Article(id=1240710437960994999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1240710432898478399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692892800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1723478400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-13, onlineDate=1773738019695, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773738019695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773738019695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773738019695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240710432898478399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='721', pageEnd='800', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773738018488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773738214158, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240711253669237259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1240710432898478399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240711253669237260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1240710432898478399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=796, endPage=800, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240710438221041856, articleId=1240710437960994999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress on therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole in specific situations, columnId=1239222198267867866, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Rational Drug Use, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isavuconazole is the latest triazole broad-spectrum antifungal drug that has been approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis in adults. When isavuconazole was initially marketed abroad, many international guidelines did not recommend or weakly recommended it for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. However, a number of recent studies and expert consensus have emphasized that specific populations can be monitored for the use of isavuconazole based on clinical needs. Based on domestic and international real-world studies, this article provided a review of the specific situations leading to therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole, including liver insufficiency, abnormal body mass index, children, CYP3A5*1/*3 genotypes, multi-drug therapy, long-term medication, and receiving special treatment or medication regimens, in order to provide reference for the clinical rational application of isavuconazole.

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艾沙康唑是最新的三唑类广谱抗真菌药物,已被批准用于治疗成年人侵袭性曲霉病和毛霉病。艾沙康唑在国外上市初期,多项国际指南未推荐或弱推荐其进行常规治疗药物监测,而近期多项研究以及专家共识强调特定人群可结合临床需求对艾沙康唑进行药物监测。本文结合国内外真实世界研究对有必要进行艾沙康唑治疗药物监测的具体情况进行综述,包括肝功能不全、体重指数过高或过低、儿童、CYP3A5*1/*3基因型、多种药物治疗、长期用药、接受特殊治疗或给药方案的患者,以期为艾沙康唑的临床合理应用提供参考。

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高杰
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=《中国新药与临床杂志》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Oi5Q7xkP3eqI9GXGChfQhg==, magXml=T1ehgd2YGZ11xHHrJWUAAg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cVdO4P/KQr8mFNtbAfiM0A==, pdfFileSize=1035427, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=pD2y7xxx26yYKNLwT5y4zQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱颖,女,主管药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

高杰,男,主任药师,学士,主要从事抗感染药学和用药安全的研究,E-mail:

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高杰,男,主任药师,学士,主要从事抗感染药学和用药安全的研究,E-mail:

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艾沙康唑在特定情况下开展治疗药物监测的研究进展
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朱颖 , 高杰
中国新药与临床杂志 | 合理用药 2024,43(10): 796-800
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 合理用药 2024, 43(10): 796-800
艾沙康唑在特定情况下开展治疗药物监测的研究进展
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朱颖 , 高杰
作者信息
  • 苏州大学附属第一医院 药学部,江苏 苏州 215000
  • 朱颖,女,主管药师,博士,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

    高杰,男,主任药师,学士,主要从事抗感染药学和用药安全的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

高杰
Research progress on therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole in specific situations
Ying ZHU , Jie GAO
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou JIANGSU 215000, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.12
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艾沙康唑是最新的三唑类广谱抗真菌药物,已被批准用于治疗成年人侵袭性曲霉病和毛霉病。艾沙康唑在国外上市初期,多项国际指南未推荐或弱推荐其进行常规治疗药物监测,而近期多项研究以及专家共识强调特定人群可结合临床需求对艾沙康唑进行药物监测。本文结合国内外真实世界研究对有必要进行艾沙康唑治疗药物监测的具体情况进行综述,包括肝功能不全、体重指数过高或过低、儿童、CYP3A5*1/*3基因型、多种药物治疗、长期用药、接受特殊治疗或给药方案的患者,以期为艾沙康唑的临床合理应用提供参考。

