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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Clinically, it manifests as progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, ultimately leading to death, imposing a significant burden on patients’ families and society. The pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear. Currently, several ALS treatment drugs have failed to significantly extend survival or alter the outcome. In recent years, cell therapy has been increasingly applied to refractory or incurable diseases. Various types of stem cell therapies have been developed for ALS treatment, undergoing preclinical research and clinical trials. This article provides an overview of the application of cell therapy in ALS, with a detailed examination of the research and development history of the representative cell therapy NurOwn in ALS. And the achievements and challenges of current ALS cell therapy, suggesting the optimization of cell type selection and efficacy evaluation metrics in future ALS cell therapy research were further discussed. This optimization aims to guide the development, approval, and market entry of ALS cell therapies, benefiting patients and their families.

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肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)是一种以上、下运动神经元退行性变为特征的神经系统罕见病,临床表现为进行性发展的肌肉无力、萎缩,最终导致死亡,给患者家庭及社会带来沉重的负担。因ALS发病机制不明,目前现有ALS治疗药物均无法显著延长生存期或改变生存结局。近年来,多种不同种类干细胞的细胞治疗已被开发用于ALS的治疗,并处于临床前研究和临床试验阶段。本文通过概述细胞治疗在ALS中的应用情况,并详细介绍代表性细胞治疗NurOwn在ALS中的研究和发展历程,分析了目前ALS细胞治疗取得的成果和存在的问题,建议在未来ALS细胞治疗的相关研究中进一步优化细胞类型选择和疗效评价指标,以指导ALS细胞治疗研发和获批上市,惠及患者及其家庭。

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陈向军,E-mail:
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李嘉桐,女,医师,博士,主要从事肌萎缩侧索硬化发病机制和治疗的研究,E-mail:

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李嘉桐,女,医师,博士,主要从事肌萎缩侧索硬化发病机制和治疗的研究,E-mail:

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图示为在目前已发表的关于间充质干细胞、神经干细胞及诱导多能干细胞进行ALS细胞治疗的临床前研究中,报道的细胞具有在宿主体内长期生存能力和(或)向脊髓病灶定向迁移能力和(或)向神经系细胞分化能力的文献比例。不同色块的颜色代表比例大小,对应右侧图例

, figureFileSmall=iNe11s+OwvRphZ8+HoTwlQ==, figureFileBig=X6bFFkF0r0XRaZpcoaSWDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268424539501438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268418742973089, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gZ3Y41U3ADLF15ThlUhbug==, figureFileBig=1TiXMGsCX50F6oGNcZvamw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239268424644359045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239268418742973089, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NurOwn的临床前研究、临床试验和审批历程示意图

RCT:随机对照试验,BLA:生物制品许可申请

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肌萎缩侧索硬化细胞治疗研发现状和研发策略及评价标准关键要素的考量
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李嘉桐 1a, 2 , 孙搏 3 , 曹钰然 1b , 王亚宁 4 , 马璟 5 , 张菁 1b , 陈向军 1a, 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(7): 481-488
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(7): 481-488
肌萎缩侧索硬化细胞治疗研发现状和研发策略及评价标准关键要素的考量
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李嘉桐1a, 2 , 孙搏3, 曹钰然1b, 王亚宁4, 马璟5, 张菁1b, 陈向军1a, 2
作者信息
  • 1a.复旦大学附属华山医院 神经内科/复旦大学神经病学研究所,上海 200040
  • 1b.复旦大学附属华山医院 临床药理研究中心,上海 200040
  • 2.国家神经疾病医学中心,上海 200040
  • 3.上海药品审评核查中心,上海 201210
  • 4.朗来科技发展有限公司,上海 201700
  • 5.上海泰楚生物技术有限公司,上海 201413
  • 李嘉桐,女,医师,博士,主要从事肌萎缩侧索硬化发病机制和治疗的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈向军,E-mail:
Current status, research strategies, and evaluation criteria of cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: considerations of key elements
Jia-tong LI1a, 2 , Bo SUN3, Yu-ran CAO1b, Ya-ning WANG4, Jing MA5, Jing ZHANG1b, Xiang-jun CHEN1a, 2
Affiliations
  • 1a.Department of Neurology/Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, SHANGHAI 200040, China
  • 1b.Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, SHANGHAI 200040, China
  • 2.National Center for Neurological Disorders, SHANGHAI 200040, China
  • 3.Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, SHANGHAI 201210, China
  • 4.Createrna Science and Technology Co. Ltd., SHANGHAI 201700, China
  • 5.Shanghai Taichu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., SHANGHAI 201413, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.01
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肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)是一种以上、下运动神经元退行性变为特征的神经系统罕见病,临床表现为进行性发展的肌肉无力、萎缩,最终导致死亡,给患者家庭及社会带来沉重的负担。因ALS发病机制不明,目前现有ALS治疗药物均无法显著延长生存期或改变生存结局。近年来,多种不同种类干细胞的细胞治疗已被开发用于ALS的治疗,并处于临床前研究和临床试验阶段。本文通过概述细胞治疗在ALS中的应用情况,并详细介绍代表性细胞治疗NurOwn在ALS中的研究和发展历程,分析了目前ALS细胞治疗取得的成果和存在的问题,建议在未来ALS细胞治疗的相关研究中进一步优化细胞类型选择和疗效评价指标,以指导ALS细胞治疗研发和获批上市,惠及患者及其家庭。

