Article(id=1239268419179172691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699372800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1715097600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-08, onlineDate=1773394215626, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773394215626, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773394215626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773394215626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239268417962832543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='481', pageEnd='560', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773394215336, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773394445099, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239269381725810851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239269381725810852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239268417962832543, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=540, endPage=546, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239268419422442324, articleId=1239268419179172691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Canagliflozin inhibits proliferation of liver cancer cells by activating cGAS-STING pathway, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To investigate the effect of canagliflozin on liver cancer cells and its regulatory mechanism.

METHODS

The effects of canagliflozin on the proliferation of liver cancer cell HepG2, Huh7 and HCCM were detected by cell clone formation assay and CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, both intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, as well as alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot was employed to assess the expression of proteins related with proliferation and cGAS-STING pathway. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release and inflammatory factor mRNA expression level were detected by RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Compared with human normal liver cell MIHA, the inhibitory effect of canagliflozin on HepG2 cell proliferation was more significant (P<0.05,semi-inhibitory concentrations were >40 μmol·L-1 and 15 μmol·L-1, respectively). Compared with the control group, the clone number of liver cancer cells and the expression of proliferation-related proteins in the canagliflozin group were decreased in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05). Additionally, the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels were increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, and the cytoplasmic mtDNA release level, cGAS-STING pathway-related protein expression and pro-inflammatory factor mRNA levels were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the canagliflozin group, the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, cytoplasmic mtDNA release levels, cGAS-STING pathway-related protein expression and pro-inflammatory factor mRNA levels in the N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) +canagliflozin group were decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the canagliflozin group, the proliferation activity and the expression of proliferation-related proteins in the cGAS inhibitor RU.521 + canagliflozin group were significantly increased (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Canagliflozin induces oxidative stress in liver cancer cells, leading to the accumulation of ROS within cells and mitochondria, impairment of mitochondrial function, leakage of mtDNA into the cytoplasm, activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, and subsequent release of intracellular pro-inflammatory factors. These processes collectively contribute to the modulation of liver cancer cells proliferation.

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目的

探究卡格列净对肝癌细胞的影响及调控机制。

方法

卡格列净处理人肝癌细胞HepG2、Huh7和HCCM以及人正常肝细胞MIHA细胞后,通过细胞克隆形成实验和CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测细胞和线粒体内活性氧(ROS)水平和线粒体膜电位变化,Western blot法检测增殖相关蛋白和cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达情况,RT-qPCR法检测线粒体DNA(mtDNA)释放水平和炎症因子mRNA表达水平。

结果

与人正常肝细胞MIHA相比,卡格列净对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用更显著(P<0.05,半抑制浓度分别为> 40 μmol·L-1和15 μmol·L-1)。与对照组相比,卡格列净组肝癌细胞增殖数目、增殖相关蛋白的表达均降低,呈浓度依赖性,细胞内和线粒体ROS水平升高,线粒体膜电位降低,胞质mtDNA释放水平、cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达和炎症因子mRNA水平均升高(均P<0.05)。与卡格列净组相比,N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)+卡格列净组细胞内和线粒体ROS水平、胞质mtDNA释放水平,cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白的表达和炎症因子的mRNA水平均降低(均P<0.05)。与卡格列净组相比,cGAS抑制剂RU.521+卡格列净组肝癌细胞增殖活力和增殖相关蛋白的表达均显著增加(均P<0.05)。

结论

卡格列净诱导肝癌细胞氧化应激和线粒体功能受损,导致mtDNA外泄至胞质中,进而激活cGAS-STING通路,引起细胞内炎症因子水平升高,最终抑制肝癌细胞增殖。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢国栋
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崔茜如,女,硕士在读,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学的研究,E-mail:

卢国栋,男,教授,博士,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学和毒理学的研究,E-mail:

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卢国栋,男,教授,博士,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学和毒理学的研究,E-mail:

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卢国栋,男,教授,博士,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学和毒理学的研究,E-mail:

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A:平板克隆实验检测卡格列净处理后肝癌细胞的增殖能力(结晶紫染液),B:CCK-8检测卡格列净处理24 h后HepG2细胞和MIHA细胞增殖活性(n=6,),C:卡格列净处理后HepG2细胞增殖相关蛋白的表达。经单因素方差分析:与MIHA组比较,bP<0.05,cP<0.01

