Article(id=1241022576915443846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1724083200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-20, onlineDate=1773812439420, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773812439420, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773812439420, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773812439420, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241022576185634950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='641', pageEnd='720', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773812439247, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773813972032, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241029005206417726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1241022576185634950, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=671, endPage=676, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241022577133547658, articleId=1241022576915443846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Effect of esketamine combined with remimazolam on oxygen desaturation and hypotension in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

AIM To evaluate the anesthetic effect of esketamine combined with remimazolam in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy, as well as the influence on oxygen desaturation saturation and hemodynamics. METHODS A total of 160 elderly patients scheduled to undergo gastroenteroscopy in our hospital from September 2021 to October 2023 were included, and randomly equally divided into remimazolam group (R group) or esketamine combined remimazolam group (E+R group). Both two groups received intravenous injection of sufentanil 0.1 μg·kg-1 and remimazolam 0.2 mg·kg-1 for anesthesia induction. The E+R group additionally was given intravenous esketamine 0.25 mg·kg-1. The primary outcomes during the examination include occurrence of desaturation and hypotension. Secondary outcomes include hemodynamic parameters during the examination, rescue sedation, time to loss of consciousness, time to recovery of consciousness, and PACU stay time. The MAP and HR are recorded at different time points: before anesthesia induction (T0), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), immediately after the placement of gastroscopy (T2), immediately after the placement of colonoscopy (T3), and immediately after the surgery (T4). The PACU outcome include nausea/vomiting, dizziness/headache, delayed awakening, emergence agitation, and patient satisfaction scores. RESULTS There were 78 and 80 patients included eventually in the E+R group and the R group, respectively. The rates of deoxygenation saturation, hypotension and remedial sedation ≥2 times in the E+R group were significantly lower than those in the R group (P<0.05). The loss time of consciousness, recovery time of consciousness and PACU residence time in the E+R group were significantly shorter than those in the R group (P<0.05). MAP and HR of T1-T3 time points in the E+R group were significantly higher than those in the R group (P<0.05). The MAP and HR of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of T1 in the R group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between MAP and HR of T2 or T3 and those of T1 in the E+R group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in PACU nausea and vomiting, dizziness/headache, delayed recovery, emergence agitation and satisfaction scores between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with remimazolam, esketamine combined with remimazolam can shorten the recovery time, reduce the incidence of desaturation and hypotension in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy, and contribute to maintain hemodynamic stability without increasing adverse reactions during recovery.

