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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of irreversible dementia. In addition to assessing of patients’ memory abilities, positron emission tomography (PET), as a non-invasive diagnostic modality with high sensitivity and qualitative or quantitative imaging of the target sites, can qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate β-amyloid (Aβ), tau proteins, synaptic proteins, and other related biomarkers, which is of great significance in the diagnosis of AD. As PET imaging approved by FDA, [18F]-flutemetamol, a derivative of 18F labelled thioflavin-T, and [18F]-florbetaben, [18F]-florbetapir, which are phenylpyridine derivates, have high specificity in their affinity for Aβ plaque binding. Other radionuclides such as 68Ga and 64Cu labeled radiotracers also showed high affinity with Aβ plaques. Quinoline derivatives [18F]-THK5351, [18F]-PPQ8, benzimidazolopyrimidine and pyridine-indole derivatives [18F]-T807, and lansoprazole derivatives [11C]-NML as PET imaging agents, can quantify tau protein tangles. And the structural derivatives of levetiracetam [11C]-UCB-J and [18F]-SDM-8 can measure synaptic density, while the structural derivatives [18F]-FPEB of 3-fluoro-4-acetylidene-benzylnitrile can assist in the diagnosis of AD by binding with mGluR5. The fluorobenzoyl derivative [18F]-altanserin, with ketoserin as its structural parent, acts on 5-hydroxytryptamine to study the molecular changes of early AD.

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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是不可逆性痴呆症中最常见的形式。除了评估AD患者记忆能力,正电子发射断层扫描(PET)作为一种灵敏度较高的非侵入性诊断方式,还可以对靶点进行定性或定量的影像诊断,定性及定量评价β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)、tau蛋白、突触蛋白等相关生物标志物,对AD诊断具有重要意义。硫代黄素-T衍生物[18F]氟替莫尔和苯乙烯吡啶及二苯乙烯衍生物[18F]氟倍他滨、[18F]氟倍他平能与Aβ高度特异性地结合,作为PET显影剂被FDA批准上市。68Ga、64Cu标记的放射性显影剂同样表现出高度的Aβ斑块亲和力。喹啉衍生物[18F]-THK5351和[18F]-PPQ8、吡啶吲哚衍生物[18F]-T807、兰索拉唑衍生物[11C]-NML均可量化tau蛋白错误折叠导致的神经纤维缠结程度。左乙拉西坦结构衍生物[11C]-UCB-J、[18F]-SDM-8可以测量突触密度,3-氟-4-乙炔基苄腈衍生物[18F]-FPEB则通过与代谢型谷氨酸受体第5亚型(mGluR5)的结合用于AD的辅助诊断,酮色林类衍生物[18F]-altanserin则通过作用于5-羟色胺用于研究早期AD的分子变化。

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王力
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龙睿玲,女,硕士,主要从事正电子核素放射性显影剂的研究,E-mail:

王力,女,教授,博士,主要从事医用放射性药物的研究,E-mail:

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A:[11C]-PiB, B:[11C]-AZD2184, C:[18F]氟替莫尔, D:[18F]-FC119S

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A:[18F]氟倍他滨,B:[18F]氟倍他平

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A:[64Cu]-1, B:[64Cu]-2, C:[64Cu]-3

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A:[18F]-THK523, B:[18F]-THK5105, C:[18F]-THK5117, D:[18F]-THK5351, E:[18F]-PPQ8, F:[18F]-PPQ9

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A:[18F]-T807,B:[18F]-T808,C:[18F]-PI-2820,D:[18F]-GTP1,E:[18F]-IBIPF1,F:[18F]-IBIPF2

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A:[11C]-N-甲基兰索拉唑(NML),B:[18F]-NML

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A:[11C]-PBB3,B:[18F]-PM-PBB3

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A:[11C]-UCB-J,B:[18F]-SDM-8

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A:[18F]-FPEB, B:[18F]-SP203

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A:[18F]altanserin,B:[18F]deuteroaltanserin,C:[18F]setoperine