, figureFileSmall=DkPbAz2K+zKKL5MuGHP57g==, figureFileBig=+JNbX77er7qwEKkzklGDlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268425458044991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6HUbe+wRtNkvWTQWgvqeuw==, figureFileBig=QdaQZop6Tl3IduVnyxQqKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268426510815303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=图2, caption=卡格列净(Cana)对HepG2细胞线粒体功能的影响

A:细胞质ROS水平,B:线粒体ROS水平,C:线粒体膜电位水平。NAC:N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较:aP>0.05, cP<0.01;与40 μmol·L-1卡格列净组比较,fP<0.01

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A:细胞质mtDNA的水平(n=3, ),B:cGAS-STING通路蛋白表达,C:N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)预处理后cGAS-STING通路蛋白表达的影响。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较,cP<0.01;与卡格列净组比较,fP<0.01

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组别细胞克隆数p-EGFR/EGFRPCNA
HepG2Huh7HCCM
对照374.40±8.82296.20±9.78341.40±8.411.00±0.031.00±0.09
10 μmol·L-1卡格列净139.80±7.01c83.60±11.97c186.60±12.46c0.74±0.08c0.56±0.09b
20 μmol·L-1卡格列净96.00±11.34cf56.00±9.35cf158.80±3.96cf0.71±0.07cf0.52±0.07cf
40 μmol·L-1卡格列净45.00±6.89cfi42.80±10.40cfg47.00±11.60cfi0.63±0.06cfi0.46±0.05cfi
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427072852076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组肝癌细胞克隆数目及增殖相关蛋白表达

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别细胞克隆数p-EGFR/EGFRPCNA
HepG2Huh7HCCM
对照374.40±8.82296.20±9.78341.40±8.411.00±0.031.00±0.09
10 μmol·L-1卡格列净139.80±7.01c83.60±11.97c186.60±12.46c0.74±0.08c0.56±0.09b
20 μmol·L-1卡格列净96.00±11.34cf56.00±9.35cf158.80±3.96cf0.71±0.07cf0.52±0.07cf
40 μmol·L-1卡格列净45.00±6.89cfi42.80±10.40cfg47.00±11.60cfi0.63±0.06cfi0.46±0.05cfi
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427240624242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别cGASp-STING/STINGp-TBK1/TBK1p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65
对照1.00±0.081.00±0.151.00±0.11.00±0.09
10 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.15±0.04b1.51±0.10c1.59±0.11c1.66±0.03c
20 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.45±0.04c1.57±0.13c1.83±0.18c2.12±0.30c
40 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.83±0.10c2.41±0.09c3.11±0.21c2.21±0.34c
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427324510324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组HepG2细胞cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别cGASp-STING/STINGp-TBK1/TBK1p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65
对照1.00±0.081.00±0.151.00±0.11.00±0.09
10 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.15±0.04b1.51±0.10c1.59±0.11c1.66±0.03c
20 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.45±0.04c1.57±0.13c1.83±0.18c2.12±0.30c
40 μmol·L-1卡格列净1.83±0.10c2.41±0.09c3.11±0.21c2.21±0.34c
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427458728058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别cGASp-STING/STINGp-TBK1/TBK1p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65
对照1.00±0.051.00±0.081.00±0.051.00±0.02
NAC1.13±0.08a1.07±0.07a1.07±0.05a1.02±0.01a
卡格列净1.61±0.11c2.13±0.07c2.94±0.07c1.67±0.05c
NAC +卡格列净0.67±0.01f1.37±0.09f1.68±0.05f1.25±0.01f
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427584557184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