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目的 评估艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑用于胃肠镜检查老年患者的麻醉效果以及对去氧饱和、血流动力学的影响。方法 纳入行胃肠镜检查的老年患者160例,随机均分纳入瑞马唑仑组(R组)或艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑组(E+R组)。2组患者均静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1和瑞马唑仑0.2 mg·kg-1进行麻醉诱导,E+R组在此基础上静脉注射艾司氯胺酮0.25 mg·kg-1。主要结局指标为检查过程中去氧饱和、低血压发生情况。次要结局指标包括检查过程中血流动力学指标、补救镇静情况、意识消失时间、意识恢复时间、麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留时间。记录2组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后即刻(T1)、置入胃镜后即刻(T2)、置入肠镜后即刻(T3)、手术结束即刻(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。PACU内指标包括恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生情况以及患者满意度。结果 E+R组和R组最终分别纳入78例和80例患者。E+R组去氧饱和、低血压发生率与补救镇静≥2次的比例显著低于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组意识消失时间、意识恢复时间及PACU停留时间显著短于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组T1~T3时点MAP、HR均显著高于R组(P<0.05)。R组T2、T3时点的MAP、HR显著高于T1时点(P<0.05),而E+R组T2、T3时点的MAP、HR与T1时点比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。2组患者PACU内恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生率以及满意度评分的比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 与瑞马唑仑相比,艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑能够缩短胃肠镜检查老年患者苏醒时间,降低去氧饱和、低血压发生率,有助于维持血流动力学稳定且不增加苏醒期不良反应。

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韩兰,E-mail:
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李辉,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事全麻药物作用机制的研究,E-mail:

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李辉,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事全麻药物作用机制的研究,E-mail:

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李辉,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事全麻药物作用机制的研究,E-mail:

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Clin Hemorheol Microcirc,2023, 84(4): 385-398., articleTitle=Hemodynamics and cutaneous microcirculation during induction of general anesthesia with and without esketamine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241029125054452043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=130, issue=2, pageStart=e298, pageEnd=e306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=AHRENS E, TARTLER TM, SULEIMAN A, journalName=Br J Anaesth, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AHRENS E, TARTLER TM, SULEIMAN A, et al. Dose-dependent relationship between intra-procedural hypoxaemia or hypocapnia and postoperative delirium in older patients [J]. 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BMC Anesthesiol, 2022, 22(1): 180., articleTitle=Remimazolam tosilate compared with propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients:a prospective, randomized and controlled study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241029126719590741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=33, issue=1, pageStart=122, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=KOZAREK K, SANDERS RD, HEAD D, journalName=Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOZAREK K, SANDERS RD, HEAD D. Perioperative blood pressure in the elderly [J]. 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Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16: 4151-4159., articleTitle=Effect of remimazolam tosilate on respiratory depression in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy: a multicentered, prospective, and randomized study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241029126946083163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=55, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ZHANG XX, ZHANG NX, LIU DX, journalName=Ibrain, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG XX, ZHANG NX, LIU DX, et al. Research advances in the clinical application of esketamine [J]. 