Article(id=1241022576953192583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682006400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1717430400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-04, onlineDate=1773812439430, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812439430, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812439430, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812439430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022576185634950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='641', pageEnd='720', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812439247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813972032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=641, endPage=646, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022577225822347, articleId=1241022576953192583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress of a new antibacterial drug eravacycline, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Eravacycline is a new class of fully synthetic fluortetracycline antibiotics with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The existing clinical trials have shown that eravacycline has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of various complex infections, especially in the application of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this paper, the chemical structure, mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, clinical application, and drug resistance of eravacycline were reviewed in order to provide basis and reference for clinical drug use.

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依拉环素是一种新型全合成的含氟四环素类抗生素,具有广谱的抗菌活性。现有的临床试验表明,依拉环素在治疗各类复杂性感染中具有很好的有效性和安全性,尤其在针对多药耐药菌方面应用前景良好。本文从该药的化学结构、作用机制、抗菌谱、药动学/药效学、临床应用、耐药性等方面进行综述,为临床用药提供依据和参考。

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安洪亮
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冯洁,女,主管药师,硕士在读,主要从事抗感染临床药学的研究,E-mail:

安洪亮,男,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,E-mail:

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病原体依拉环素MIC/μg·mL-1依拉环素敏感率/%替加环素MIC/μg·mL-1替加环素敏感率/%
MIC50MIC90EUCASTFDAMIC50MIC90EUCASTFDA
革兰阳性菌
金黄色葡萄球菌0.030.1298.888.70.120.2599.199.1
肺炎链球菌0.0080.0150.030.0697.6
粪肠球菌0.060.0699.690.50.120.2595.195.1
屎肠球菌0.030.0697.894.30.060.2592.892.8
咽峡链球菌0.0150.0310099.30.030.0698.999.6
革兰阴性菌
弗氏柠檬酸菌0.250.592.092.00.5175.997.5
阴沟肠杆菌0.25189.589.50.5264.793.7
大肠杆菌0.120.2599.199.10.250.591.799.4
肺炎克雷伯菌0.25173.786.70.5259.593.2
产氧肺炎克雷伯菌0.250.2596.396.30.25184.298.0
鲍曼不动杆菌0.51--24--
嗜麦芽不动杆菌0.52--14--
厌氧菌-
脆弱拟杆菌0.251--0.52-100
梭状芽胞杆菌0.121--0.22-100
), ArticleFig(id=1241029123976524321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576953192583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

依拉环素与替加环素对病原微生物的体外活性对比[5,7-11,15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原体依拉环素MIC/μg·mL-1依拉环素敏感率/%替加环素MIC/μg·mL-1替加环素敏感率/%
MIC50MIC90EUCASTFDAMIC50MIC90EUCASTFDA
革兰阳性菌
金黄色葡萄球菌0.030.1298.888.70.120.2599.199.1
肺炎链球菌0.0080.0150.030.0697.6
粪肠球菌0.060.0699.690.50.120.2595.195.1
屎肠球菌0.030.0697.894.30.060.2592.892.8
咽峡链球菌0.0150.0310099.30.030.0698.999.6
革兰阴性菌
弗氏柠檬酸菌0.250.592.092.00.5175.997.5
阴沟肠杆菌0.25189.589.50.5264.793.7
大肠杆菌0.120.2599.199.10.250.591.799.4
肺炎克雷伯菌0.25173.786.70.5259.593.2
产氧肺炎克雷伯菌0.250.2596.396.30.25184.298.0
鲍曼不动杆菌0.51--24--
嗜麦芽不动杆菌0.52--14--
厌氧菌-
脆弱拟杆菌0.251--0.52-100
梭状芽胞杆菌0.121--0.22-100
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新型抗菌药物依拉环素的研究进展
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冯洁 , 谢俊艳 , 时友忠 , 安洪亮
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(9): 641-646
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(9): 641-646
新型抗菌药物依拉环素的研究进展
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冯洁 , 谢俊艳, 时友忠, 安洪亮
作者信息
  • 南京梅山医院 药剂科,江苏 南京 210039
  • 冯洁,女,主管药师,硕士在读,主要从事抗感染临床药学的研究,E-mail:

    安洪亮,男,副主任药师,硕士,主要从事医院药学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

安洪亮
Research progress of a new antibacterial drug eravacycline
Jie FENG , Jun-yan XIE, You-zhong SHI, Hong-liang AN
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Meishan Hospital, Nanjing JIANGSU 210039, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.01
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依拉环素是一种新型全合成的含氟四环素类抗生素,具有广谱的抗菌活性。现有的临床试验表明,依拉环素在治疗各类复杂性感染中具有很好的有效性和安全性,尤其在针对多药耐药菌方面应用前景良好。本文从该药的化学结构、作用机制、抗菌谱、药动学/药效学、临床应用、耐药性等方面进行综述,为临床用药提供依据和参考。

依拉环素  /  药理作用机制  /  临床研究  /  抗药性,细菌

Eravacycline is a new class of fully synthetic fluortetracycline antibiotics with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The existing clinical trials have shown that eravacycline has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of various complex infections, especially in the application of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this paper, the chemical structure, mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, clinical application, and drug resistance of eravacycline were reviewed in order to provide basis and reference for clinical drug use.

eravacycline  /  pharmacological mechanism of action  /  clinical study  /  drug resistance, bacterial
冯洁, 谢俊艳, 时友忠, 安洪亮. 新型抗菌药物依拉环素的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (9) : 641 -646 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.01
Jie FENG, Jun-yan XIE, You-zhong SHI, Hong-liang AN. Research progress of a new antibacterial drug eravacycline[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (9) : 641 -646 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.01
多药耐药(multi-drug resistance, MDR)病原体的产生和广泛流行,已经成为威胁社会公共卫生安全的重大问题[1]。为了应对这一威胁,世界卫生组织制定了一项“耐药控制全球行动计划”,明确指出新型抗菌药物的研发是治疗耐药细菌最有效的手段[2]。新型抗菌药物依拉环素(eravacycline)是一种氟取代的全合成四环素类抗菌药物,对革兰阴性和革兰阳性的需氧菌、厌氧菌及其耐药菌株都有广泛的抗菌活性。