N -乙酰- L -半胱氨酸(NAC)预处理后各组HepG2细胞cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别cGASp-STING/STINGp-TBK1/TBK1p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65
对照1.00±0.051.00±0.081.00±0.051.00±0.02
NAC1.13±0.08a1.07±0.07a1.07±0.05a1.02±0.01a
卡格列净1.61±0.11c2.13±0.07c2.94±0.07c1.67±0.05c
NAC +卡格列净0.67±0.01f1.37±0.09f1.68±0.05f1.25±0.01f
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427693609091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-1IL-6TNF-αIL-10
对照1.00±0.361.00±0.271.00±0.181.00±0.13
卡格列净3.44±0.40c2.99±0.39c2.81±0.17c0.36±0.07c
NAC+卡格列净2.67±0.43e1.99±0.25e1.82±0.35f0.82±0.03f
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427773300871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同处理组HepG2细胞白细胞介素(IL)-1IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-αIL-10 mRNA表达的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别IL-1IL-6TNF-αIL-10
对照1.00±0.361.00±0.271.00±0.181.00±0.13
卡格列净3.44±0.40c2.99±0.39c2.81±0.17c0.36±0.07c
NAC+卡格列净2.67±0.43e1.99±0.25e1.82±0.35f0.82±0.03f
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427878158474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别细胞增殖活力p-EGFR/EGFRPCNA
对照1.02±0.051.00±0.081.00±0.09
RU.5210.97±0.08a0.98±0.09a0.98±0.01a
卡格列净0.60±0.03c0.40±0.15c0.49±0.02c
RU.521 +卡格列净0.75±0.07f1.09±0.11f1.06±0.02f
), ArticleFig(id=1239268427991404689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268419179172691, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各组HepG2细胞增殖活力及相关蛋白表达比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别细胞增殖活力p-EGFR/EGFRPCNA
对照1.02±0.051.00±0.081.00±0.09
RU.5210.97±0.08a0.98±0.09a0.98±0.01a
卡格列净0.60±0.03c0.40±0.15c0.49±0.02c
RU.521 +卡格列净0.75±0.07f1.09±0.11f1.06±0.02f
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卡格列净激活cGAS-STING通路抑制肝癌细胞增殖
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崔茜如 1 , 吴勇 2 , 冯吉 2, 3 , 周静 1 , 卢国栋 2, 3
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(7): 540-546
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(7): 540-546
卡格列净激活cGAS-STING通路抑制肝癌细胞增殖
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崔茜如1 , 吴勇2, 冯吉2, 3, 周静1, 卢国栋2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.广西医科大学基础医学院 生理学教研室,广西 南宁 530021
  • 2.广西医科大学公共卫生学院 卫生毒理学教研室,广西 南宁 530021
  • 3.复旦大学公共卫生学院,上海 200032
  • 崔茜如,女,硕士在读,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学的研究,E-mail:

    卢国栋,男,教授,博士,主要从事肿瘤分子生物学和毒理学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

卢国栋
Canagliflozin inhibits proliferation of liver cancer cells by activating cGAS-STING pathway
Qian-ru CUI1 , Yong WU2, Ji FENG2, 3, Jing ZHOU1, Guo-dong LU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning GUANGXI 530021, China
  • 2.Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning GUANGXI 530021, China
  • 3.School of Public Health, Fudan University, SHANGHAI 200032, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.11
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目的

探究卡格列净对肝癌细胞的影响及调控机制。

方法

卡格列净处理人肝癌细胞HepG2、Huh7和HCCM以及人正常肝细胞MIHA细胞后,通过细胞克隆形成实验和CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测细胞和线粒体内活性氧(ROS)水平和线粒体膜电位变化,Western blot法检测增殖相关蛋白和cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达情况,RT-qPCR法检测线粒体DNA(mtDNA)释放水平和炎症因子mRNA表达水平。

结果

与人正常肝细胞MIHA相比,卡格列净对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用更显著(P<0.05,半抑制浓度分别为> 40 μmol·L-1和15 μmol·L-1)。与对照组相比,卡格列净组肝癌细胞增殖数目、增殖相关蛋白的表达均降低,呈浓度依赖性,细胞内和线粒体ROS水平升高,线粒体膜电位降低,胞质mtDNA释放水平、cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白表达和炎症因子mRNA水平均升高(均P<0.05)。与卡格列净组相比,N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)+卡格列净组细胞内和线粒体ROS水平、胞质mtDNA释放水平,cGAS-STING通路相关蛋白的表达和炎症因子的mRNA水平均降低(均P<0.05)。与卡格列净组相比,cGAS抑制剂RU.521+卡格列净组肝癌细胞增殖活力和增殖相关蛋白的表达均显著增加(均P<0.05)。

结论

卡格列净诱导肝癌细胞氧化应激和线粒体功能受损,导致mtDNA外泄至胞质中,进而激活cGAS-STING通路,引起细胞内炎症因子水平升高,最终抑制肝癌细胞增殖。

卡格列净  /  肝癌  /  降血糖药  /  DNA,线粒体  /  cGAS-STING
AIM

To investigate the effect of canagliflozin on liver cancer cells and its regulatory mechanism.