艾沙康唑  /  治疗药物监测  /  血药浓度

Isavuconazole is the latest triazole broad-spectrum antifungal drug that has been approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis in adults. When isavuconazole was initially marketed abroad, many international guidelines did not recommend or weakly recommended it for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. However, a number of recent studies and expert consensus have emphasized that specific populations can be monitored for the use of isavuconazole based on clinical needs. Based on domestic and international real-world studies, this article provided a review of the specific situations leading to therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole, including liver insufficiency, abnormal body mass index, children, CYP3A5*1/*3 genotypes, multi-drug therapy, long-term medication, and receiving special treatment or medication regimens, in order to provide reference for the clinical rational application of isavuconazole.

isavuconazole  /  therapeutic drug monitoring  /  plasma concentration
朱颖, 高杰. 艾沙康唑在特定情况下开展治疗药物监测的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (10) : 796 -800 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.12
Ying ZHU, Jie GAO. Research progress on therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole in specific situations[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (10) : 796 -800 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.12
艾沙康唑(isavuconazole,Isa)是最新一代广谱三唑类抗真菌药物,其作用机制是通过抑制细胞色素P450(CYP450)介导的羊毛甾醇14α-去甲基化,从而影响真菌细胞膜的结构与功能,导致细胞死亡[1]。与其他唑类抗菌药物不同,Isa化学结构中的特殊侧链可使三唑环定向与真菌CYP51蛋白的结合袋结合,具有更广的抗真菌谱,对酵母菌、霉菌和双向真菌等常见致病真菌均有活性[2]。美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)于2015年批准该药用于侵袭性曲霉病和侵袭性毛霉病的一线治疗。我国国家药品监督管理局分别于2021年、2022年以相同适应证批准Isa胶囊剂与注射剂上市,使得Isa的临床应用更为广泛。Isa胶囊剂与注射剂均以水溶性前药艾沙康唑硫酸酯的形式给药,且口服生物利用度高达98%[2]。同时,Isa与血浆蛋白结合度达到99%以上,在体内组织中分布广泛,能够有效地在毛霉菌或曲霉菌等感染部位发挥作用[3-5]。Isa的平均血浆半衰期为130 h,主要通过肝脏中的CYP450酶系代谢,尤其是CYP3A4/5酶。由此可见,影响CYP3A酶活性的因素可能会导致Isa在体内的血药浓度发生变化,例如CYP3A4酶抑制药可以显著增加Isa的血药浓度。最终,Isa以原药形式经肾的排泄量小于给药剂量的1%,主要通过粪便和尿液排泄[6]