2018年美国和欧洲先后批准依拉环素上市用于治疗多重耐药菌引起的感染,主要包括复杂性腹腔内感染(complicated intra-abdominal infections,cIAI)和复杂性尿路感染(complicated urinary tract infections,cUTI);2022年美国感染病学会(Infectious Diseases Society of America, IDSA)指南《抗生素耐药革兰氏阴性菌感染的治疗》中明确推荐依拉环素单药作为治疗包括耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, CRE)和耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,CRAB)等革兰阴性耐药菌感染的药物选择[3]。本文从依拉环素的化学结构、作用机制、抗菌谱、药动学(PK)/药效学(PD)、临床应用、耐药性等方面进行综述,对其临床应用前景进行展望。
与其他四环素类药物一样,依拉环素含有并联的四环结构。C4α位和C12α位的天然α-立体化学构象以及C11位和C12位的酮烯醇体系,是依拉环素产生抗菌活性的关键结构[4]。对四环素类似物的构效关系研究[4]表明,其结构的C8位与四环素类似物和细菌核糖体的相互作用没有直接关系,修饰结构的C1~C4部分可导致药物活性的丧失,而C9位的取代可以提高药物对耐四环素病原微生物的抗菌效力和活性。依拉环素作为一种全合成的四环素类化合物,在四环核心的关键点上进行了修饰,C9位侧链上连接一个吡咯烷,C7位引入氟原子,这两个基团都赋予其强大的广谱抗菌活性[5]。具体结构式见图1
依拉环素与其他四环素类药物一样,通过可逆性结合细菌核糖体30s亚基,阻止氨基酸残基掺入延长链中,从而破坏细菌蛋白质的合成[5]。经结构改造得到的依拉环素表现出更为强大的抗菌活性,研究表明,在低于4倍的药物浓度下,依拉环素仍比其他四环素类药物对核糖体的结合和抑制蛋白翻译的亲和力高10倍[6]
依拉环素抗菌谱广,对革兰阳性菌和阴性菌的需氧菌、厌氧菌均有良好的生物活性,包括各类耐药菌。多项研究[7-11]证明,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)和万古霉素耐药肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococci,VRE)等革兰阳性菌对依拉环素的药物敏感率大于95%;对于耐多药的革兰阴性病原菌,包括CRE和CRAB,依拉环素的抗菌活性是替加环素的2~4倍;对脆弱拟杆菌和艰难梭菌等厌氧菌的抗菌作用也优于替加环素;对铜绿假单胞菌和伯克霍尔德菌无任何体外活性。依拉环素与替加环素对病原微生物的体外活性对比见表1
综合研究数据,依拉环素的平均蛋白结合率为71.4%~82.5%,呈非线性、浓度依赖关系;口服生物利用度(F)较低,平均约为28%;半衰期(t1/2)为20 h,达到最大血浆浓度时间(tmax)约为30 min;药物主要经粪便排泄,少量经肾脏消除[12-14]。在PETRAITIS等[6]进行的一项动物实验中,单次给予依拉环素后,兔体内呼吸道的药物浓度最高,其次是心脏;对于腹部而言,胆道的浓度最高,其次是肝脏、脾脏和胰腺。虽然未有人体相关数据的证实,但一定程度上给临床医生治疗方案的制定提供了参考。依拉环素的代谢途径主要为CYP3A4酶介导,次要途径是以黄素单加氧酶介导的氧化作用进行代谢,因此当存在强CYP3A4诱导剂时,建议增加剂量[15]
依拉环素的常规给药方式为静脉滴注(iv gtt),1 mg·kg-1 q12h。在一项为期8周的Ⅰ期临床试验中,CONNORS等[13]对20名健康成人给予7次依拉环素以达到稳态,剂量为1 mg·kg-1 q12h,证明了该药在人体内的安全性和良好的组织分布;肺泡上皮衬液和肺泡巨噬细胞中的药物浓度分别比血浆高6倍和50倍,进一步证明了依拉环素在呼吸道感染患者中的应用价值。
PD研究确定游离药物药时曲线下面积与最低抑菌浓度的比值(fAUC/MIC)为依拉环素的PK/PD指数[16]。肾损害或轻、中度肝损害患者(Child Pugh A、Child Pugh B)无需调整剂量;而重度肝损害患者(Child Pugh C)建议调整剂量,推荐第1日1 mg·mL-1 q12h(iv gtt),然后1 mg·mL-1 q24h(iv gtt)[15]
此外,SOLOMKIN等[17]的Ⅱ期临床试验对比了依拉环素1.5 mg·kg-1 q24h(n=53)、1.0 mg·kg-1 q12h(n=56)和厄他培南1.0 g q24h(n=30)的临床疗效,试验结果显示这3组的微生物可评价(microbiological evaluable, ME)人群在治愈检验(test of cure, TOC)访视时的临床治愈率分别为80%、100%和100%,依拉环素1.0 mg·kg-1组高于1.5 mg·kg-1组,但各组间无显著差异;在安全性方面,与1.5 mg·kg-1组相比,1.0 mg·kg-1组总体不良反应发生率较低。