METHODS

The effects of canagliflozin on the proliferation of liver cancer cell HepG2, Huh7 and HCCM were detected by cell clone formation assay and CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, both intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, as well as alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot was employed to assess the expression of proteins related with proliferation and cGAS-STING pathway. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release and inflammatory factor mRNA expression level were detected by RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Compared with human normal liver cell MIHA, the inhibitory effect of canagliflozin on HepG2 cell proliferation was more significant (P<0.05,semi-inhibitory concentrations were >40 μmol·L-1 and 15 μmol·L-1, respectively). Compared with the control group, the clone number of liver cancer cells and the expression of proliferation-related proteins in the canagliflozin group were decreased in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05). Additionally, the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels were increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, and the cytoplasmic mtDNA release level, cGAS-STING pathway-related protein expression and pro-inflammatory factor mRNA levels were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the canagliflozin group, the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels, cytoplasmic mtDNA release levels, cGAS-STING pathway-related protein expression and pro-inflammatory factor mRNA levels in the N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) +canagliflozin group were decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the canagliflozin group, the proliferation activity and the expression of proliferation-related proteins in the cGAS inhibitor RU.521 + canagliflozin group were significantly increased (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Canagliflozin induces oxidative stress in liver cancer cells, leading to the accumulation of ROS within cells and mitochondria, impairment of mitochondrial function, leakage of mtDNA into the cytoplasm, activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, and subsequent release of intracellular pro-inflammatory factors. These processes collectively contribute to the modulation of liver cancer cells proliferation.

