备案后药物临床试验机构即可依法开展临床试验,而省级药品监管部门是在60个工作日内开展首次监督检查,备案后的首次监督检查存在一定的滞后性,在完成备案至首次监督检查结论出具之前,备案机构的资格则存在一定的不确定性。若监督检查为肯定性结论,则该机构资格得到确认;反之,则需要撤销备案,备案后获得的临床试验的资格将自动失去,这一点也需要药物临床试验机构予以特别关注。
首先,备案制简化了药物临床试验机构获得资格的时限。此前,药物临床试验机构的资格认定申请需要经过药品监管部门的初审、同级药品监管部门形式审查、国家药品监督管理局受理审查、检查组现场检查、相关部门出具审核检查意见及审核结果、国家药品监督管理局发布公告并颁发资格认定证书,整个流程所需法定办结时间为120个工作日。实施备案制后,药物临床试验机构仅需对机构及专业的技术水平、设施条件及特点进行评估,符合规定要求后,在备案平台上注册并提交所需材料,经过药品监管部门的形式审查即可完成备案,备案后即可开展临床试验,并在60个工作日内等待接收首次监督检查,大大简化了申请流程、缩短了资格确认的时限。
其次,备案制细化了药物临床试验机构的准入标准,突出了机构及研究者的资格要求及主体责任。如:对于药物临床试验机构应满足的基本条件,备案制明确规定具有二级甲等以上资质的机构可以实施,而对于新药Ⅰ期临床试验或者临床风险较高的药物临床试验则应由三级医疗机构实施等;对于主要研究者,备案制规定其需具备高级职称并参加过3个以上药物临床试验;药物临床试验机构还需在备案前自行开展评估或者聘请第三方机构进行评估等。同时,根据药物临床试验质量管理规范(GCP)的相关要求,在药物临床试验机构的组织管理、备案管理、文件体系、立项管理、试验用药品管理、资料管理、质量管理、伦理委员会的运行及专业组的管理等临床试验全流程中,药物临床试验机构都必须履行相关主体责任。
最后,备案制对事后监管提出了更高的要求。资格认定制度对药物临床试验机构的监管主要关注于机构开展临床试验前的资格认定这一行政许可事项,由监管部门决定其是否具有承担药物临床试验的资格,资格认定证书有效期为3年,并由监管部门对届满后继续开展药物临床试验的机构进行资格认定复核检查。而备案制实施后,省级药品监管部门需根据药物临床试验机构的自我评估情况、开展药物临床试验的情况、既往监督检查情况等,组织开展首次监督检查及日常监督检查,并公布结果,监管重心从事前审批转为事中、事后的过程监管,从认定机构是否具有承担临床试验的资格转为确认机构实际开展临床试验的能力。
根据《药物临床试验机构管理规定》的要求,省级药品监管部门为组织对本行政区域内药物临床试验机构开展日常监督检查的主体,且需要将监督检查结果及处理情况录入药物临床试验机构备案管理平台,并向社会公布。根据2023年11月3日国家药品监督管理局发布的《药物临床试验机构监督管理办法(试行)》,省级药品监管部门执行日常监督检查须制定年度检查计划,检查内容为试验机构遵守有关法律法规及执行GCP的情况、既往检查发现问题的整改情况等;同时,该办法还要求省级监管部门的日常监督检查应当基于风险,结合试验机构在研临床试验项目的情况开展。相关学者调查发现,2019年12月—2020年12月,全国共有1 006家药物临床试验机构完成备案,其中未进行过资格认定的新备案机构有166家(16.5%),与备案管理实施前已获得资格认定的机构数(886家)相比,增长率为13.5%[8]。根据备案平台相关数据,截至2024年1月,药物临床试验机构备案管理平台上共有1 524家药物临床试验机构进行了备案,比之前的886家增长了72.0%。依据相关要求,在备案管理平台中备案的相关机构都将列入省级药品监管部门的日常监管范畴,面对监管要求的更新及机构数量的增长,监管部门的监管思路必定要作出调整与应对。
备案制的实施并不意味着市场主体无底线的自由[5]。备案制下,药物临床试验机构获得资格的程序更为便捷,流程更为简化,但备案制并不意味着监管要求的降低。结合新版GCP原则,对照《药物临床试验机构管理规定》对机构及研究者的基本条件要求,省级药品监管部门在药物临床试验机构首次备案后的监督检查及日常监督检查中,需严格按照相关法律法规进行检查,同时关注检查要求对行业发展的导向性,而非单纯关注备案机构及备案专业数量的增加。同时,伴随着《药物临床试验机构监督检查办法(试行)》及相关核查要点的出台,省级药品监管部门的日常监管程序与评价标准较备案制实施之初,有了更明确的要求及更细致的准则。这提示,省一级相关配套政策及核查标准也需要持续更新,以匹配新发展形势与法规要求。