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影像诊断阿尔茨海默病的PET显影剂研究进展
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龙睿玲 1, 2 , 王力 1
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(7): 494-503
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(7): 494-503
影像诊断阿尔茨海默病的PET显影剂研究进展
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龙睿玲1, 2 , 王力1
作者信息
  • 1.西南医科大学附属医院 核医学科/核医学与分子影像四川省重点实验室/四川省院士(专家)工作站,四川 泸州 646000
  • 2.西南医科大学 药学院,四川 泸州 646000
  • 龙睿玲,女,硕士,主要从事正电子核素放射性显影剂的研究,E-mail:

    王力,女,教授,博士,主要从事医用放射性药物的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

王力
Progress of PET imaging tracers for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis
Rui-ling LONG1, 2 , Li WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Nuclear Medicine / Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province /Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou SICHUAN 646000, China
  • 2.School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou SICHUAN 646000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.03
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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是不可逆性痴呆症中最常见的形式。除了评估AD患者记忆能力,正电子发射断层扫描(PET)作为一种灵敏度较高的非侵入性诊断方式,还可以对靶点进行定性或定量的影像诊断,定性及定量评价β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)、tau蛋白、突触蛋白等相关生物标志物,对AD诊断具有重要意义。硫代黄素-T衍生物[18F]氟替莫尔和苯乙烯吡啶及二苯乙烯衍生物[18F]氟倍他滨、[18F]氟倍他平能与Aβ高度特异性地结合,作为PET显影剂被FDA批准上市。68Ga、64Cu标记的放射性显影剂同样表现出高度的Aβ斑块亲和力。喹啉衍生物[18F]-THK5351和[18F]-PPQ8、吡啶吲哚衍生物[18F]-T807、兰索拉唑衍生物[11C]-NML均可量化tau蛋白错误折叠导致的神经纤维缠结程度。左乙拉西坦结构衍生物[11C]-UCB-J、[18F]-SDM-8可以测量突触密度,3-氟-4-乙炔基苄腈衍生物[18F]-FPEB则通过与代谢型谷氨酸受体第5亚型(mGluR5)的结合用于AD的辅助诊断,酮色林类衍生物[18F]-altanserin则通过作用于5-羟色胺用于研究早期AD的分子变化。

阿尔茨海默病  /  正电子发射断层扫描  /  淀粉样蛋白  /  tau蛋白质类  /  放射性药物

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of irreversible dementia. In addition to assessing of patients’ memory abilities, positron emission tomography (PET), as a non-invasive diagnostic modality with high sensitivity and qualitative or quantitative imaging of the target sites, can qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate β-amyloid (Aβ), tau proteins, synaptic proteins, and other related biomarkers, which is of great significance in the diagnosis of AD. As PET imaging approved by FDA, [18F]-flutemetamol, a derivative of 18F labelled thioflavin-T, and [18F]-florbetaben, [18F]-florbetapir, which are phenylpyridine derivates, have high specificity in their affinity for Aβ plaque binding. Other radionuclides such as 68Ga and 64Cu labeled radiotracers also showed high affinity with Aβ plaques. Quinoline derivatives [18F]-THK5351, [18F]-PPQ8, benzimidazolopyrimidine and pyridine-indole derivatives [18F]-T807, and lansoprazole derivatives [11C]-NML as PET imaging agents, can quantify tau protein tangles. And the structural derivatives of levetiracetam [11C]-UCB-J and [18F]-SDM-8 can measure synaptic density, while the structural derivatives [18F]-FPEB of 3-fluoro-4-acetylidene-benzylnitrile can assist in the diagnosis of AD by binding with mGluR5. The fluorobenzoyl derivative [18F]-altanserin, with ketoserin as its structural parent, acts on 5-hydroxytryptamine to study the molecular changes of early AD.