canagliflozin  /  liver cancer  /  hypoglycemic agents  /  DNA, mitochondrial  /  cGAS-STING
崔茜如, 吴勇, 冯吉, 周静, 卢国栋. 卡格列净激活cGAS-STING通路抑制肝癌细胞增殖. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (7) : 540 -546 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.11
Qian-ru CUI, Yong WU, Ji FENG, Jing ZHOU, Guo-dong LU. Canagliflozin inhibits proliferation of liver cancer cells by activating cGAS-STING pathway[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (7) : 540 -546 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.11
2024年国家癌症中心全国癌症报告指出,肝癌是中国发病率第四和死亡率第二的恶性肿瘤,肝癌仍然是我国的重大公共卫生问题[1]。代谢性疾病如2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝病已成为肝癌的主要危险因素[2]。2型糖尿病患者通常伴随胰岛素抵抗和脂代谢紊乱等多种代谢异常,这些因素进一步增加了罹患肝癌的风险。有研究发现,2型糖尿病患者的肝癌发病率较非2型糖尿病患者增加了2~5倍[3]。因此,抗糖尿病药物对肝癌发生和发展的影响越来越受到关注。已有证据表明,不同抗糖尿病药物对肝癌的影响不同,其中二甲双胍可以降低患肝癌的风险[4],而胰岛素可以通过激活多种信号通路,如PI3K/Akt和MAPK通路,促进肝癌细胞的增殖[5,6]。钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂对肝癌的作用及其机制仍有待阐明。在早期临床研究中发现,SGLT-2抑制剂卡格列净对肝癌可能具有一定的抗肿瘤特性[7],ZENG等[8]发现卡格列净可通过对糖酵解和谷氨酰胺代谢的双重作用诱导肝癌细胞发生铁死亡,从而增强顺铂化疗敏感性。HUNG等[9]研究发现卡格列净能够抑制肝癌细胞移植瘤的生长,而达格列净和恩格列净对移植瘤的抑制效果并不明显,提示了卡格列净可能通过其他靶点效应发挥抗肿瘤作用。
线粒体通过调节氧化还原稳态、代谢和免疫信号,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起着关键作用[10]。线粒体损伤的一个关键特征是将线粒体DNA(mtDNA)释放到胞质中,并被DNA传感器cGAS识别,从而调控细胞免疫、代谢和凋亡等多种细胞功能[11]。本研究旨在观察卡格列净对肝癌细胞的作用及其对cGAS-STING通路的影响。
卡格列净(canagliflozin,纯度>99%)购自美国AdooQ Bioscience公司。基因组DNA小量抽提试剂盒购自中国碧云天公司,CCK-8试剂盒、H2DCFDA探针、MitoSox探针、RU.521(RU320521,cGAS抑制剂)、兔源抗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)单克隆抗体、兔源抗p-EGFR单克隆抗体购自美国MedChemExpress公司;兔源抗cGAS单克隆抗体、兔源抗STING单克隆抗体、兔源抗p-STING单克隆抗体、兔源抗TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)单克隆抗体、兔源抗p-TBK1单克隆抗体、兔源抗核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)单克隆抗体、兔源抗p-NF-κB p65单克隆抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;鼠源抗增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)单克隆抗体购自美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司;N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)和胎牛血清购自美国Sigma公司;高糖和无糖培养基DMEM和TMRM探针购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;引物购自南宁捷尼斯生物科技有限公司。371型二氧化碳细胞培养箱、智能凝胶成像系统和StepOne Plus实时荧光定量PCR仪购自美国Thermo Fisher公司;PowerPacTM基础电泳仪购自美国Bio-Rad公司;Cyto FLEX流式细胞仪购自美国Beckman公司。
人肝癌Huh7细胞株由广西医科大学公共卫生学院梁浩团队赠予,人肝癌HepG2细胞购自中国科学院上海细胞库,人肝癌HCCM细胞由新加坡国立大学E.C.Ren博士赠予,人正常肝细胞MIHA购自湖南丰晖生物。肝癌细胞与MIHA细胞均用10% FBS+1%青霉素-链霉素+DMEM培养基培养,置于37 ℃恒温细胞培养箱,当细胞生长至汇合率达到80%~90%时,传代培养备用。
使用对数生长期的HepG2、Huh7和HCCM细胞分别用胰酶消化吹打成单细胞悬液,以每孔1×103个细胞接种在6孔板,放入37 ℃细胞培养箱中培养24 h后,更换含不同浓度(10、20、40 μmol·L-1)卡格列净的培养基继续培养10 d,吸去培养基,PBS洗涤2次,每孔加入4%多聚甲醛1 mL固定20 min;吸去细胞固定液,每孔加入结晶紫染液1 mL染色20 min,用PBS将染色液洗涤干净,晾干后用扫描仪拍照,使用Image J软件进行统计分析。
