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As the first dual receptor agonist of glucose-dependent insulin-stimulating polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 used for chronic weight management, tirzepatide achieves weight loss by delaying gastric emptying and reducing energy intake, and its therapeutic effect on obesity is significant and its safety is high. Tirzepatide can also improve a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as reducing blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, and improving blood lipids. In the future,it is expected to treat obesity with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, etc, with broad application prospects. This article reviewed the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of weight loss, clinical application and safety of tirzepatide.

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替尔泊肽作为首个用于慢性体重管理的葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽和胰高血糖素样肽-1双重受体激动剂,通过延缓胃排空、减少能量摄入实现减重,其治疗肥胖疗效显著,安全性高。替尔泊肽还能改善多种心血管代谢危险因素,如降低血糖、血压,改善血脂等,未来有望用于治疗肥胖伴心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、肝脏疾病等,应用前景广阔。本文对替尔泊肽的药动学、减重机制、临床应用及安全性等方面进行综述。

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王斌
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刘亚丹,女,博士在读,主要从事中医内分泌代谢病方向的研究,E-mail:

王斌,男,主任医师,博士生导师,博士,主要从事中医内分泌代谢病方向的研究,E-mail:

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Obesity and overweight[EB/OL].(2024-03-01)[2024-03-05]. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight., articleTitle=Obesity and overweight, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240719597419156183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1240710436195193003, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=141, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=CHONG B, KONG G, SHANKAR K, journalName=Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHONG B, KONG G, SHANKAR K, et al. The global syndemic of metabolic diseases in the young adult population: a consortium of trends and projections from the Global Burden of Disease 2000—2019[J]. 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替尔泊肽在肥胖人群中的应用
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刘亚丹 1, 2 , 燕树勋 3 , 王斌 1, 2 , 庞湃 1, 2 , 马运涛 1, 2 , 王彬 1, 2 , 史翠娟 1, 2 , 郑洪恩 1, 2 , 罗雨绮 1, 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024,43(10): 751-758
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 新药介绍 2024, 43(10): 751-758
替尔泊肽在肥胖人群中的应用
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刘亚丹1, 2 , 燕树勋3, 王斌1, 2 , 庞湃1, 2, 马运涛1, 2, 王彬1, 2, 史翠娟1, 2, 郑洪恩1, 2, 罗雨绮1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学第一附属医院,天津 300381
  • 2.国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300381
  • 3.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450000
  • 刘亚丹,女,博士在读,主要从事中医内分泌代谢病方向的研究,E-mail:

    王斌,男,主任医师,博士生导师,博士,主要从事中医内分泌代谢病方向的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王斌
Application of tirzepatide in obese population
Ya-dan LIU1, 2 , Shu-xun YAN3, Bin WANG1, 2 , Pai PANG1, 2, Yun-tao MA1, 2, Bin WANG1, 2, Cui-juan SHI1, 2, Hong-en ZHENG1, 2, Yu-qi LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TIANJIN 300381, China
  • 2.National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, TIANJIN 300381, China
  • 3.First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou HE-NAN 450000, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.05
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替尔泊肽作为首个用于慢性体重管理的葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽和胰高血糖素样肽-1双重受体激动剂,通过延缓胃排空、减少能量摄入实现减重,其治疗肥胖疗效显著,安全性高。替尔泊肽还能改善多种心血管代谢危险因素,如降低血糖、血压,改善血脂等,未来有望用于治疗肥胖伴心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、肝脏疾病等,应用前景广阔。本文对替尔泊肽的药动学、减重机制、临床应用及安全性等方面进行综述。

替尔泊肽  /  减肥药  /  肥胖症  /  超重

As the first dual receptor agonist of glucose-dependent insulin-stimulating polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 used for chronic weight management, tirzepatide achieves weight loss by delaying gastric emptying and reducing energy intake, and its therapeutic effect on obesity is significant and its safety is high. Tirzepatide can also improve a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as reducing blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, and improving blood lipids. In the future,it is expected to treat obesity with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, liver diseases, etc, with broad application prospects. This article reviewed the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of weight loss, clinical application and safety of tirzepatide.