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Anesth Pain Med(Seoul), 2022, 17(1): 1-11., articleTitle=Remimazolam: pharmacological characteristics and clinical applications in anesthesiology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241029123536113936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, awardId=XZSYSKF2020043, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省重点实验室开放课题资助项目(XZSYSKF2020043), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241029118817521760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241029118825910369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, companyId=1241029118817521760, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University / Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Suzhou JIANGSU 215200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241029118834298979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, companyId=1241029118817521760, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州大学附属苏州九院/苏州市第九人民医院 麻醉科,江苏 苏州 215200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241029122609172709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目R组(n=80)E+R组(n=78)
年龄/岁75.1±6.076.5±6.9
性别(男/女)/例32/4835/43
体重指数/ kg·m-222.6±3.022.2±2.8
ASA分级(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ)/例15/44/2112/41/25
检查时间/min23.8±4.724.7±4.2
高血压/例(%)17(21)20(26)
糖尿病/例(%)10(13)12(15)
), ArticleFig(id=1241029122701447401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2组一般资料的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目R组(n=80)E+R组(n=78)
年龄/岁75.1±6.076.5±6.9
性别(男/女)/例32/4835/43
体重指数/ kg·m-222.6±3.022.2±2.8
ASA分级(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ)/例15/44/2112/41/25
检查时间/min23.8±4.724.7±4.2
高血压/例(%)17(21)20(26)
糖尿病/例(%)10(13)12(15)
), ArticleFig(id=1241029122785333489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n去氧饱和/例(%)低血压/例(%)补救镇静≥2次/例(%)
R8016(20)22(28)18(23)
E+R786(8)b7(9)c8(10)b
组别n意识消失时间/s意识恢复时间/minPACU停留时间/min
R8040.4±5.87.7±3.115.8±5.2
E+R7833.9±4.5c4.6±2.4c11.0±3.9c
), ArticleFig(id=1241029122877608179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2组去氧饱和、低血压、补救镇静以及各时间段的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n去氧饱和/例(%)低血压/例(%)补救镇静≥2次/例(%)
R8016(20)22(28)18(23)
E+R786(8)b7(9)c8(10)b
组别n意识消失时间/s意识恢复时间/minPACU停留时间/min
R8040.4±5.87.7±3.115.8±5.2
E+R7833.9±4.5c4.6±2.4c11.0±3.9c
), ArticleFig(id=1241029123016020216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别nMAP/mmHg
T0T1T2T3T4
R8094.4±9.8b73.6±6.084.2±7.1b81.5±7.4b90.7±8.7b
E+R7895.9±9.4bd86.1±7.3f87.9±7.9af83.8±6.5ae92.6±9.3bd
组别nHR/次·min-1
T0T1T2T3T4
R8077.8±9.4b71.6±8.681.4±9.2b80.3±8.7b82.1±8.3b
E+R7879.3±8.9bd74.4±7.7e77.7±8.5ae75.5±8.0af80.6±7.8bd
), ArticleFig(id=1241029123120877818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2组血流动力学指标的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别nMAP/mmHg
T0T1T2T3T4
R8094.4±9.8b73.6±6.084.2±7.1b81.5±7.4b90.7±8.7b
E+R7895.9±9.4bd86.1±7.3f87.9±7.9af83.8±6.5ae92.6±9.3bd
组别nHR/次·min-1
T0T1T2T3T4
R8077.8±9.4b71.6±8.681.4±9.2b80.3±8.7b82.1±8.3b
E+R7879.3±8.9bd74.4±7.7e77.7±8.5ae75.5±8.0af80.6±7.8bd
), ArticleFig(id=1241029123263484161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n恶心呕吐/例(%)头晕/头痛/例(%)苏醒延迟/例(%)苏醒期躁动/例(%)满意度评分/分
R807(9)2(3)1(1)1(1)4.0±0.7
E+R788(10)4(5)0(0)0(0)4.1±0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241029123355758851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1241022576915443846, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2组PACU内指标的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别n恶心呕吐/例(%)头晕/头痛/例(%)苏醒延迟/例(%)苏醒期躁动/例(%)满意度评分/分