Isa常见的不良反应有肝功能异常、胃肠道反应、呼吸困难、注射部位反应、头痛、低钾血症和皮疹,严重时还可能导致意识模糊状态、急性肾衰竭、呼吸衰竭等须永久停止Isa治疗的不良反应。Ⅲ期临床试验显示,与其他抗真菌三唑类药物相比,Isa在体内谷浓度(cmin)的变化较小,且其暴露与疗效或安全性之间不存在明显的关联。欧洲白血病感染会议[7]以及多项国际抗真菌指南[8, 9]均未推荐或弱推荐Isa进行常规治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)。尽管如此,多项真实世界研究表明Isa不良反应的发生与血清药物浓度的升高有关[10-14],例如CHAN等[11]发现Isa浓度过高(高于8.5 mg·L-1)时易出现呕吐、嗜睡以及肝功能异常等不良反应;KOSMIDIS等[12]研究表明出现Isa药物不良反应的患者首次监测的Isa浓度为(5.5±2)mg·L-1,而未报告不良事件的患者Isa浓度为(4.2±1.7)mg·L-1P=0.032);FURFARO等[14]指出当体内Isa浓度超过5 mg·L-1时,药物不良反应(主要表现为胃肠道反应)出现的频率显著上升。因此,Isa作为一种较新的抗真菌药物仍需要更多临床证据探究其进行TDM的必要性[15]。由于实际临床中药物药动学的变异性往往超过其在临床试验群体中的变异性,TDM的必要性以及相关的药动学参数标准通常在临床中收集到足够的数据后才能确定[4, 16-19]。在真实世界研究中,多数患者病情复杂,身体状态各有不同,药物在其体内的代谢受到多种因素的影响,例如年龄、体重指数、肝功能、基因型、治疗时间、药物相互作用等。因此,本文根据最新的国内外研究数据,对Isa在特定情况下进行TDM的必要性进行探究。
《艾沙康唑临床应用专家共识(2023版)》[2]指出,重度肝功能不全患者权衡利弊后使用Isa的初始剂量应减半,并且要密切监测治疗期间的Isa血药浓度。此外,在临床应用中,TDM对使用Isa的中度肝功能障碍患者的治疗效果和安全性也至关重要[16, 20-22]。BOLCATO等[4]对格勒诺布尔大学教学医院2018年1月至2020年8月感染侵袭性真菌成年患者的Isa cmin进行回顾性分析(共33例患者,304例cmin数据),Isa中位cmin为2.8 mg·L-1,个体间和个体内变异率分别为41.5%和30.7%,多因素分析结果表明Isa给药剂量及患者天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白(或蛋白质)水平是Isa cmin的独立影响因素。然而,Isa的Ⅲ期临床试验并未表明cmin与AST等肝功能相关指标水平之间存在关联,这可能是由于参与临床试验患者的相关指标并无异常。此外,FURFARO等[14]对19例接受Isa治疗的侵袭性真菌病患者的血液样本进行分析,共测得264例Isa血药浓度。在服用Isa的前30 d内,所有患者Isa浓度的中位数为3.69 mg·L-1(0.64~8.13 mg·L-1);多变量分析结果证实,较高的血清谷氨酰转移酶和Isa血药浓度之间存在关联。
肝功能障碍患者的Isa清除率降低,这可能导致cmin升高。同时,肝功能异常也可能是Isa的不良反应之一,这使得Isa cmin和肝功能水平之间的关系变得复杂[10]。这种互相影响的关系恰恰证明了Isa进行TDM的必要性。
HOHL等[21]对患有侵袭性曲霉病或其他真菌感染的重症监护室(ICU)患者体内Isa的血药浓度(共41例患者,223例血药浓度数据)进行回顾性分析,其中包括141例峰浓度(cmax,末次给药后0~4 h的Isa血药浓度)和82例cmin(末次给药后20 ~ 28 h的Isa血药浓度),总体中位cmax为2.36 μg·mL-1(平均2.43 μg·mL-1,0.41~7.79 μg·mL-1),总体中位cmin为1.74 μg·mL-1(平均1.77 μg·mL-1,0.24~4.96 μg·mL-1)。这些Isa血药浓度数据中有31.7%的cmin值低于Isa目标浓度(1 μg·mL-1,欧洲抗菌药物敏感性试验委员会烟曲霉的抗真菌临床断点),其中BMI≥25 kg·m-2的患者体内Isa cmaxcmin均显著降低。该研究表明ICU危重患者Isa血药浓度存在差异,在这一特定患者群体中,较低的Isa水平与BMI升高相关。