tirzepatide  /  anti-obesity agents  /  obesity  /  overweight
刘亚丹, 燕树勋, 王斌, 庞湃, 马运涛, 王彬, 史翠娟, 郑洪恩, 罗雨绮. 替尔泊肽在肥胖人群中的应用. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (10) : 751 -758 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.05
Ya-dan LIU, Shu-xun YAN, Bin WANG, Pai PANG, Yun-tao MA, Bin WANG, Cui-juan SHI, Hong-en ZHENG, Yu-qi LUO. Application of tirzepatide in obese population[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (10) : 751 -758 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.05
肥胖是一种复杂的慢性疾病,会导致严重并发症,影响着全世界数亿人。据统计,2022年全球成人超重达25亿人(超重率43%),其中肥胖有8.9亿人(肥胖率16%);儿童和青少年超重达3.9亿人,其中肥胖有1.6亿人[1]。预计到2050年,肥胖将是高血压、2型糖尿病、高脂血症、非酒精性脂肪肝等代谢性疾病中死亡占比最高的疾病,造成严重的全球健康问题[2]。美国临床内分泌学家协会和美国内分泌学会指南建议,超重或肥胖患者可以进行生活方式干预、药物治疗及减重代谢手术治疗[3]。生活方式干预是控制肥胖的首要前提,但仅生活方式干预往往无法达到减重目标,且难以长期维持,医疗管理加上生活方式干预更有可能实现显著的体重减轻[4]。目前,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)已批准上市6种减重药,分别为芬特明-托吡酯、纳曲酮-安非他酮、奥利司他、利拉鲁肽、司美格鲁肽及替尔泊肽[5]
替尔泊肽(tirzepatide)是由礼来公司推出每周1次的葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素性多肽(GIP)和胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂,于2022年5月13日,获美国FDA批准用于治疗成人2型糖尿病[6]。2023年11月8日,美国FDA批准替尔泊肽治疗成人超重或肥胖[体重指数(BMI)≥30 kg·m-2,BMI≥27 kg·m-2并至少有一种与肥胖相关并发症,如高血压、血脂异常、2型糖尿病、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征或心血管疾病等][7,8]。替尔泊肽因此成为目前首个用于慢性体重管理的GIP和GLP-1双受体激动剂[9]。2024年5月21日,国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)批准替尔泊肽在国内上市,适用于成人2型糖尿病患者[10];同年7月19日,替尔泊肽在我国获批用于长期体重管理[11]。本文就替尔泊肽的药动学、减重机制、临床应用及安全性展开综述,以便为其上市后的临床应用提供参考。
替尔泊肽是一种由39个氨基酸组成的GIP/GLP-1合成肽,基于GIP天然序列,保留了GIP的9个同源氨基酸以及GIP和GLP-1共有的10个氨基酸[12]。替尔泊肽通过C20位置赖氨酸残基的亲水接头将C-末端酰胺和C20脂肪酸二酸片段进行连接,肽序列在2位和13位含有两个非编码的氨基酸残基(α-氨基异丁酸),并且C端被修饰,酰化技术使脂肪酸侧链与白蛋白结合,减缓酶降解并延长半衰期达116.7 h(约5 d);其分子式为C225H348N48O68,分子量为4 813.45[13,14]。替尔泊肽暴露量随剂量比例增加,达到最大血浆浓度时间为8~72 h,平均生物利用度达80%,每周1次注射后,血浆浓度达到稳定状态[15]。替尔泊肽的代谢清除包括主链的蛋白水解裂解、C20脂肪酸二酸部分的β氧化和酰胺水解,其代谢产物通过尿液和粪便排出体外[16]