R807(9)2(3)1(1)1(1)4.0±0.7
E+R788(10)4(5)0(0)0(0)4.1±0.6
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艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑对胃肠镜检查老年患者术中去氧饱和及低血压的影响
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李辉 , 王洁 , 曹晖 , 韩兰
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(9): 671-676
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(9): 671-676
艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑对胃肠镜检查老年患者术中去氧饱和及低血压的影响
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李辉 , 王洁, 曹晖, 韩兰
作者信息
  • 苏州大学附属苏州九院/苏州市第九人民医院 麻醉科,江苏 苏州 215200
  • 李辉,男,主治医师,硕士,主要从事全麻药物作用机制的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

韩兰,E-mail:
Effect of esketamine combined with remimazolam on oxygen desaturation and hypotension in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy
Hui LI , Jie WANG, Hui CAO, Lan HAN
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, Suzhou Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University / Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Suzhou JIANGSU 215200, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.07
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目的 评估艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑用于胃肠镜检查老年患者的麻醉效果以及对去氧饱和、血流动力学的影响。方法 纳入行胃肠镜检查的老年患者160例,随机均分纳入瑞马唑仑组(R组)或艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑组(E+R组)。2组患者均静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1和瑞马唑仑0.2 mg·kg-1进行麻醉诱导,E+R组在此基础上静脉注射艾司氯胺酮0.25 mg·kg-1。主要结局指标为检查过程中去氧饱和、低血压发生情况。次要结局指标包括检查过程中血流动力学指标、补救镇静情况、意识消失时间、意识恢复时间、麻醉恢复室(PACU)停留时间。记录2组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后即刻(T1)、置入胃镜后即刻(T2)、置入肠镜后即刻(T3)、手术结束即刻(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。PACU内指标包括恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生情况以及患者满意度。结果 E+R组和R组最终分别纳入78例和80例患者。E+R组去氧饱和、低血压发生率与补救镇静≥2次的比例显著低于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组意识消失时间、意识恢复时间及PACU停留时间显著短于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组T1~T3时点MAP、HR均显著高于R组(P<0.05)。R组T2、T3时点的MAP、HR显著高于T1时点(P<0.05),而E+R组T2、T3时点的MAP、HR与T1时点比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。2组患者PACU内恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生率以及满意度评分的比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 与瑞马唑仑相比,艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑能够缩短胃肠镜检查老年患者苏醒时间,降低去氧饱和、低血压发生率,有助于维持血流动力学稳定且不增加苏醒期不良反应。

艾司氯胺酮  /  瑞马唑仑  /  胃肠镜检查  /  老年  /  去氧饱和

AIM To evaluate the anesthetic effect of esketamine combined with remimazolam in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy, as well as the influence on oxygen desaturation saturation and hemodynamics. METHODS A total of 160 elderly patients scheduled to undergo gastroenteroscopy in our hospital from September 2021 to October 2023 were included, and randomly equally divided into remimazolam group (R group) or esketamine combined remimazolam group (E+R group). Both two groups received intravenous injection of sufentanil 0.1 μg·kg-1 and remimazolam 0.2 mg·kg-1 for anesthesia induction. The E+R group additionally was given intravenous esketamine 0.25 mg·kg-1. The primary outcomes during the examination include occurrence of desaturation and hypotension. Secondary outcomes include hemodynamic parameters during the examination, rescue sedation, time to loss of consciousness, time to recovery of consciousness, and PACU stay time. The MAP and HR are recorded at different time points: before anesthesia induction (T0), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), immediately after the placement of gastroscopy (T2), immediately after the placement of colonoscopy (T3), and immediately after the surgery (T4). The PACU outcome include nausea/vomiting, dizziness/headache, delayed