Alzheimer’s disease  /  positron emission tomography  /  amyloid  /  tau proteins  /  radiopharmaceuticals
龙睿玲, 王力. 影像诊断阿尔茨海默病的PET显影剂研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (7) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.03
Rui-ling LONG, Li WANG. Progress of PET imaging tracers for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (7) : 494 -503 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.03
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是痴呆症最常见的类型,其特征是认知功能的进行性丧失,约占所有痴呆病例的60%~80%[1]。目前认为,大脑中由过磷酸化tau蛋白形成的神经原纤维缠结(NFT)和β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑是AD主要的病理特征。Aβ级联假说认为,Aβ的沉积是AD期间脑部的第一个变化,随后是NFT和神经元细胞死亡[2]。神经元中高度磷酸化的tau蛋白积累常表现为中枢神经系统中微管相关蛋白表达的异常升高,这是AD发病机制中的另一个关键因素。要获得在组织病理学上明确的诊断,需要有脑组织中Aβ斑块和NFT等病理特征的证据支持,但侵入性的诊断方式具有很大局限性[3]。正电子发射断层扫描(PET)作为一种灵敏度较高的非侵入性诊断方式,可以定性及定量评价Aβ斑块或NFT相关生物标志物,对AD诊断具有重要意义[4]。此外,神经病理学研究发现,突触密度和认知能力之间存在显著关联,可以通过PET显影检测突触密度来评估AD的认知功能[5]。本文对近年来不同靶点的AD诊断PET显影剂研究进行总结。
Aβ斑块沉积通常伴随AD病程发展的整个过程,是AD患者的特异性表现[3,4],在其他形式的痴呆症如血管性痴呆(VaD)或额颞叶痴呆(FTD)中,并未发现Aβ斑块。因此神经影像学技术探测Aβ斑块是AD鉴别诊断有效手段[6-8]。目前,正电子核素标记的小分子Aβ显影剂主要包括硫代黄素-T衍生物、苯乙烯吡啶及二苯乙烯两大类。
正电子放射性核素的选择需要考虑核素的化学性质及半衰期,目前常用的两种核素为11C(t1/2=20.4 min)和18F(t1/2=110 min)。以Pittsburgh compound B(PiB)[9]母核为基础开发的[11C]-PiB(图1A),是第一个被广泛研究的Aβ-PET显影剂。[11C]-PiB结构中亲脂性的硫代黄素-T分子能穿过血脑屏障,以高亲和力且特异性地结合在由Aβ组成的老年斑上,同时在非靶组织中迅速清除,可以在较长扫描检测窗口期内获得高对比度影像。与健康对照组相比,[11C]-PiB在AD受试者皮质中的摄取增加[10,11]。5-(6- [(叔丁基(二甲基)甲硅烷基)氧基]-1,3-苯并噻唑-2基)吡啶-2-胺([11C]-AZD2184(图1B),也是一种可用于Aβ成像的11C标记显影剂,对淀粉样蛋白原纤维具有高度亲和力[Kd=(8.4±1.0)nmol·L-1],能与其在AD患者的大脑皮质区域结合[12]。但由于11C半衰期太短(t1/2=20.3 min),限制了该类显影剂的广泛应用。