替尔泊肽和GIP、GLP-1的等效片段大部分重叠,因此与GIP受体、GLP-1受体相互作用机制类似,但仍有差异。临床前研究显示,替尔泊肽对GIP受体的亲和力和效力与天然GIP相同,但对GLP-1受体的亲和力比天然GLP-1弱5倍,效力低13倍[17]。这种效力不平衡使双重激动剂疗效最大化,GLP-1受体激动剂的剂量耐受性受到恶心、呕吐等胃肠道反应的限制,GIP则能激活后脑神经元发挥止吐作用、降低GLP-1受体激动剂诱导的恶心发生率、增加耐受性以扩大GLP-1的疗效[18,19]
替尔泊肽能延缓胃排空速度,增加饱腹感,抑制食欲,降低对脂肪的偏好,降低食物摄入量,进而发挥减重机制[20-23]。在高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠模型中,替尔泊肽能抑制肥胖小鼠总热量摄入,减少高脂肪、高糖饮食的食物摄入,增加低脂肪饮食的摄入,提示替尔泊肽通过抑制对脂质美味食物的摄入,降低对高热量、高脂肪食物的偏好而发挥减重疗效[22]。URVA等[23]在高脂饮食诱导的肥胖动物模型中发现,替尔泊肽能短暂延缓肥胖小鼠胃排空速度。另一项构建啮齿动物肥胖模型的实验显示,替尔泊肽慢性给药显著降低饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的体重和脂肪量,表明替尔泊肽通过减少食物摄入和增加能量消耗而导致体重减轻[13]。上述研究均为动物模型研究,目前正在进行替尔泊肽治疗肥胖患者的进一步机制研究,如替尔泊肽治疗肥胖患者的能量消耗和食物摄入量测量研究(NCT04081337),评估肥胖患者静息代谢率、能量摄入和食欲的变化[24],以及替尔泊肽对肥胖患者大脑的食欲和奖励相关区域的影响研究(NCT04311411)[25]
替尔泊肽能直接作用于中枢神经系统,激活位于中枢的GIP和GLP-1受体以及位于脂肪组织的外周GIP受体,减少下游的促炎信号,改善脂质代谢,延缓体重增加[26]。GIP受体在下丘脑弓状核、内侧背核和室旁核这些中枢神经系统中广泛表达,并在与调节能量平衡和食物摄入相关的大脑关键进食中枢被发现[27]。GIP通过减少能量消耗提供代谢益处,特别是与GLP-1联合使用时,发挥的代谢益处更突出,如一项针对高脂肪喂养小鼠的研究发现,GIP和GLP-1联合使用比单独使用更能引起厌食症和体重减轻[28]
替尔泊肽能增强慢性肥胖状态下白色脂肪组织脂质储存能力,增加脂蛋白脂肪酶,减少脂肪组织炎症,抑制脂肪分解,促进脂肪生成,减少脂质外溢和各器官的异位脂肪积累[29-31]。此外,替尔泊肽可通过诱导与棕色脂肪组织中葡萄糖、脂质和支链氨基酸氧化相关的代谢途径,以体重依赖和独立的方式改善肥胖小鼠胰岛素敏感性,促进棕色脂肪组织产热,增加能量消耗,从而导致体重减轻[32,33]。一项针对肥胖小鼠模型的研究发现,替尔泊肽可促进支链氨基酸和酮酸的分解代谢,增加棕色脂肪组织中多种氨基酸水平,诱导产热样氨基酸谱,进而改善肥胖小鼠胰岛素敏感性,增强代谢率,减轻体重[34]
此外,替尔泊肽可作用于心血管,通过增加脂肪组织中的脂联素,从而抑制促炎性细胞因子、单核细胞、巨噬细胞以及血管平滑肌细胞的激活,减少血管内皮细胞的活性氧形成,增加一氧化氮水平,激活单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶,降低血压,保护心脏功能[35]。目前替尔泊肽的心脏保护作用是通过减重还是其他机制实现的仍需要动物实验和临床试验进一步论证。
替尔泊肽治疗成人超重和肥胖的临床疗效已有多项研究证实。JASTREBOFF等[36]开展了一项随机双盲、安慰剂对照、多国联合Ⅲ期临床试验(SURMOUNT-1研究),将2 539例成人超重和肥胖患者[BMI≥30 kg·m-2或BMI≥27 kg·m-2伴有至少一项肥胖相关并发症(不包括糖尿病)]按1 1:1:1随机分成4组,包括替尔泊肽3个剂量组[ 5 mg(n=630)、10 mg(n=636)、15 mg(n=630),每周皮下注射1次]和安慰剂组(n=643),同时结合均衡膳食及生活方式干预,疗程为72周。主要治疗终点是患者体重从基线变化的百分比和72周体重至少减少5%的患者占比;关键次要终点包括72周体重减轻至少10%、15%、20%或25%的患者占比,以及体重、腰围、血压、空腹胰岛素(INS)、血脂和36项简明健康量表(SF-36)身体功能评分变化。