缩减审批制的实施范围,扩大备案制的实施范围,实质是政府简政放权,还权于市场,也是由“管制行政”向“服务行政”理念转变的起点[4]。对应在药品审评审批制度改革中,药物临床试验机构由资格认定制改为备案制管理,能促使更多医疗资源的释放并将医疗资源为临床试验而用,也为申办方开展临床试验提供了更多的选择,必将促使药品临床试验机构重新定位,增强服务能力,探讨个性化临床研究策略。同时,伴随着备案制的落地,临床研究资源在得到极大丰富的同时,部分机构也面临着缺少项目甚至备案后未承接项目的情况。故而监管部门在日常监管中,需要转变执法理念,不单单将自身定位为管理者,更需要将监管行为融入到服务医药研发及产业发展中去。通过加强事前指导、事中沟通、事后帮扶,提供更加多样便捷的沟通渠道,促进药品临床试验机构合理布局临床试验资源,避免盲目发展,从而达到更佳的治理效果;同时,监管部门对于药物临床试验机构主体责任的履行情况也须给予高度重视,才有可能解决有限的监管资源与日益增长的药物临床试验机构数量之间的矛盾问题。
从事前许可向事中、事后监管手段的行政规制模式转移,反映了国家治理方式的变迁[9]。但随着备案机构和备案专业数量的增加、临床试验资源的释放,监管部门需要顺应变化,创新监管方式。在当前信息社会与数字时代中,信息技术在行政执法中的地位与功能愈发重要。如,监管部门可利用信息化手段,整合相关备案平台,以更高的规制效能、更低的监管成本来履行日常监管任务;探索信用分类制度,对机构进行分类考核;探索信息公开方式,对相关信息进行公示;畅通各级监管部门的沟通渠道,上下联动,实现监管合力及信息共享等。同时,数字信息时代背景下,现代行政国家监管目标的实现愈发依赖线上工具[9],在临床试验机构监管方面,如何发挥大数据的作用,主动识别风险,释放监管资源,降低行政成本,也是值得监管部门思考之处。
药品监管具有风险高、专业性强的特点,备案制实施后,监管重心从事前审批转为事中、事后的过程监管,这对监管部门风险识别和控制能力提出了更高的要求:一方面,药物临床试验机构水平参差不齐,需要建立与事后监管要求匹配的职业化、专业化监管队伍,建立完善的检查质量管理体系,明确检查标准和原则,以匹配备案之后不断增长的机构数量,扩大监管覆盖面;另一方面,监管部门在日常监管中须采取科学的临床研究风险控制策略,例如,在监管对象的选择上,监管部门需要将重心向既往存在严重不合规问题、研究者同期承担较多临床试验项目及研究者管理能力或者研究人员数量相对不足等可能影响试验质量的、有其他线索提示存在质量安全风险的机构倾斜。此外,依据《药物临床试验机构监督检查办法(试行)》的相关要求,在药物临床试验机构接受日常监督检查后,监管部门需要根据报告结论及整改回复作出综合评定并评估风险,若被检查机构存在质量安全风险时还需采取风险控制措施。
尽管各省之间备案机构数量、研究者能力及项目运行能力有所区别,但伴随着《药物临床试验机构监督检查办法(试行)》的正式实施,省级药品监管机构对药物临床试验机构日常监管工作也将进入新的阶段,各省日常监管尺度与力度也将从一定程度上得到统一。可以期待的是,更加科学和完善的药物临床试验监管体系,必将有助于提高药物临床研究的质量,助力高水平的药物临床试验机构建设,进而推动我国药物研发提速增效。
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2024年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.05
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-22
  • 录用日期:2024-02-29
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    1.国家药品监督管理局食品药品审核查验中心,北京 100076
    2.江苏省药品监督管理局审核查验中心,江苏 南京 210009

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胡晨希
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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