神经变性疾病  /  肌萎缩侧索硬化  /  细胞疗法

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Clinically, it manifests as progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, ultimately leading to death, imposing a significant burden on patients’ families and society. The pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear. Currently, several ALS treatment drugs have failed to significantly extend survival or alter the outcome. In recent years, cell therapy has been increasingly applied to refractory or incurable diseases. Various types of stem cell therapies have been developed for ALS treatment, undergoing preclinical research and clinical trials. This article provides an overview of the application of cell therapy in ALS, with a detailed examination of the research and development history of the representative cell therapy NurOwn in ALS. And the achievements and challenges of current ALS cell therapy, suggesting the optimization of cell type selection and efficacy evaluation metrics in future ALS cell therapy research were further discussed. This optimization aims to guide the development, approval, and market entry of ALS cell therapies, benefiting patients and their families.

neurodegenerative diseases  /  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis  /  cell therapy
李嘉桐, 孙搏, 曹钰然, 王亚宁, 马璟, 张菁, 陈向军. 肌萎缩侧索硬化细胞治疗研发现状和研发策略及评价标准关键要素的考量. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (7) : 481 -488 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.01
Jia-tong LI, Bo SUN, Yu-ran CAO, Ya-ning WANG, Jing MA, Jing ZHANG, Xiang-jun CHEN. Current status, research strategies, and evaluation criteria of cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: considerations of key elements[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (7) : 481 -488 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.01
肌萎缩侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)是一种以上、下运动神经元损害为标志的神经系统退行性疾病,临床上表现为进行性加重的全身骨骼肌无力、萎缩、痉挛,最终大多数患者于起病后的3~5年内死于呼吸衰竭或肺部感染[1]。在世界卫生组织罗列的五大“绝症”中,ALS与癌症及获得性免疫缺陷综合征齐名。ALS已于2018年被纳入国家卫生健康委等五部门公布的《第一批罕见病目录》中。ALS呈全球性分布,发病年龄多集中于40~60岁,平均发病年龄为55岁,男女比例约为1.5∶1[1]。ALS在不同国家和地区的发病率有所不同,全世界范围内的发病率约为(1~4)/10万人[2];根据中国目前的流行病学数据,ALS在中国的发病率约为1.5/10万人,患病率约为(4~6)/10万人,按此比例推算,中国有超过10万~20万ALS患者,这给患者家庭以及社会带来沉重的疾病负担[2,3]