结果显示,治疗72周后,替尔泊肽5 mg组患者的平均体重变化为-15.0%(95%CI:-15.9%~-14.2%),替尔泊肽10 mg组为-19.5%(95%CI:-20.4%~-18.5%),替尔泊肽15 mg组为-20.9%(95%CI:-21.8%~-19.9%),而安慰剂组平均体重变化为-3.1%(95%CI:-4.3%~-1.9%),替尔泊肽各剂量组均与安慰剂组有非常显著差异(P<0.001)。替尔泊肽5 mg、10 mg、15 mg组体重减少至少5%的患者占比分别为85%、89%和91%,相对于安慰剂组的35%,均有非常显著差异(P<0.001)。而体重减轻25%以上的患者占比,替尔泊肽5 mg、10 mg、15 mg组分别为15%、32%和36%,安慰剂组为1.5%。在进行双能X射线吸收测量的255例亚组患者中,发现替尔泊肽组体脂量平均减少了-33.9%,而安慰剂组为-8.2%,差异为-25.7%。此外,与安慰剂相比,替尔泊肽能改善腰围、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、INS、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)及SF-36身体功能评分,这些指标的改善可转化为降低心血管疾病、非酒精性脂肪肝、2型糖尿病和慢性肾脏病的发病风险。
HANKOSKY等[37]基于本项临床试验进行动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(ASCVD)预测风险评估,以探究替尔泊肽对成人超重和肥胖患者ASCVD长期风险的影响。在基线、24周、72周计算无ASCVD病史患者(n=2 461)的10年ASCVD预测风险评分,比较替尔泊肽和安慰剂从基线到第24周和第72周的风险评分变化,结果显示,从基线到72周,替尔泊肽的相对风险变化(-23.5%~-16.4%)大于安慰剂(12.7%,P<0.001),提示替尔泊肽治疗可显著降低成人超重和肥胖患者AVSCD的10年预测风险。但其对于心血管的改善,是由于体重减轻的间接作用还是替尔泊肽的直接药理作用,至今仍不明确,还需要大量的临床研究进一步验证替尔泊肽的心血管作用。SURMOUNT-1研究对1 032例随机分组的糖尿病前期的肥胖和超重成年患者进行替尔泊肽治疗(176周)及后续随访(17周),为期3年,以评估替尔泊肽的长期疗效和延缓糖尿病进展的有效性。研究发现,与安慰剂相比,替尔泊肽(5 mg、10 mg、15 mg)可使糖尿病前期的肥胖和超重成人患者发展为2型糖尿病的风险降低94%[38]。此外替尔泊肽组患者治疗期间体重减轻,替尔泊肽15 mg组体重平均下降22.9%,而安慰剂组体重平均下降2.1%。由此可见,替尔泊肽的长期减重疗效显著。
另一项为期72周的随机双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验[39],将经过12周强化生活方式干预后体重减轻≥5.0%的579例成人超重和肥胖患者[BMI≥30 kg·m-2或BMI≥27 kg·m-2且伴至少一种肥胖相关并发症(不包括糖尿病)],按1:1随机分成替尔泊肽组(n=287,接受替尔泊肽最大剂量10 mg或15 mg,每周皮下注射1次)和安慰剂组(n=292),主要治疗终点为体重变化百分比和体重减轻≥5%的患者占比,次要结局为体重减轻≥10%、15%、20%的患者占比以及心脏代谢危险因素。结果显示,替尔泊肽组患者平均体重变化为-18.4%,安慰剂组为2.5%(治疗差异为-20.8%,95%CI:-23.2%~-18.5%,P<0.001);替尔泊肽组体重减轻≥5%的患者占87.5%,相对于安慰剂组的16.5%,有非常显著差异[比值比(OR)=34.6%,95%CI:19.2%~62.6%,P<0.001];与安慰剂组相比,替尔泊肽组体重减轻≥10%、15%和20%的患者占比分别为76.7%、65.4%、44.7%,相比于安慰剂的8.9%、4.2%、2.2%,均有非常显著差异(P<0.001)。替尔泊肽组腰围变化为-14.6 cm,安慰剂组为0.2 cm(治疗差异为-14.8 cm,95%CI:-17.2~-12.5,P<0.001)。此外,与安慰剂相比,替尔泊肽组SBP、DBP、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、LDL-C、VLDL-C、总胆固醇(TC)、TG、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、INS等心脏代谢危险因素指标均有所改善。同时,自我报告的SF-36和体重对生活质量的影响量表(IWQOL-Lite-CT)身体功能综合评分均较前提高。