awakening, emergence agitation, and patient satisfaction scores. RESULTS There were 78 and 80 patients included eventually in the E+R group and the R group, respectively. The rates of deoxygenation saturation, hypotension and remedial sedation ≥2 times in the E+R group were significantly lower than those in the R group (P<0.05). The loss time of consciousness, recovery time of consciousness and PACU residence time in the E+R group were significantly shorter than those in the R group (P<0.05). MAP and HR of T1-T3 time points in the E+R group were significantly higher than those in the R group (P<0.05). The MAP and HR of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of T1 in the R group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between MAP and HR of T2 or T3 and those of T1 in the E+R group (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in PACU nausea and vomiting, dizziness/headache, delayed recovery, emergence agitation and satisfaction scores between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with remimazolam, esketamine combined with remimazolam can shorten the recovery time, reduce the incidence of desaturation and hypotension in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy, and contribute to maintain hemodynamic stability without increasing adverse reactions during recovery.

esketamine  /  remimazolam  /  gastroenteroscopy  /  elderly  /  desaturation
李辉, 王洁, 曹晖, 韩兰. 艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑对胃肠镜检查老年患者术中去氧饱和及低血压的影响. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (9) : 671 -676 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.07
Hui LI, Jie WANG, Hui CAO, Lan HAN. Effect of esketamine combined with remimazolam on oxygen desaturation and hypotension in elderly patients undergoing gastroenteroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (9) : 671 -676 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.07
胃肠镜检查是早期诊断胃肠道疾病最有效的手段,据统计,在2015年至2019年期间,我国胃肠镜检查的数量每年增加约1.44倍[1,2]。许多患者在就诊期间同时进行胃镜和肠镜检查,为提高患者的舒适度,无痛胃肠镜检查被广泛应用[3]。老年患者对麻醉药物耐受性较差,术中常出现血流动力学波动。瑞马唑仑(remimazolam)作为一种新型短效γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体激动剂,能够达到与丙泊酚类似的麻醉深度,且对患者血流动力学的影响较丙泊酚小[4,5]。尽管瑞马唑仑相对丙泊酚更加安全,但对于老年患者仍会造成去氧饱和[6]等不良反应,且胃镜检查过程中无法实施面罩通气,进一步加重患者缺氧风险[7]。因此,合理选择麻醉药物是保证实施胃肠镜检查老年患者围术期安全的关键。艾司氯胺酮(esketamine)是一种N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂,具有明显的镇静、镇痛作用,且不伴随呼吸抑制、低血压等不良反应[8]。目前也有研究表明,亚麻醉剂量艾司氯胺酮可维持手术患者血流动力学稳定,并减轻阿片类药物所致的呼吸抑制[9]。因此,本研究将艾司氯胺酮作为瑞马唑仑的辅助用药,旨在评估艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑用于胃肠镜检查老年患者的麻醉效果以及对去氧饱和、血流动力学的影响。
纳入2021年9月—2023年10月拟于本院行胃肠镜检查的老年患者160例。纳入标准:年龄65~89岁,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,体重指数(BMI)18.5~27.9 kg·m-2,行胃镜和肠镜检查,同意参与本研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准:患严重心血管或肺部疾病,有肾脏或肝脏功能障碍,患阿尔茨海默病、癫痫等神经系统疾病,对苯二氮䓬类药物过敏,酗酒,合并艾司氯胺酮或瑞马唑仑用药禁忌者。本试验已获本院伦理委员会批准(SZJY-2021A037)。
使用SPSS 26.0绘制随机数字表,患者依据随机数字依次纳入瑞马唑仑组(R组)或艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑组(E+R组),每组拟纳入80例患者。患者入室后开放静脉通路,使用麻醉监护仪监测患者心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)等生命体征。无创血压每隔2 min检测一次,鼻导管吸氧(氧流量3 L·min-1)。2组患者均静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1 μg·kg-1和瑞马唑仑0.2 mg·kg-1诱导镇静。E+R组在此基础上静脉注射艾司氯胺酮0.25 mg·kg-1。使用改良警觉/镇静评分(MOAA/S)评估患者镇静程度。患者先行胃镜检查,目标镇静水平设定为MOAA/S≤1分(1分:仅对斜方肌挤压刺激有反应)。随后行肠镜检查,目标镇静水平设定为MOAA/S≤2分(2分:对轻微的推动和振动有反应)。若检查过程中患者未达到目标镇静水平,则静脉追加瑞马唑仑0.1 mg·kg-1(两次给药时间需间隔至少1 min)进行补救镇静。若检查过程中出现去氧饱和(SpO2低于90%持续10 s或更长时间)则将氧流量调整为5~10 L·min-1,必要时可抬下颌或放置口咽通气道。若检查过程中出现低血压(血压下降幅度超过基线水平20%)则静脉注射麻黄碱6 mg。若检查过程中出现心动过缓(HR<50次·min-1)则静注阿托品0.5 mg。检查结束后将患者送至麻醉恢复室(PACU)进行苏醒。