18F标记的放射性显影剂半衰期更为适中(t1/2=109.8 min),因此被临床广泛应用。2013年,[18F]氟替莫尔([18F]-flutemetamol/[18F]-GE067,图1C[13]获得美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准。大鼠和小鼠的在体实验表明,它具有与[11C]-PiB相似的药动学特征,且两者都容易进入大脑,但是[18F]氟替莫尔亲脂性更高,从大脑的白质中洗脱速度比[11C]-PiB要慢大约1.4倍[13]。一项Ⅲ期临床试验证明,[18F]氟替莫尔在体内检测脑Aβ密度方面具有很高的特异性和敏感性[14,15]。此外,有研究比较了[18F]氟替莫尔和[11C]-PiB在AD患者和对照受试者中的表现,[18F]氟替莫尔区分AD患者和老年健康对照者的灵敏度为97.2%,特异度为85.3%,在区分AD患者和健康对照者方面,[11C]PIB与[18F]氟替莫尔有相似的分辨能力[16]。与[18F]氟替莫尔相同,[18F]-FC119S也是以苯并噻吩为母环的新型Aβ-PET显影剂(图1D),该分子能与皮质和海马中的Aβ高特异性结合。与健康对照组相比,使用[18F]-FC119S的AD患者在额叶、颞叶等多个皮质脑区标准摄取值(SUV)更高。利用[11C]-PiB与[18F]-FC119S两种显影剂的PET/CT的联合诊断可有效鉴别轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和AD[17]
苯乙烯吡啶是具有高度共轭、相对平面结构的芳香环分子。有研究表明,它与Aβ具有高度的亲和力[18]。为了调节18F标记二苯乙烯的亲脂性,KUNG等[19]利用不同链长的聚乙二醇单元合成了一系列二苯乙烯衍生物,并通过聚乙二醇侧链末端的亲核取代反应进行18F标记。试验证明,适当链长的聚乙二醇侧链可以使显影剂保持较高的Aβ结合亲和力,且更易透过血脑屏障[20]。其中,二苯乙烯类衍生物类的[18F]氟倍他滨([18F]florbetaben/[18F]-BAY94-9172,图2A)于2008年进行了人体试验[21],并于2014年获得FDA批准[22]。临床前数据表明,[18F]-氟倍他滨对Aβ斑块有很高的特异性[23]。另有研究对比了在路易体痴呆(DLB)患者和AD患者中[18F]氟倍他滨以及[11C]-PiB的摄取差异[24],相较于DLB患者,在AD患者大脑中[18F]氟倍他滨的摄取水平更高,说明[18F]氟倍他滨有区分DLB和AD患者的优势[25]
显影剂的初始脑摄取情况、体内代谢方式、显像后能否从脑区域快速清除以及为实现最高靶-非靶比值选择的采集时间等因素都会影响到显像剂的实际效果。因此,在保留氟代聚乙二醇和二苯乙烯环母核结构的基础上,研究人员引入了吡啶环形成苯乙烯基吡啶结构。[18F]氟倍他平([18F]florbetapir/[18F]AV-45,图2B)是一种苯乙烯基吡啶衍生物的Aβ显影剂[26,27],于2012年获FDA批准,并在AD神经影像学计划中被广泛用作研究生物标志物Aβ的显影剂。一项针对[18F]氟倍他平的Ⅲ期多中心临床试验[28]考察了患者生前[18F]氟倍他平PET图像与死后Aβ病理之间的定性和定量关系,PET影像显示:[18F]氟倍他平分布在AD患者死后解剖的脑Aβ沉积部位中,这说明显影剂在AD大脑的成像区域与患者病灶的解剖学位置是吻合的,并且在引入了吡啶环后[18F]氟倍他平与Aβ结合的亲和力是[18F]氟倍他滨的2倍。2013年发表的一项多中心Ⅱ期临床试验显示,AD患者、MCI患者和健康受试者在使用[18F]氟倍他平后,均未观察到严重副作用。最新研究还发现,使用[18F]氟倍他平后,大脑枕叶皮质内的Aβ斑块沉积与临床晚期AD症状呈正相关,表明显影剂在此处的SUV高低可能有助于评估AD的严重程度[29]