一项针对成人超重和肥胖患者[BMI≥30 kg·m-2或BMI≥27 kg·m-2伴有至少一项肥胖并发症(不包括糖尿病)]的多中心随机停药Ⅲ期临床试验[40],包括为期36周替尔泊肽先导治疗期和52周双盲安慰剂对照期,在先导治疗期783例患者进行36周替尔泊肽最大剂量(10 mg或15 mg,每周皮下注射1次)治疗,完成先导治疗期的670例患者按1:1的比例随机分成替尔泊肽组(n=335,替尔泊肽10 mg或15 mg每周1次)和安慰剂组(n=335),给药同时结合健康饮食和体育锻炼干预。主要终点是从第36周到第88周的平均体重变化百分比,次要终点是第88周在先导期内至少体重减轻了80%的患者比例。结果显示,完成36周先导期的患者平均体重减轻20.9%;第36周到第88周,替尔泊肽组平均体重变化为-5.5%,安慰剂组为14.0%(治疗差异为-19.4%,95%CI:-21.2%~-17.7%,P<0.001)。治疗88周后,替尔泊肽组先导期保持体重减轻至少80%的患者比例高于安慰剂组(89.5% vs. 16.6%,P<0.001);替尔泊肽组体重减轻达到5%、10%、15%和20%的患者比例均高于安慰剂组(分别为97.3% vs. 70.3%、92.1% vs. 46.2%、84.1% vs.25.9%和69.5% vs. 12.6%,均P<0.001)。此外,与安慰剂组相比,替尔泊肽组心脏代谢参数(如腰围、HbA1c、FBG、INS、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、VLDL-C、DBP、SBP)及SF-36、IWQOL-Lite-CT身体功能综合评分均有所改善(P<0.001)。本研究发现在改用安慰剂一年后,患者体重显著减轻(9.9%),然而,最初在心脏代谢危险因素方面的改善大部分已经逆转,需要进一步的研究来了解这种短期疗效的潜在长期益处和风险,进一步评价该药的遗留效应。
一项针对中国成年肥胖人群的随机双盲、安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期临床试验(NCT05024032)[41],将210例超重和肥胖患者[BMI≥28 kg·m-2或BMI≥24 kg·m-2伴有至少一项肥胖相关并发症],以1:1:1的比例随机分成替尔泊肽10 mg组、15 mg组和安慰剂组,在饮食和运动控制的基础上干预52周。主要终点为52周时体重变化百分比以及体重减轻≥5%的患者比例。研究结果显示,第52周时替尔泊肽10 mg组平均体重降低13.6%、腰围减少11.4 cm,替尔泊肽15 mg组平均体重降低17.5%、腰围减少14.5 cm,相比安慰剂组体重降低2.3%、腰围减少2.6 cm,均有非常显著差异(P<0.001)。替尔泊肽组10 mg组和15 mg组体重减轻超过5%、10%、15%的患者比例均显著高于安慰剂组(均P<0.001),表明替尔泊肽对我国成年超重和肥胖患者有显著减重疗效。此外,替尔泊肽在改善血糖、血脂、血压等心血管危险因素方面也有良好疗效。
上述研究表明,替尔泊肽对成人超重和肥胖具有显著临床疗效,能显著降低超重和肥胖患者体重、腰围,改善机体血糖、血脂以及血压水平等心脏代谢危险因素指标,可将其作为超重和肥胖的有效治疗方案。
目前替尔泊肽尚未被美国FDA批准用于治疗青少年肥胖,现阶段仍在进行替尔泊肽治疗青少年肥胖的临床试验研究。2023年10月15日,礼来制药启动一项随机、双盲、并行分配的Ⅲ期临床研究(NCT06075667)[42],该研究将持续90周,预计纳入150例青少年超重和肥胖受试者[12~17岁,BMI≥95百分位(根据性别和年龄生长图),或BMI≥85百分位伴有至少一项肥胖相关并发症],按1:1的比例随机分成替尔泊肽组和安慰剂组,主要终点是体重相对于基线变化的百分比,旨在评估替尔泊肽治疗青少年超重和肥胖的安全性和有效性,本项临床试验预计将于2026年底完成。基于前期替尔泊肽治疗成年超重和肥胖的减重疗效突出,预计替尔泊肽也将使青少年肥胖人群获益,并有望被美国FDA批准用于治疗青少年肥胖。