主要结局指标为检查过程中去氧饱和、低血压发生情况。次要结局指标包括检查过程中血流动力学指标、补救镇静情况、意识消失时间、意识恢复时间、PACU停留时间。记录2组患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后即刻(T1)、置入胃镜后即刻(T2)、置入肠镜后即刻(T3)、手术结束即刻(T4)的MAP和HR。PACU内指标包括恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生情况以及患者满意度。意识消失时间定义为从麻醉诱导开始即刻至MOAA/S≤1分所需时间;意识恢复时间定义为停药即刻至MOAA/S≥4分所需时间。PACU停留时间定义为患者入PACU至Steward评分≥5分[包括清醒程度(完全清醒2分、对刺激有反应1分、对刺激无反应0分),呼吸道通畅程度(可按医师吩咐咳嗽咳痰2分、可自主维持呼吸道通畅1分、需要给予支持0分)和肢体活动度(肢体有意识的活动2分、肢体无意识的活动1分、肢体无活动0分)]。使用5分李克特量表评估患者对胃肠镜检查的满意度(非常满意5分、满意4分、不确定3分、不满意2分、非常不满意1分)。
使用SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计。计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,组间比较采用t检验,组内各时点比较采用重复测量方差分析。计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行分析。P<0.05为有显著差异。
E+R组有2例患者在术前临时决定退出本研究。最终共纳入158例患者,E+R组、R组分别纳入78例和80例患者。2组患者年龄、性别、BMI、ASA分级、检查时间、高血压和糖尿病患病率的比较均无显著差异(P>0.05),一般资料的比较见表1
E+R组去氧饱和、低血压发生率和补救镇静≥2次的比例显著低于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组意识消失时间、意识恢复时间及PACU停留时间显著短于R组(P<0.01)。见表2
2组患者T0、T4时点MAP、HR的比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。E+R组T1~T3时点MAP、HR均显著高于R组(P<0.05)。E+R组T2、T3时点MAP、HR与T1时点比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。R组患者T2、T3时点的MAP、HR显著高于T1时点(P<0.05)。见表3
2组患者PACU内恶心呕吐、头晕/头痛、苏醒延迟、苏醒期躁动发生率以及满意度评分比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表4
瑞马唑仑由于其独特的药理学特性,包括相对高的清除率、更快的半衰期和早期的认知功能恢复,目前已被逐渐用于日间手术[10]。瑞马唑仑通过作用于GABA受体降低神经元兴奋性发挥镇静作用,但并无镇痛作用,因此常需与其他镇痛类麻醉药物合用[11]。艾司氯胺酮是目前临床中兼有镇静、镇痛作用的麻醉药物,具有起效快、麻醉效力强、术中用药剂量少、术后患者苏醒时间短、可控性较其他麻醉药物高的特点,且对患者循环和呼吸系统功能的影响较轻[12]。艾司氯胺酮通常不抑制呼吸且循环功能兴奋较轻,但单独大剂量应用时术后可引起患者恶心、呕吐以及肌阵挛发作等不良反应[13]
维持胃肠镜检查中氧供需平衡以及血流动力学稳定,对老年患者而言至关重要。研究显示,老年患者术中缺氧会明显增加术后谵妄甚至认知功能障碍发生率,严重影响患者生活质量[14]。瑞马唑仑作为苯二氮䓬类药物,尽管代谢产物无蓄积作用,但仍然对呼吸、循环具有抑制作用。当瑞马唑仑与阿片类药物合用时,会进一步加重对呼吸、循环的抑制作用[15]。GUO等[16]研究显示,尽管瑞马唑仑用于老年消化道内镜检查患者的呼吸抑制发生率明显低于丙泊酚,但仍然高达15.8%。在本研究中,使用瑞马唑仑的患者去氧饱和发生率为20%,而艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑能够将去氧饱和发生率降低至8%。另外,本研究结果显示艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑补救镇静≥2次的比例明显降低,艾司氯胺酮通过发挥其镇静作用,减少瑞马唑仑用量,从而降低去氧饱和风险,同时缩短意识消失时间。
由于老年患者血管和心脏顺应性及自主反应能力下降,在麻醉期间极易出现血流动力学波动[17]。低血压则是老年患者麻醉期间最常见的不良反应,镇静镇痛药物种类、剂量均会导致低血压。术中血流动力学剧烈波动则会增加老年患者心肌缺血、脑灌注不足的发生风险[18]。HU等[19]研究显示,瑞马唑仑用于老年胃镜患者时低血压发生率约为32.4%,本研究瑞马唑仑的低血压发生率为28%,与该研究结果类似。在本研究中,使用艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑的患者麻醉期间MAP、HR均显著高于使用瑞马唑仑的患者,且低血压发生率也明显降低(9%),可能与艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑能够减少补救镇静次数、降低瑞马唑仑剂量有关。另外,艾司氯胺酮还具有升高血压的作用,因此能够在一定程度上对抗瑞马唑仑和舒芬太尼所致的血压降低。本研究结果还显示,使用瑞马唑仑的患者在麻醉诱导后MAP、HR明显下降,而在胃镜置入后明显上升,但使用艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑的患者MAP、HR的变化并未呈现出类似趋势,可能与艾司氯胺酮具有一定的镇痛效果有关,能够抑制胃肠镜置入对机体的刺激。
尽管瑞马唑仑、艾司氯胺酮具有诸多优点,但其不良反应及用药禁忌证仍不可忽略。与氯胺酮类似,艾司氯胺酮同样可升高眼内压、颅内压,因此艾司氯胺酮并不适用于合并青光眼或颅内压过高的患者[20]。除此之外,使用艾司氯胺酮的患者在苏醒期可能出现苏醒期躁动、苏醒延迟等不良反应,但其发生率呈现剂量依赖性[7]。在本研究中,使用艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑的患者苏醒期不良反应未见明显升高,可能与本研究艾司氯胺酮用药剂量较小(0.2 mg·kg-1)有关。值得注意的是,由于瑞马唑仑需要通过羧酸酯酶代谢,而饮酒可以直接抑制羧酸酯酶活性,从而增强瑞马唑仑的镇静效果[21]。因此,对于酗酒、术前数日内饮酒的患者,应当谨慎使用瑞马唑仑。
本研究尚存在以下局限性:首先,本研究所纳入患者均为实施胃肠镜检查的老年患者,操作时间较短。对于时间较长的日间手术,艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑的麻醉效果仍待进一步确认。其次,受临床条件所限,本研究仍使用SpO2评估患者去氧饱和情况,目前,有研究认为脑氧饱和度能够更加准确地反映患者氧供需状态,建议后续研究实施更加精准的监测手段,进一步评估艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑对患者去氧饱和的影响。
综上所述,与瑞马唑仑相比,艾司氯胺酮复合瑞马唑仑能够缩短胃肠镜检查老年患者苏醒时间,降低去氧饱和、低血压发生率,有助于维持血流动力学稳定且不增加苏醒期不良反应。
  • 江苏省重点实验室开放课题资助项目(XZSYSKF2020043)
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2024年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.09.07
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
  • 录用日期:2024-08-20
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江苏省重点实验室开放课题资助项目(XZSYSKF2020043)
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    苏州大学附属苏州九院/苏州市第九人民医院 麻醉科,江苏 苏州 215200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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