在ALS中,90%~95%为散发性,5%~10%为家族性,较常见的突变基因包括SOD1C9orf72FUS[1]。与大多数神经系统退行性疾病一样,ALS的发病机制至今尚未阐明,目前认为其发病受基因和环境因素的共同影响,可能涉及DNA修复异常、RNA代谢改变、蛋白质稳态破坏、神经兴奋性毒性、线粒体氧化应激、神经营养因子缺乏、病毒感染等多种因素[4]。由于发病机制未知,ALS目前尚无可以显著逆转疾病进展或改变生存结局的有效治疗手段。现阶段治疗ALS最常用的两种药物为利鲁唑和依达拉奉,分别于1995年和2017年被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准,并分别于1999年和2019年在中国大陆批准上市。利鲁唑的临床研究结果表明其只能短暂延长ALS患者生存期(1~1.5个月)[5],而依达拉奉的临床疗效在部分研究中并未得到肯定[6,7]。近年来,FDA又陆续批准苯丁酸钠-牛磺酸二醇(AMX0035)和tofersen(Qalsody)用于ALS的治疗。然而,AMX0035在有效性方面未获充分证据支持,其Ⅲ期临床试验仍在进行中,将于2024年中公布结果[8];tofersen的上市申请首次以实验室指标神经丝轻链(neurofilament light chain, NfL)的变化作为参考标准,且仅适用于SOD1基因突变所致ALS[9]。目前这两种新药尚未在国内上市。随着全球人口数量的持续增长及人口老龄化的加重,ALS的治疗需求将越来越大,亟需新的、更为有效的治疗方案。
近年来,细胞治疗作为一种新的技术手段,越来越多地被用于治疗难治性或不可治愈的疾病。目前,多种不同种类干细胞治疗已被开发用于ALS的治疗,并处于临床前和临床研究阶段[10]。本文概述细胞治疗在ALS中的应用情况,并探讨细胞治疗在ALS中的发展现状、存在问题及未来的方向与出路。
干细胞由于具有自我更新和分化能力,被广泛地应用于细胞治疗之中。来自胚胎的干细胞和来自成人体细胞的诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)具有产生所有细胞类型的能力(全能性),而来自脐带血或成人部分身体组织的干细胞具有分化成特定细胞类型的能力(多能性)。根据来源和分化能力,多能干细胞有不同的分类。造血干细胞来源于脐带血和骨髓,可以分化形成包括淋巴细胞和单核细胞在内的血细胞,目前研究认为这些细胞可能与神经系细胞的分化存在一定关系[11]。例如,有研究表明人脐带来源的造血干细胞可以在体外分化为神经干细胞,后者可继续在适宜的条件下分化为星形胶质细胞[12]。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)根据移植入环境的不同分化为不同类型的细胞,可以从成体组织(包括骨髓、脂肪组织、肌肉、皮肤、脾脏)和废弃的胎儿组织(如羊膜和脐带)中获得。神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs)存在于胚胎脑和成体脑的颗粒下区或脑室下区,通常只分化为有限的神经谱系细胞,包括神经元、少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞等。
近年来,多种不同种类干细胞(包括造血干细胞、MSCs、NSCs、iPSCs以及经编辑后的干细胞等)的细胞治疗已被开发用于ALS的临床前研究和临床试验中。在影响细胞治疗成功与否的众多因素中,移植细胞进入宿主后的长期生存能力、定向迁移能力和特定分化能力十分关键。对于ALS的细胞治疗来说,首要条件是移植细胞需要在体内长期生存,此外,移植细胞还应该具有向病变部位(脊髓前角)迁移的能力以及分化为神经系细胞(尤其是运动神经元)的能力。目前,部分细胞治疗的临床前研究已证实移植入ALS动物模型的不同种类干细胞具有部分或全部的上述能力,为ALS的细胞治疗奠定了基础。MARCONI等[13]通过静脉注射的方式向SOD1 G93A转基因ALS小鼠模型移植入MSCs,发现移植后的MSCs具有在小鼠体内的长期生存能力以及向中枢神经系统、脾脏和肌肉组织定向迁移的能力。ZALFA等[14]则利用NSCs作为移植细胞,通过L3-L4脊髓内移植的方法将其植入SOD1 G93A转基因ALS小鼠模型体内,结果发现移植后的细胞具有良好的迁移能力,同时具有自我更新和分化成星形胶质细胞、神经元及少突胶质细胞前体细胞的能力。尽管上述研究为ALS的细胞治疗带来一线曙光,但截至目前的临床前研究发现并非所有研究都肯定了移植细胞的生存能力、迁移能力和分化能力,而同时肯定这三种能力的研究则更为罕见。由图1可见,以ALS的细胞治疗较常用的MSCs[13,15-31]和NSCs[14,32-35]为例,证实MSCs具有在宿主体内长期生存[13,15,27]或向脊髓组织定向迁移能力[15,17,18]的临床前研究比例仅各有16%左右,而MSCs不具有向神经系细胞定向分化的能力;对于NSCs,尽管其在宿主体内的生存能力得到所有研究证实,但作为神经系的祖细胞,并非所有研究都肯定其具有向脊髓迁移[14]或向神经元分化的能力[14,32,33]。越来越多的临床前研究致力于探索iPSCs的应用价值[36-38],在理论上iPSCs是一种具有全能性的干细胞,但仅有一篇临床前研究报道其移植入宿主体内后可以定向分化为神经元[36],其理论支撑仍有待后续实验进一步深入研究。