替尔泊肽治疗青少年超重和肥胖的给药方案仍在摸索阶段,已有相关的研究对儿童给药方案进行合理预测,如GUAN等[43]首次成功建立并验证了成人替尔泊肽基于生理学的药动学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic)模型,并将其外推到儿童(10~12岁)、早期青少年(12~15岁)和青少年(15~18岁)3个年龄亚组,在相当于成人参考剂量的50%、62.5%、75%和87.5%的儿科剂量下预测了上述每个亚组的药动学参数,推断出的儿科模型可用于预测替尔泊肽的儿童给药方案,为今后替尔泊肽治疗青少年肥胖的临床试验设计以及在儿童人群中的合理使用提供了宝贵的参考。
一项比较研究[45]分析了SURMOUNT-1研究[36]和STEP-1研究[44]的数据,对比替尔泊肽10 mg、15 mg与司美格鲁肽2.4 mg的疗效。这两项研究均为随机双盲、安慰剂对照、Ⅲ期多国临床试验,均纳入超重或肥胖人群(BMI≥30 kg·m-2或BMI≥27 kg·m-2并伴有至少一种肥胖相关并发症),比较替尔泊肽10 mg和15 mg治疗72周和司美格鲁肽2.4 mg治疗68周体重较基线变化的百分比,以及达到体重减轻5%以上的OR。结果发现,与司美格鲁肽2.4 mg组相比,替尔泊肽10 mg组(治疗差异为-4.67%,95%CI:-5.91%~-3.43%)和15 mg组(治疗差异为-5.92%,95%CI:-7.16%~-4.68%)体重变化更显著(均P<0.001)。与司美格鲁肽2.4 mg相比,替尔泊肽10 mg(OR=2.61,95%CI:1.48~4.57,P<0.001)和15 mg(OR=2.75,95%CI:1.57~4.81,P<0.001)治疗后有更多受试者体重减轻5%以上。该对比分析显示,替尔泊肽10 mg、15 mg比司美格鲁肽2.4 mg更具有减重优势。该研究通过对比替尔泊肽与司美格鲁肽的两项临床试验,间接证实了替尔泊肽的减重疗效更为显著。
目前,一项比较替尔泊肽和司美格鲁肽的临床多中心、随机、开放标签、平行、阳性对照的Ⅲb期试验研究(NCT05822830)已于2023年4月开展,该试验将纳入700例超重和肥胖人群(BMI≥30 kg·m-2或BMI≥27 kg·m-2并伴有至少一种肥胖相关并发症),以1:1的比例随机分成接受最大耐受剂量的替尔泊肽组(替尔泊肽15 mg或10 mg)和司美格鲁肽组(司美格鲁肽2.4 mg),主要终点是替尔泊肽相较于司美格鲁肽在72周时体重自基线降低的百分比,以对比替尔泊肽与司美格鲁肽在体重减轻方面的有效性和安全性,预计将于2024年11月完成[46]。这项基于真实世界的临床试验直接对比替尔泊肽和司美格鲁肽的临床疗效,可能会为替尔泊肽的减重疗效提供强有力的证据。
一项随机双盲、安慰剂对照、多国联合的Ⅲ期临床试验[47],将纳入的1 514例成人肥胖合并2型糖尿病患者[BMI≥27 kg·m-2,HbA1c为7%~10%(53~86 mmol·mol-1)],按照1:1:1的比例随机分为替尔泊肽10 mg组(n=312)、15 mg组(n=311)和安慰剂组(n=315),主要终点为72周时体重较基线变化的百分比以及体重较基线下降≥5%的患者比例。结果显示,治疗72周后,与安慰剂组相比,替尔泊肽10 mg组(治疗差异为-9.6%,95%CI:-11.1%~-8.1%)和替尔泊肽15 mg组(治疗差异为-11.6%,95%CI:-13.0%~-10.1%)的体重变化更为显著(均P<0.000 1)。替尔泊肽10 mg组、15 mg组体重减轻超过5%、10%、15%和20%的患者比例均高于安慰剂组(均P<0.001)。此外,与安慰剂相比,替尔泊肽组患者HbA1c、FBG、INS、SBP、DBP、TG、HDL-C、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)、IWQOL-Lite-CT身体功能综合评分等指标均较前显著改善,表明替尔泊肽对成年肥胖合并2型糖尿病患者有显著减重效果。