有两项针对cIAI的Ⅲ期研究获得了积极的结果。一项随机、双盲、多中心研究(IGNITE 1)[18],评估了依拉环素与厄他培南在需要手术或经皮治疗的cIAI患者中的疗效和安全性。涉及541例患者,其中270例被随机分配到依拉环素组(1.0 mg·kg-1, q12h, iv gtt),271例分配到厄他培南组(1.0 g, qd, iv gtt),持续给药4至14 d。研究结果显示,在TOC访视时的微生物改良治疗意向(microbiologically modified intent to treat, MITT)人群中,依拉环素组和厄他培南组的临床治愈率分别为87.0%和88.8%,差异为-1.80%(95%CI:-7.4%~3.8%),符合非劣效性阈值10%的标准,且两组患者药物耐受均良好,临床可评价(clinically evaluable, CE)人群与MITT人群结果相似。分离出的病原体中最常见的为肠杆菌,其中针对超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)肠杆菌的临床治愈率依拉环素组(90.5%)明显高于厄他培南组(83.3%)。在病死率方面,依拉环素组3例死亡,厄他培南组6例死亡,均与研究治疗无关。
另一项IGNITE 4[19]研究设计类似于IGNITE 1,旨在比较依拉环素和美罗培南治疗cIAI患者的疗效及安全性。分别有250例患者被随机分配到依拉环素组(1.0 mg·kg-1, q12h, iv gtt)和美罗培南组(1 g, q8h, iv gtt),治疗持续4至14 d。研究结果发现,TOC访视时,MITT人群的临床治愈率依拉环素组为90.8%(177/195),美罗培南组为91.2%(187/205),差异为-0.5%(95%CI:-6.3%~5.3%),符合非劣效性阈值12.5%。该研究中常见病原体为革兰阴性菌,且90%的患者在基线研究时合并厌氧菌感染,患者中有71%为多重耐药菌感染。发生治疗紧急事件的比例,依拉环素组为37.2%,略高于美罗培南组的30.9%。
综上,在成年cIAI患者中使用依拉环素的临床疗效并不低于碳青霉烯类,尤其在治疗耐药菌感染时具有潜在的优势。但考虑到纳入患者的样本量较少,缺乏危重疾病和耐碳青霉烯类病原体感染的覆盖,研究仍存在局限性。
IGNITE 2试验[20]通过随机、双盲、多中心、非劣效性临床研究,比较了依拉环素与左氧氟沙星治疗cUTI和急性肾盂肾炎(AP)的临床疗效及安全性。试验组298例患者,给予依拉环素(1.5 mg·kg-1, q24h, iv gtt),持续至少3 d,而后过渡为口服给药方式(250 mg, q12h);对照组302例患者,给予左氧氟沙星(750 mg, q24h, iv gtt)至少3 d,后口服序贯治疗。治疗结束后随访6~8 d,临床治愈率依拉环素组为60.4%(180/298),左氧氟沙星组为66.9%(202/302),差异为-6.5%(95% CI: -14.1%~-1.2%),未达到非劣效阈值10%。
由于IGNITE 2试验观察到口服依拉环素的劣效性,在此试验基础上再次进行了研究[21],患者分别接受依拉环素(1.5 mg·mL-1, q24h, iv gtt)与厄他培南(1 g, q24h, iv gtt)治疗至少5 d,而后2组患者均换为口服氧氟沙星(750 mg, qd),总治疗时间为7或10 d。结果显示,治疗结束时,依拉环素组的应答率为84.8%(363/428),厄他培南组的应答率为94.8%(382/403),差异为-10%(95% CI:-14.1%~-6.0%),仍没有达到预定的非劣效阈值。因此,针对cUTI的治疗,依拉环素的临床效果可能不如β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素。
一项真实世界的回顾性观察研究[22]纳入了重症监护室46例鲍曼不动杆菌感染的患者,均使用依拉环素治疗,其中69.5%患者分离株为CRAB,感染的主要部位发生在肺部(58.3%),其次为皮肤/软组织(17.4%)和骨/关节(8.7%);中位给药时间为6.9 d(5.1~11.1 d),队列中患者30 d存活率为79.1%,仅1例患者发生了依拉环素相关不良事件。这项研究填补了依拉环素治疗CRAB这种具有挑战性医疗感染的空白,也一定程度上证明了药物的有效性和安全性。