放射性核素64Cu是一种理想的PET核素(t1/2=12.7 h,β+=17%,β-=39%)[30]。利用硫代氨基脲类衍生物用作金属螯合剂,可以开发64Cu标记的Aβ显影剂。HICKEY等[31]报道了一种苯乙烯基吡啶修饰的64Cu放射性药物[64Cu]-Cu(Ⅱ)-ATSM用于Aβ斑块成像。经荧光显微镜观察,[64Cu]-1(图3A)和[64Cu]-2(图3B)能与Aβ斑块有效结合。小鼠经尾静脉注射(~13 mBq)给药后,在脑部对[64Cu]-1和[64Cu]-2均有1.1%的摄取。由于[64Cu]-Cu(Ⅱ)-ATSM稳定性好且可以穿过血脑屏障,该双功能螯合物可以用作神经成像。含有二苯乙烯官能团的[11C]-SB-13分子建模结果表明,二苯乙烯可以通过苯基之间π-π堆积作用和Aβ肽链结合,使得该显影剂与Aβ的亲和力远强于其他类型的β折叠聚集体(包括NFT和路易体),因此基于二苯乙烯结构衍生的显影剂是靶向Aβ的优秀候选物[31]。据此,LIM等[32]开发了二苯乙烯官能团结合的双(硫代半碳氮杂)Cu(Ⅱ)配合物[64Cu]-3(图3C),透射电子显微镜观察发现,用[64Cu]-3处理合成的Aβ(1~42)纤维,纤维形态发生显著变化,表明该显影剂可与Aβ斑块进行有效结合,且与野生型小鼠相比,尾静脉注射[64Cu]-3(85 mBq)的表达嵌合小鼠/人淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(Mo/Huap695Swe)和突变的人早老素1(PS1-DE9)双转基因小鼠(APP/PS1)脑部显示[64Cu]-3摄取更高。
68Ga是另一种可用于PET成像的放射性核素,半衰期为68 min,可以通过母体核素68Ge衰变获得。其母体核素68Ge的半衰期为272 d,不同规格的68Ge-68Ga发生器通常可在长达一年的有效期时间内提供68Ga核素[33]。Ga3+作为硬酸金属,可以与如羧酸、氨基氮异羟肟酸酯以及酚盐等结构中的硬碱基团形成牢固的键[34],因此可以利用含有1,4, 7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4, 7,10-四乙酸(DOTA)、NOTA-琥珀酰亚胺酯(NOTA-NHS-ester)等结构的双功能螯合剂进行标记。ZHA等[35]报道了68Ga标记的系列N, N’-双[2-羟基-5-(羧乙基)苄基]乙二胺-N, N’-二乙酸(HBED-CC)-苯乙烯基吡啶结构衍生的显影剂(图4),虽然体外放射自显影结果显示该类显影剂对Aβ斑块具有高度结合的亲和力,但由于透过血脑屏障能力差,仅能用于诊断脑淀粉样血管病。
AD患者脑中Aβ与tau蛋白聚集体的浓度差异较大(约5~20倍),且沉积在不同的区域[36]。Aβ在额叶皮质的浓度最高,而tau蛋白聚集体在颞顶皮质的浓度最高,且折叠方式不同的亚型微管相关蛋白tau,包括四重复(4R)tau、三重复(3R)tau、混合3R/4R tau等的分布也不同,这些特点有助于tau蛋白相关疾病的鉴别诊断[37]。在此,通过对不同结构类型,如喹啉衍生物、苯并咪唑并嘧啶和吡啶吲哚类衍生物、苯基/吡啶基-丁二烯基-苯并噻唑/苯并噻唑鎓(PBB)衍生物等,对已进行临床试验的tau蛋白显影剂进行介绍。
对喹诺酮和苯并咪唑衍生物类tau蛋白放射性显影剂研究较早[38,39]。与健康对照组相比,[18F]-THK523(@图5A)在AD患者的颞叶、顶叶、眶额叶以及海马中都有高摄取,但白质中的高摄取严重干扰了图像,阻碍了其在临床中的进一步使用。通过结构改进,设计合成了6-[(3-18F-2-羟基)丙氧基]-2-(4-二甲基氨基苯基)喹诺酮([18F]-THK5105,@图5B)、6-[(3-18F-2-羟基)丙氧基]-2-(4-甲基氨基苯基)喹诺酮([18F]-THK5117,@图5C)和6-[(3-18F-2-羟基)丙氧基]-2-(4-甲基氨基吡啶基)喹啉([18F]-THK5351,@图5D)等tau蛋白显影剂,其结合亲和力较[18F]-THK523均有所提高[40]。与[18F]-THK5105和[18F]-THK5117相比,[18F]-THK5351的非特异性清除速度更快,在白质中保留率更低,因此图像信噪比更高[40,41]
单胺氧化酶(MAO)-B是一个AD显影剂脱靶结合的位点,有研究显示[18F]-THK-5351存在脱靶与MAO-B结合的现象。为了克服这种缺陷,LERDSIRISUK等[42]合成并评估了2-吡咯并吡啶基喹啉(PPQ)衍生物[18F]-PPQ8和[18F]-PPQ9(图5E、5F),体外竞争性结合实验表明,这两种新型PPQ衍生物对tau蛋白具有很高的结合亲和力(IC50分别为4.9和6.9 nmol·L-1),可作为选择性tau蛋白PET显影剂,但其药动学表现不佳,结构还有待进一步优化。