制备HepG2细胞悬液并计数,在96孔板中接种细胞悬液100 μL(每孔5×103个),每组设置5个复孔,将96孔板放入细胞培养箱中过夜培养以待细胞贴壁。不同浓度卡格列净及RU.521(10 μmol·L-1)+卡格列净(20 μmol·L-1)处理12 h后,每孔加入CCK-8溶液10 μL,在培养箱内孵育1 ~ 4 h,用酶标仪测定其在450 nm处的吸光度(A)值。细胞活力计算公式:细胞活力(%)=(A实验组-A空白对照组)/(A对照组-A空白对照组)×100%。采用SPSS 22.0软件计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)。
使用含有磷酸酶抑制剂的SDS裂解液提取HepG2细胞蛋白样品,使用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度并制样。通过SDS-PAGE电泳,将样品加载至凝胶中,转膜后用含有5%脱脂牛奶的TBST封闭,与一抗STING抗体1∶1 000、p-STING抗体1∶1 000、cGAS抗体1∶1 000、p-TBK1抗体1∶1 000、TBK1抗体1∶1 000、p-NF-κB p65抗体1∶1 000、NF-κB p65抗体1∶1 000、EGFR抗体1∶1 000、p-EGFR抗体1∶1 000、PCNA抗体1∶1 000和α-tubulin抗体1∶10 000孵育过夜,加入二抗1∶5 000稀释孵育1 h;用ECL化学发光液曝光蛋白条带,使用Image J软件进行条带分析。
HepG2细胞以每孔1.8×105个细胞接种于12孔板中贴壁培养24 h,用不同浓度(10、20、40 μmol·L-1)卡格列净处理HepG2细胞12 h或24 h。处理结束时,在无血清DMEM中加载染料TMRM,并在37 ℃下避光孵育30 min,然后用PBS洗涤3次,1 114×g离心5 min收集细胞,用PBS 500 μL重悬细胞,使用流式细胞仪的绿色荧光通道FITC-A(激发波长488 nm,最大发射波长525 nm)检测细胞的荧光水平。
HepG2细胞以每孔1.8×105个细胞接种于12孔板中贴壁培养24 h,然后用不同浓度(10、20、40 μmol·L-1)卡格列净和NAC(10 mmol·L-1)+卡格列净(40 μmol·L-1)处理HepG2细胞12 h。处理结束时,在无血清DMEM中加载染料H2DCFDA或MitoSox并在37 ℃下避光孵育30 min,然后用PBS洗涤3次,1 114 ×g离心5 min收集细胞,用PBS 500 μL重悬细胞,使用流式细胞仪的绿色荧光通道FITC-A或红色荧光通道PE-A(激发波长488 nm,最大发射波长575 nm)检测荧光进行流式分析。
HepG2细胞接种于10 cm细胞培养皿中贴壁培养24 h,然后用20 μmol·L-1卡格列净和10 mmol·L-1 NAC处理HepG2细胞24 h,处理结束时裂解细胞。使用细胞核蛋白与细胞浆蛋白抽提试剂盒分离细胞上清与沉淀,分别表示细胞质与总的DNA组分。基因组DNA小量抽提试剂盒分别提取上清与沉淀部分DNA,采用mtDNA特异的引物(线粒体编码基因tRNA-Leu和非编码区序列Beta-2-microglobulin)进行PCR定量,tRNA-Leu上游5’-CCTCTCTCTAATCAGCCCTCTG-3’,下游5’-G AGGACCTGGGAGTAGATGAG-3’;Beta-2-microglobulin上游5’-ATGATGGCTTATTACAGTGGCAA-3’,下游5’-GTCGGAGATTCGTAGCTGGA-3’。每个样本细胞质mtDNA与总的mtDNA进行标准化。
HepG2细胞接种于10 cm细胞培养皿中贴壁培养24 h,然后用20 μmol·L-1卡格列净和10 mmol·L-1 NAC处理HepG2细胞24 h,处理结束时裂解细胞。Trizol法提取总RNA,检测RNA浓度和纯度合格后,将RNA逆转录成cDNA,进行后续的PCR扩增。TNF-α上游5’-CCT CTCTCTAATCAGCCCTCTG-3’,下游5’-GAGGACCTGGG AGTAGATGAG-3’;IL-1上游5’-ATGATGGCTTATTA CAGTGGCAA-3’,下游5’-GTCGGAGATTCGTAGCTGGA-3’;IL-6上游5’- ACTCACCTCTTCAGAACGAATTG-3’,下游5’- CCATCTTTGGAAGGTTCAGGTTG-3’; GAPDH上游5’-GGAAGCTTGTCATCAATGGAAATC-3’,下游5’-TGATGACCCTTTTGGCTCCC-3’。mRNA相对表达量采用2-∆∆CT公式进行换算。
所有统计均使用SPSS 22.0软件分析,实验数据以平均值±标准差表示,多组比较采用单因素方差分析,组间比较采用Students’ t检验,以P<0.05为有显著差异。
使用卡格列净处理后,随着药物浓度的增加,肝癌细胞克隆形成数逐渐减少,见图1A表1。与人正常肝细胞MIHA(IC50>40 μmol·L-1)相比,卡格列净对HepG2细胞的增殖抑制作用更显著(IC50=15 μmol·L-1),具有显著差异(P<0.05),见图1B。与对照组比较,卡格列净组PCNA蛋白水平显著降低,p-EGFR/EGFR蛋白水平显著降低,均呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05),见图1C表1
与对照组相比,10、20、40 μmol·L-1卡格列净组HepG2细胞荧光水平增加(P<0.05),ROS积聚在胞质和线粒体中;与40 μmol·L-1卡格列净组相比,NAC+卡格列净组细胞内ROS水平和线粒体ROS水平降低(P<0.05),见图2A、2B。与对照组相比,20、40 μmol·L-1卡格列净组处理12 h和24 h后HepG2细胞绿色荧光变弱,线粒体膜电位降低(P<0.05),见图2C
与对照组相比,卡格列净组细胞质中的mtDNA拷贝数显著增加(P<0.05),NAC+卡格列净组的mtDNA释放减少(P<0.05),见图3A。与对照组比较,卡格列净组cGAS、p-STING/STING、p-TBK1/TBK1和p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平显著增高(P<0.05),见图3B表2。与卡格列净组相比,NAC+卡格列净组cGAS、p-STING/STING、p-TBK1/TBK1和p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平显著降低(P<0.05),见图3C表3