另一项多中心回顾性研究[23]纳入66例使用依拉环素治疗的患者,感染部位涉及肺部(34.8%)、腹腔(31.8%)、皮肤/软组织(28.8%)、骨/关节(13.6%)等。其中30例患者分离出革兰阴性菌,50.0%为CRE,40.0%为CRAB;25例患者分离出革兰阳性菌,其中48.0%为VRE。观察结果发现,依拉环素的临床治愈率为86.4%(57/66),仅在3例患者观察到胃肠道不良反应,均未导致治疗停止,提示了依拉环素在治疗各类感染包括多药耐药菌感染中的临床有效性。
回顾上述Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验的研究过程,静脉输注依拉环素在患者中均耐受良好,大多数不良事件为轻中度,最常见的不良反应为输液部位反应(7.7%)、恶心(6.5%)、呕吐(3.7%)和腹泻(2.3%)[15]。近期一项研究[24]运用体外人体肠道模型来评估依拉环素对健康菌群的影响,证明该药诱发艰难梭菌感染的倾向较低,相比莫西沙星安全性更好。目前,与依拉环素相关的警告和注意事项与早期四环素类药物相似,包括牙齿变色和骨骼生长抑制,因此不建议用于妊娠期妇女、哺乳期妇女、婴幼儿和8岁以下儿童。
依拉环素作为一种新型药物,上市时间较短,目前还没有报道相关的耐药菌株,但是为避免产生耐药,提前对其耐药机制进行研究是十分有意义的。回顾早期四环素类的耐药机制,主要包括外排泵、核糖体保护蛋白(RPPs)、药物降解和核糖体突变四种类型。
最初GROSSMAN等[25]针对上述四种耐药类型,通过细胞和体外实验全面评估了依拉环素的耐药机制,显示外排机制的耐药基因tetKtetBtetM均不影响药物的抗菌活性,但tetAtetX和核糖体G1058C突变可能与依拉环素的敏感性降低有关;同时也证实了依拉环素相较于早期四环素类药物,具有更好的靶结合效力,抗菌活性不受常见四环素抗性机制的影响。在此之后,不断有研究认为存在与依拉环素耐药相关的外排泵[26-28]。ZHENG等[29]的研究表明外排泵基因OqxABMacAB的过表达以及转录调控因子RamA参与了肺炎克雷伯菌对依拉环素的耐药和异质耐药;另一项针对鲍曼不动杆菌的体外实验[30],也证实了外排泵基因adeABC的过表达导致了依拉环素的耐药;粪肠球菌中,BMP家族ABC转运体底物结合蛋白基因RS00630的过表达增加了对依拉环素的异耐药频率[31]。而FYFE等[32]的研究发现依拉环素对存在多黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1的大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌仍有较强抗菌活性,不受该基因过表达的影响。
引起依拉环素耐药的机制仍存在争议和不确定性,还有待更高质量和更大样本量的临床研究进一步证实。
随着细菌耐药机制的逐步发展,迫切需要研发出具有不同作用机制的新药,以多样化的药物选择来减少耐药病原体的潜在压力。依拉环素的广谱抗菌活性和良好耐受性,成为临床医生治疗复杂性感染的一种替代选择;同时,在轻中度肝损伤和肾功能不全患者中,无需调整剂量也是该药的一种优势。依拉环素早期的研究结果是令人鼓舞的,在多项临床研究中表现出不劣于碳青霉烯类药物的临床效果,这为MRSA、CRE和CRAB等多药耐药菌感染及药物选择受限的患者提供了希望,但由于该药研发及上市时间短,临床试验纳入患者的样本量较少,药物的疗效和安全性还有待更大样本量和更高质量的临床研究来证明。相信在不久的将来,随着研究的不断扩大和深入,依拉环素有望成为耐多药病原菌感染的主要治疗药物。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.01
  • 接收时间:2023-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-21
  • 录用日期:2024-06-04
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    南京梅山医院 药剂科,江苏 南京 210039

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安洪亮
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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