-T807/[18F]-flortaucipir(图6A)和[18F]-T808(图6B)是苯并咪唑和苯并咪唑-嘧啶类tau蛋白放射性显影剂的优秀代表[43-45]。通过对AD患者的脑切片进行放射自显影染色的Scatchard分析显示,[18F]-T807和[18F]-T808对配对螺旋样纤维的tau蛋白(PHF-tau)都具有高亲和力(Kd分别为14.6和22 nmol·L-1[46]。2020年FDA批准[18F]-T807用于AD的影像诊断。但是体内研究显示[18F]-T807在AD和进行性核上性麻痹(PSP)中均显示出非特异性结合[47],这可能是因为T807是一种弱的非选择性的MAO抑制剂[48],可与基底神经节中的MAO结合,造成部分脱靶,从而改变了T807的结合方式。因此,KROTH等[49]设计了[18F]-PI-2620显影剂(图6C),旨在减少与MAO-A和MAO-B的脱靶结合,对病理性的tau蛋白聚集体有很高的亲和力和选择性。结果显示,AD受试者tau蛋白沉积的[18F]-PI-2620 PET影像具有很高的图像质量和极好的信噪比[50],注射后30~90 min分别进行影像采集,经过30 min的PET扫描,通过分布容积比(DVR)和SUV两个指标进行评估,注射后45~75 min的图像可显著区分AD患者和健康受试者。
根据Scatchard分析,[18F]-T808仅与tau蛋白聚集体的一种结合位点结合,进一步证实了其对tau蛋白聚集体的选择性超过了Aβ[46]。为了改善[18F]-T808代谢过程中出现脱氟致使颅骨沉积的问题,研究者合成了[18F]-T808的氘代类似物[18F]-GTP1(图6D)。[18F]-GTP1对tau蛋白的亲和力较高,与AD组织中的Aβ斑块或MAO-B结合较少,无明显的脱靶结合,能成功区分AD患者和健康受试者组[51]。此外,KAIDE等[52]还设计合成了带有氟代烷基氨基结构的18F标记苯并咪唑并吡啶(BIP)衍生物,[18F]-IBIPF1(图6E)和[18F]-IBIPF2(图6F),并评估了作为选择性tau蛋白显影剂的可能性。与[18F]-IBIPF2相比,[18F]-IBIPF1对tau蛋白选择性更好,tau/Aβ比值为34.8,大脑注射后2 min时为6.22% ID·g-1,摄取较高,且在小鼠大脑中的代谢稳定。因此,基于BIP骨架的进一步结构优化也许可以开发更有效的tau蛋白显影剂。
兰索拉唑和阿司咪唑能选择性结合某些形式的tau蛋白[53],FAWAZ等[54]设计合成了[11C]-N-甲基兰索拉唑(NML)(图7A)和[18F]-NML(图7B)等兰索拉唑衍生物。[11C]-NML是一种可以量化tau蛋白组成的NFT PET显影剂。虽然小鼠脑对[11C]-NML的摄取很低,但非人类的灵长类动物大脑摄取却不受影响[55]。对接结果显示,[11C]-NML结构中用N-11CH3基团取代-NH基团可以增强对tau蛋白的亲和力[56]。但[18F]-NML的人体试验表明,[18F]-NML在MCI/AD的患者脑部滞留低,且无法证明体内有与tau蛋白相对应的特定信号,不足以在体内检测tau蛋白病理。
-PBB3(图8A)具有PBB骨架,能与NFT进行结合[57],但代谢不稳定[58]。而18F标记的衍生物[18F]-PM-PBB3(图8B)可以对P301L微管相关蛋白tau(MAPT)突变的FTD进行诊断,克服了[11C]-PBB3的图像信噪较低、稳定性较差、代谢不稳定等缺陷,此研究证明了PBB3显影剂在脑中的滞留不仅与AD患者脑切片中的tau蛋白聚集、认知功能下降和灰质萎缩密切相关,而且在伴有4R和3R/4R tau蛋白病变的FTD患者中具有应用前景[59]