替尔泊肽治疗超重和肥胖最常见的不良反应是胃肠道事件,如恶心、呕吐、腹泻和便秘等,但程度多为轻中度,且持续时间较短,主要发生在剂量递增期间[36,39,40]。ARONNE等[40]的研究中,替尔泊肽组胃肠道事件比安慰剂组更常见(腹泻,10.7%vs. 4.8%;恶心,8.1% vs. 2.7%;呕吐,5.7% vs. 1.2%)。替尔泊肽的起始剂量为每周2.5 mg,在剂量递增期间,每4周逐渐增加2.5 mg,到第20周时达维持剂量15 mg,这种方式可有效缓解患者胃肠道不适[48]。有研究显示,替尔泊肽会增加急性胆囊炎的发生风险[36,39,40]。JASTREBOFF等[36]研究发现,替尔泊肽组患者胆囊炎和急性胆囊炎的发生率为0.6%,明显高于安慰剂组(0.0%)。有报告显示,使用替尔泊肽的患者中有7例(0.9%)出现胆石症[40],但也有研究报告胆石症的发生率在替尔泊肽组和安慰剂组相似[36,39]。有研究报告4例使用替尔泊肽的患者确诊胰腺炎,平均分布在治疗组和安慰剂组,且均不严重[36],也有研究无胰腺炎确诊病例的报告[40]
由于替尔泊肽能延缓胃排空,胃轻瘫患者不宜服用[49]。此外,基于临床前大鼠模型的研究,替尔泊肽与啮齿动物的甲状腺C细胞肿瘤有关,因此,替尔泊肽对于甲状腺C细胞肿瘤患者以及个人或家族有甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)或2型多发性内分泌肿瘤Ⅱ型(MEN2)病史的患者禁用,但目前尚不清楚替尔泊肽是否有引起人类患甲状腺C细胞肿瘤的风险[9]
替尔泊肽作为GIP/GLP-1双重受体激动剂,能直接作用于中枢神经系统,增强白色脂肪组织脂质储存功能,促进棕色脂肪组织产热,延缓胃排空,减少能量摄入,控制超重和肥胖者的体重,实现明显的减重效果。同时,替尔泊肽还能改善多种心血管代谢危险因素,如降低血糖、血压,改善血脂等。研究还发现,替尔泊肽能作用于肥胖诱导的呼吸系统疾病,降低促炎性细胞因子表达,降低血清肥胖生物标志物,可能是肥胖性哮喘患者新的治疗策略[50]。此外,替尔泊肽对肝酶及肝脏特征也有着明显的良性影响[51]
由此可见,替尔泊肽不仅在肥胖患者中应用前景较好,未来有望治疗肥胖伴心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、肝脏疾病等,应用前景广阔。现阶段替尔泊肽作为减重药尚未纳入医保范畴,其高昂的治疗费用可能会限制肥胖患者的使用[52,53]。对替尔泊肽的长期临床疗效、安全性和成本效益仍需要进一步研究,以更好地发挥替尔泊肽在慢性体重管理中的地位和作用[54]
  • 2024年天津市南开区中医药传承创新发展示范试点项目-重点专科建设-内分泌科(20240318)
  • 河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2018JDZX018)
  • 河南省中医药传承与创新人才工程(仲景工程)中医药拔尖人才(CZ0237-02)
  • 郑州市科技惠民计划(2021KJHM0017)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.10.05
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 录用日期:2024-09-03
基金
2024年天津市南开区中医药传承创新发展示范试点项目-重点专科建设-内分泌科(20240318)
河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(2018JDZX018)
河南省中医药传承与创新人才工程(仲景工程)中医药拔尖人才(CZ0237-02)
郑州市科技惠民计划(2021KJHM0017)
作者信息
    1.天津中医药大学第一附属医院,天津 300381
    2.国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300381
    3.河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南 郑州 450000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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