WU等[13]评估了26例静脉注射Isa用于治疗或预防真菌感染的实体器官移植患者的体内稳态药动学,结果显示在患者间存在中度差异:药时曲线下面积(AUC)的变异系数为51%,cmin的变异系数为59%;BMI<18.5 kg·m-2(恶病质)患者AUC0-24h的中位值显著高于BMI≥18.5 kg·m-2的患者(100.5 μg·h·mL-1 vs. 51.8 μg·h·mL-1P=0.024),说明除了肥胖会影响Isa的血药浓度外,恶病质消瘦也会影响Isa在体内的药物浓度。考虑到恶病质消瘦患者的身体素质,Isa血药浓度升高往往会引起药物不良反应,因此,TDM有必要在该类患者中开展。
除上述两项研究外,多项真实世界研究[16, 22]表明患者BMI影响Isa的血药浓度,提示TDM对于使用Isa治疗的肥胖或恶病质消瘦患者具有十分重要的意义。
目前Isa尚未被批准用于儿童患者的抗真菌治疗,但临床上使用Isa治疗真菌感染的儿童患者病例被陆续报道[23-25]。ELHENCE等[23]对26例使用Isa治疗或预防真菌性疾病的儿童患者进行药物监测回顾性分析,用Pmetrics构造了一种非参数模型。在这些儿童患者里,80%的患者服用Isa的单次剂量在9.7~10.6 mg·kg-1之间。分析发现,与先前针对成人的结论不同[23, 26],儿童中Isa剂量与血清药物浓度之间的相关性较差,儿童体内Isa的血清暴露量存在广泛变异性。考虑到Isa体内暴露量与不良反应之间的关系,各组织器官尚未发育成熟的儿童患者进行治疗时往往没有容错的余地,因此,对Isa的血药浓度进行监测并以此为依据优化剂量显得至关重要。此外,BORMAN等[25]测定了150例通过Isa治疗或预防侵袭性真菌感染的患者血药浓度,同样发现18岁以下患者中的药物监测数据存在更大的变异性,并且在长期治疗的患者中药物积累会持续数月。在这种情况下,对Isa的连续性TDM是非常有必要的。
多项研究[23, 24, 27-29]提示,儿童患者中Isa药动学数据较大的变异性与儿童体内Isa代谢酶——CYP3A4/5酶的活性有关,代谢酶活性的差异导致了儿童体内Isa血药浓度的不稳定性,因此需要对药物浓度进行密切监测。
Isa主要由CYP3A4/5酶代谢,因此患者体内CYP3A4/5相关基因型往往会影响Isa的血药浓度以及治疗效果。van DAELE等[6]记录了3例同时使用Isa和CYP450诱导剂的侵袭性真菌病患者体内Isa暴露量,并结合患者的CYP3A基因型进行分析。在研究中,病例1和病例3为CYP3A4*1/*1CYP3A5*3/*3基因型,对应CYP3A4代谢正常,CYP3A5活性丧失;病例2的基因型为CYP3A4*1/*1CYP3A5*1/*3,对应CYP3A4和CYP3A5均代谢正常。病例1、病例2和病例3体内Isa清除率分别为2.2、11.9和3.3 L·h-1,其中病例2患者体内Isa清除率远高于人群中位数。该研究认为病例2中较低的Isa暴露与其CYP3A5*1/*3基因型有关,该基因型会导致CYP450诱导作用加强。因此,对于特定基因型患者,尤其CYP3A5*1/*3型,进行TDM从而优化Isa使用剂量是非常有必要的。
在CHAN等[11]的研究中发现,患者在同时使用包括Isa在内的多种药物且Isa与合用药物之间存在相互作用的情况下,Isa血药浓度水平易受到影响。例如1例使用氯法齐明和Isa分别治疗脓肿分枝杆菌肺部感染和侵袭性曲霉感染的患者,Isa的cmin在第3日和第14日分别为5.0 mg·L-1和8.1 mg·L-1,第14日的cmin比整体研究数据的cmin中位数(5.2 mg·L-1)高30%。这可能是由于氯法齐明(CYP3A4抑制剂)影响Isa(CYP3A4底物)的代谢,从而增加了Isa的血药浓度水平。