AD等神经退行性疾病,是中枢神经系统或周围神经系统神经元进行性丢失的神经系统疾病。近期研究表明,大脑突触的破坏是AD患者认知缺陷的根源,突触丧失已被确定与AD认知障碍存在相关性[59]。突触蛋白可以作为一种检测突触密度的潜在生物标志物,通过成像评估AD的认知功能。
突触密度的一个候选标志物是突触小泡糖蛋白2(SV2)。SV2具有三种亚型(SV2A、SV2B和SV2C),在大鼠和人脑中均有表达,但分布不同。SV2A几乎在所有突触中都有表达,位于突触前末端的突触小泡中,不仅可以调节突触小泡的胞吐作用,还能改变突触功能。虽然突触素免疫染色可以评估神经元中突触形成情况,但SV2A在突触小泡中分布更均匀,利用其检测突触密度可能更为准确。
最近,开发了以左乙拉西坦结构为母核的衍生物[11C]-UCB-J(图9A),对SV2A具有高的亲和力和选择性,已被用于人体研究。使用[11C]-UCB-J的PET显像对突触蛋白密度的初步研究表明,评估AD患者内侧颞叶的突触密度时,AD患者突触密度比健康受试者低,说明通过SV2A检测突触密度,可作为跟踪疾病进展和治疗效果的有力工具,其结果可以为AD病理学提供依据[60]。[18F]-SDM-8(图9B)的成像特性,如高的脑摄取率、合适的组织动力学表现和高特异性结合,使得其与[11C]-UCB-J同样具有吸引力。鉴于18F较长的半衰期以及集中生产和多站点分布的可行性,[18F]-SDM-8有望成为优秀靶向SV2A的放射性显影剂[61]。SV2A的PET成像方法可以结合其他病理生理变化,如在大脑功能区中tau或Aβ的积聚情况,血液中生物标志物与认知能力之间的联系,从而对AD的神经生物学进行深入探究。
代谢型谷氨酸受体第5亚型(mGluR5)是调节突触传递的G蛋白偶联受体,可通过介导Aβ寡聚体的突触毒性作用在AD发病中发挥重要作用,辅助AD诊断和监测神经系统疾病进展,准确性高。[18F]-FPEB(图10A)是在中枢神经系统中对mGluR5的丰度和分布进行成像的PET显像剂。VARLOW等[62]研究比较了[18F]-FPEB的多种标记方法,含有氯或硝基取代基的前体,放射化学产率(RCY)较低(<10%),而通过金刚烷基的螺环碘鎓盐(SCIDY)前体和磺酸盐前体标记得到[18F]-FPEB的RCY分别为25%和36%。在APP/PS1模型小鼠静脉注射[18F]-FPEB显影剂后5 min的全脑分布显示,相比野生型,年龄一致的对照组的SUV略高(4.0±0.2 vs. 4.8±0.4)。该研究初步支持了mGluR5可以作为诊断AD的生物标志物的观点。采用[18F]-FPEB的PET影像评估体内mGluR5表达水平的研究显示,与健康个体相比,AD患者海马中mGluR5的表达明显降低,[18F]-FPEB在皮质和皮质下灰质的摄取率高,在小脑的摄取率低。采用推注加恒量输注给药方法给予[18F]-FPEB,成像结果重现性良好,是人用mGluR5显影剂的最佳候选者。目前,mGluR5降低水平及其与认知和功能损害的关系仍需要进一步研究,定量分析AD中mGluR5水平可以深化对AD发病机制的认识并促进开发新的治疗方法和生物标志物[63]。而另一种候选显影剂[18F]-SP203(图10B)在体内出现脱氟后的骨骼显像,即游离放射氟离子与颅骨相结合并积聚,可能会干扰脑部组织吸收值的测定[64]
AD的神经元丢失模式始于内嗅皮质和海马,谷氨酸能锥体细胞可接受来自中缝背核的5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经元的支配。因此,5-HT系统的成分变化可以用来研究AD早期的分子变化。基于5-HT在AD认知和行为症状中的作用这一假设,人们对AD引起的脑内5-HT系统的改变进行了大量的研究。AD患者尸检和影像学研究显示脑5-HT2A受体在早期显著减少。MARNER等[65]发现,[18F]altanserin(图11A)在AD患者大脑与5-HT2A的结合显著减少,而早期AD患者的新皮质中5-HT能神经元实际上得到了保留,这一发现为AD患者使用选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂进行抗抑郁治疗提供了理论支持。