与对照组相比,卡格列净组IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著增高,IL-10水平降低(P<0.05);与卡格列净组相比,NAC+卡格列净组IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平降低,IL-10水平升高(P<0.05),见表4
与对照组相比,卡格列净组HepG2细胞增殖活力、PCNA蛋白水平和p-EGFR/EGFR水平显著降低(P<0.05);与卡格列净组相比,RU.521+卡格列净组细胞增殖活力、PCNA蛋白水平和p-EGFR/EGFR水平显著增加(P<0.05)。见图5表5
作为一种SGLT-2抑制剂,卡格列净可减少肾脏对葡萄糖的重吸收,已经被广泛应用于2型糖尿病的治疗。近年来,越来越多的研究证实了卡格列净有超出降血糖作用的额外获益,特别是其对恶性肿瘤增殖的抑制能力。例如,已有研究证明卡格列净可以降低胰腺癌细胞活性,抑制肿瘤增殖和集落形成[12];NAKANO等[13]针对卡格列净对肝癌细胞生长的影响进行了代谢组学和绝对定量蛋白质组学分析,结果发现卡格列净可以调节代谢重编程来抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。本研究体外培养人肝癌细胞HepG2、Huh7和HCCM发现,卡格列净可以显著抑制肝癌细胞增殖,与既往研究结果一致。
本研究发现cGAS-STING通路在卡格列净诱导的肝癌细胞增殖抑制中发挥关键作用。cGAS-STING通路与癌症免疫监视和癌症治疗密切相关,是抗肿瘤的重要通路。cGAS作为一种胞质DNA感应器,能够迅速感知线粒体氧化应激引起的mtDNA外泄,产生第二信使cGAMP,激活膜蛋白STING。激活的STING进一步易位到高尔基体,与TBK1结合并磷酸化核因子NF-κB,进而刺激促炎细胞因子的释放,影响机体的炎症水平[14]。mtDNA作为唯一的非核基因组,与氧化磷酸化和线粒体功能高度相关。由于mtDNA位于线粒体内膜上,稳定性较差,靠近线粒体ROS的产生位点且缺乏修复机制,更容易受到线粒体氧化应激的影响[15]。本研究发现,在线粒体ROS刺激下,mtDNA泄漏至胞质中并激活cGAS-STING通路,从而诱导细胞炎症因子的产生,介导卡格列净诱导的肝癌细胞增殖抑制。提示mtDNA的释放以及cGAS-STING通路可作为卡格列净抑制肝癌细胞增殖的重要干预靶点,值得进一步深入研究。
cGAS-STING通路在肿瘤治疗中起到双向调控的作用,其负向调控可促进免疫抑制并介导肿瘤的形成与转移,如QIU等[16]发现线粒体cGAS以不依赖于STING的途径抑制铁死亡从而促进肝癌的发生发展;另外,它还可以通过激活免疫细胞产生干扰素来抑制肝癌的发展,正向调控肿瘤免疫杀伤作用。THOMSEN等[17]提出cGAS-STING通路的调节可以影响肝癌的进展,并有可能用于肝癌患者的治疗。QI等[18]提出cGAS-STING通路成员具有作为肝癌患者的预后生物标志物和免疫治疗靶点的潜力。本研究发现,卡格列净诱导的胞质mtDNA外泄显著激活cGAS-STING通路,导致STING、TBK1和NF-κB P65蛋白的磷酸化水平升高,促进下游炎症细胞因子的释放。在加入抗氧化剂NAC预处理后,可以显著降低细胞内和线粒体的ROS水平、减少线粒体损伤和mtDNA释放以及抑制下游cGAS-STING通路的激活。以上结果均表明,卡格列净通过激活cGAS-STING通路,具有正向调控和抑制肝癌发展的重要潜力。
本研究证实了卡格列净对肝癌细胞的抗肿瘤特性及其炎症反应机制。即在卡格列净处理后,肝癌细胞内和线粒体的ROS水平升高,线粒体膜电位下降,同时mtDNA外泄至胞质中,激活cGAS-STING通路,导致细胞内炎症因子水平释放升高,从而抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。值得注意的是,肝癌作为一种复杂的肿瘤,其发生和发展涉及多种分子机制和信号通路的异常变化,因此单一药物的治疗效果可能有限。目前,研究人员也在探索卡格列净与其他治疗方法如免疫疗法、放疗等联合应用的潜力,以提高肝癌治疗的效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目(81972291)
  • 广西自然科学基金委员会重点项目(2018GXNSFDA050006)
  • 广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCBZ2023087)
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2024年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.11
  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-08
  • 录用日期:2024-05-08
基金
国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目(81972291)
广西自然科学基金委员会重点项目(2018GXNSFDA050006)
广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCBZ2023087)
作者信息
    1.广西医科大学基础医学院 生理学教研室,广西 南宁 530021
    2.广西医科大学公共卫生学院 卫生毒理学教研室,广西 南宁 530021
    3.复旦大学公共卫生学院,上海 200032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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