van DAELE等[30]发现患者同时服用氟氯西林和Isa会使体内Isa浓度降低,但可以通过增加剂量来达到适宜的Isa暴露。在获得更多关于Isa和氟氯西林之间相互作用的数据之前,有必要对Isa进行TDM和优化剂量,以确保达到有效的体内药物浓度。
KOSMIDIS等[12]通过TDM发现减少Isa的日剂量(从200 mg减少为100 mg)仍可使大量长期使用(≥6个月)Isa的患者体内药物水平达到治疗浓度(>1 mg·L-1),且日剂量的减少可显著降低二级以上不良事件的发生。随着治疗时间的延长,Isa容易在体内蓄积,并产生一定的毒性[4, 20]。FURFARO等[14]对19例真菌感染患者的264例Isa血药浓度结果进行分析,证实在治疗期间,Isa cmin水平会随着治疗时间的延长而增高,并出现或加重恶心与厌食等消化道不良反应。此时,TDM的开展有助于患者用药剂量的调整并将Isa血药浓度稳定在2.5~5 mg·L-1之间,提高长期使用Isa患者的依从性。除此之外,由于较低剂量的Isa耐受性好,且在保证治疗效果的同时具有一定的成本(经济)收益,为长期接受抗真菌治疗的患者提供了更多的治疗选择。
一些疾病或体质因素本身虽然不会影响Isa的治疗效果,但可能会通过其所需要的治疗手段或在治疗过程中产生的继发效应,间接引起Isa在体内的浓度变化。例如肾损伤并不影响患者体内的Isa水平,但LAHMER等[3]发现这类患者接受持续低效率透析(SLED)治疗后体内Isa血药浓度显著下降(5.73 μg·mL-1 vs. 3.36 μg·mL-1P<0.001)。这可能是由于具有高蛋白亲和力的Isa与SLED设备表面产生吸附,从而影响Isa在体内的药物浓度水平[31, 32]。此外,LAHMER等[3]还提出Isa与白蛋白的结合力可能受到危重患者体内异常pH的影响。体外膜氧合(ECMO)被越来越多用于为重症呼吸或心力衰竭患者提供临时心肺支持,包括近几年患有新型冠状病毒感染相关急性呼吸窘迫综合征的危重患者。MERTENS等[10]研究了在常规护理期间同时接受Isa和ECMO治疗的4例重症患者的Isa cmin。在这4例重症患者中,有2例患者在校正Isa标准每日维持剂量(200 mg)后,cmin未达到1 mg·L-1的目标浓度。虽然这一结果与某些研究[33-35]一致,说明ECMO降低了患者体内Isa的药物浓度,但这些数据仍无法评估ECMO对危重患者Isa暴露的独立影响(危重患者往往存在多种影响Isa浓度的因素)。根据这些临床数据,研究者强调了对危重患者进行Isa群体药动学评估的必要性,包括那些肾脏清除率增强、低白蛋白血症、肝肾功能障碍、肾脏替代治疗和接受ECMO的患者。
TDM除了可以通过调整剂量来提高Isa治疗效果和减少不良反应之外,还可以获得一些额外的临床收益。例如McCREARY等[36]尝试打开Isa胶囊,将内容物直接撒入肠内喂食管(EFT),并通过TDM发现患者从EFT途径获得的Isa血药浓度水平与静脉或口服途径所得的血药浓度相似或更高,证明Isa通过EFT途径给药的可行性。该研究除了可以提高患者的用药依从性,还为Isa在临床上的特殊用法提供理论依据。
综上所述,从多项真实世界研究来看,肝功能不全、BMI过高或过低、儿童、具有CYP3A5*1/*3等基因型、使用多种药物治疗、长期用药、接受特殊治疗或给药方案的患者有必要对其使用的Isa进行TDM。Ⅲ期临床试验和真实世界研究之间的差异可能是研究对象的不同所导致的。现实生活中有更多的患者患有合并症,情况复杂。事实上,大多数危重患者常常伴有多种影响Isa血药浓度的因素,例如肝功能不全、恶病质消瘦、药物相互作用和长期用药等。因此,实时TDM是保障这类患者疗效与安全的必要手段。
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.12
  • 接收时间:2023-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-25
  • 录用日期:2024-08-13
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    苏州大学附属第一医院 药学部,江苏 苏州 215000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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