有研究对比了9例可能的AD患者和8例老年健康受试者的[18F]deuteroaltanserin(图11B)用药情况并发现,AD患者脑前扣带回中显影剂的特异性SUV/血液中药物浓度、母体示踪剂/示踪剂放射性代谢物等比率,均相较其他的脑部区域低,说明该处5-HT2A受体水平较低[66]。另一项试验用[18F]setoperine(图11C)的PET显影评估了9例AD患者脑区5-HT2A的情况,发现多个脑区域包括颞叶、额叶、顶叶、颞顶叶交界处皮质均表现出对[18F]setoperine特异性结合,与37例健康受试者相比,AD患者中这些皮质区域的5-HT2A受体水平较低[67]
近20年来,随着新显影剂和图像分析技术的发展,用于诊断AD的PET成像研究取得了重大进展。第一代Aβ和tau蛋白PET显影剂虽然具有良好的靶点摄取,但其在脑部位非靶摄取过高,清除较慢,选择性摄取较低,易产生脱靶,某些显影剂更是难以透过血脑屏障。针对上述缺陷,设计并合成的第二代Aβ斑块PET显影剂[18F]氟倍他平和[18F]氟倍他滨,已分别于2012年和2014年获得FDA的批准上市,性能得到极大改善。目前,已进入临床研究阶段的tau蛋白PET显影剂中,[18F]-THK5117比[18F]-THK5105具有更高的信噪比,[18F]-THK5117将NFT病理可视化,纵向PET研究表明,其滞留情况与痴呆严重程度相关。与第一代显影剂[18F]-THK523相比,[18F]-THK5351有体内清除速度更快、对比度更高和皮质下白质滞留更低等优点。在临床研究中,[18F]-T807表现出良好的PET成像特性,[18F]-T807的摄取与AD各阶段预期的tau蛋白病理分布密切相关。这些二代显影剂均表现出的良好选择性和影像表现稳定性,使其更有望进入放射性药品市场。新靶点的发现也会为新显影剂的设计提供更广阔的思路。如叉头框蛋白O3a(FOXO3a),在AD中易受神经变性影响的大脑区域中高度表达,可以成为早期检测AD的潜在新型标志物,有望未来开发靶向FOXO3a的新型PET显影剂[68]
2021年6月FDA批准上市的aducanumab作为减少Aβ斑块沉积的新药在治疗过程中出现了更为严重的Aβ成像异常[69]。 2023年7月,靶向Aβ的AD治疗新药lecanemab获得了FDA的批准,该药能够显著降低AD患者认知功能的衰退幅度,治疗18个月后,PET检测患者大脑中的Aβ水平显著低于基线水平(P<0.01),脑水肿和轻微脑出血等副作用以及Aβ相关的影像学异常的发生率也在预期之内(13%)[70]。这都说明AD相关PET影像诊断不可或缺,为考量药物有效性和安全性提供了更为高效的诊断信息。
  • 西南医科大学附属医院博士启动基金(20015)
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2024年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.03
  • 接收时间:2022-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-11
  • 录用日期:2024-03-13
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西南医科大学附属医院博士启动基金(20015)
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    1.西南医科大学附属医院 核医学科/核医学与分子影像四川省重点实验室/四川省院士(专家)工作站,四川 泸州 646000
    2.西南医科大学 药学院,四川 泸州 646000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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