近年来已经开展或正在开展的有关ALS细胞治疗的临床试验数量可观,但结果不尽如人意。通过对已经结束的ALS细胞治疗的临床研究进行总结,发现大部分研究为Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验[10,22,36,39-55],仅有一项为较大规模的Ⅲ期临床试验[56]。临床试验所应用的细胞类型与临床前研究相仿,包括MSCs(8项研究)[39,42,43,45-48,56]、NSCs(2项研究)[49,50]、其他细胞(如造血干细胞、编辑后的干细胞等,4项研究)[10,40,41,44],还有7项研究直接以细胞产物(如生长因子、营养因子等)为治疗药物[22,36,51-55],通过外源性手段给予患者。临床试验的细胞移植方式各异,大多数研究采用了可操作性较强的鞘内移植(8项研究)[42-48,56]或静脉注射(8项研究)[22,36,43,51-55]的方式,也有部分研究采用手术直接脊髓内移植(5项研究)[10,39,40,49,50]或肌内注射(3项研究)[41,47,48]的方式。在最重要的结局指标方面,目前绝大部分临床试验结果表明,细胞治疗用于ALS是安全的,其中最具创伤性的细胞移植方式(脊髓内直接手术移植)的安全性也得到了肯定[10,39,40,49,50]。目前,ALS细胞治疗有效性评价的结局指标主要为生存指标或临床疾病进展速率,也有少数研究以实验室标志物(如炎症因子、神经退行性变的标志物等)的变化为评价指标[46,48,56]。各临床试验在有效性方面结论存在一定的异质性,截至目前已有9项临床试验发现细胞治疗不能改善ALS患者的结局指标[36,40,41,49,51-54,56],而有8项研究结果则提示ALS的细胞治疗可能有效[22,44-48,50,55]。例如,SYKOVA等[45]在2017年开展的一项研究向ALS患者鞘内移植骨髓来源的MSCs,结果发现患者在接受治疗3个月后表现出改良ALS功能量表评分(revised ALS functional rating score, ALSFRS-R)下降速率的延缓,部分患者上述效应可持续至接受治疗后6个月。此外,部分以实验室指标为结局的研究发现,ALS患者接受鞘内注射的MSCs或分泌神经营养因子的MSCs治疗后,促炎性细胞因子的含量减少,神经炎症、神经退行性变的生物标志物表达量有所改善。总结当前ALS细胞治疗临床试验的特点如下:(1)近年来研究数量较多,且仍有许多研究正在进行中,但每项研究纳入的患者例数仍较少,这可能影响研究结果的统计学检验效能;(2)目前的研究尚未证实哪一种特定的干细胞类型对ALS的治疗明确有效;(3)不同临床研究的细胞移植方式不一,目前的研究尚未明确任何一种安全性及有效性最优的方式;(4)目前的研究表明ALS的细胞治疗应用于患者基本安全,但其有效性难以保证,仍有待更大规模、更多临床研究加以验证。
NurOwn是指自体MSC-神经营养因子(neurotrophic factor, NTF)细胞,即自体来源的、经过体外编辑的可分泌高水平NTF的MSCs。NurOwn的作用机制是将其移植入患者体内后,可以有效地将多种NTF和免疫调节细胞因子送到损伤部位,发挥特定的生物学效应,从而减缓或逆转疾病的发展[48]。NurOwn在ALS中应用的发展历程如图2所示。从2007年首次开展NurOwn的临床前研究以来,NurOwn在ALS动物模型中的安全性和有效性得到了初步的验证[57-59]。在此基础上,关于NurOwn在ALS患者中的临床试验也陆续展开。
2011年,PETROU等[47]首次在ALS患者中开展了基于MSC-NTF细胞治疗的临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期开放标签的概念验证研究(MSC-NTF-001-IL),该项研究共纳入12例ALS患者,其中6例较早期的ALS患者接受24×106细胞肌内注射,而另外6例进展期ALS患者接受60×106细胞直接鞘内移植的方式。所有患者在接受细胞治疗前3个月开始随访,一直随访至接受治疗后6个月。该研究的主要终点为MSC-NTF在ALS中应用的安全性和耐受性,次要终点包括ALSFRS-R的下降速率及用力肺活量(forced vital capacity, FVC)的下降速率。该研究发现,MSC-NTF用于ALS患者的治疗是安全的,且接受鞘内移植的进展期患者其ALSFRS-R的每月进展率减慢、FVC下降速率延缓。在该试验结果的基础之上,团队在2012年又进一步开展了剂量递增的Ⅱa期临床研究(MSC-NTF-002-IL),14例ALS患者被随机分配到三个剂量组,分别接受低、中、高剂量的细胞治疗,低剂量组接受1×106细胞·kg-1鞘内注射以及24×106细胞肌内注射,中剂量组接受1.5×106细胞·kg-1鞘内注射以及36×106细胞肌内注射,高剂量组接受2×106细胞·kg-1鞘内注射以及48×106细胞肌内注射。随访时间及结局指标与前期的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床研究一致。结果发现,同时鞘内注射和肌内注射移植MSC-NTF细胞后ALS患者的ALSFRS-R下降速率和FVC下降速率有更为明显的改善,但不同剂量组间并无显著差异[47]。2014年,BERRY等[48]开展了NurOwn用于ALS患者治疗的临床Ⅱ期随机对照试验(randomized clinical trial, RCT)(BCT-001-US)。该研究共入组48例ALS患者,按3∶1随机分为治疗组和安慰剂组,患者同时接受鞘内注射和肌内注射移植,其中治疗组接受125×106 MSC-NTF细胞鞘内注射以及每针48×106 MSC-NTF细胞在24个不同部位肌内注射的单剂量细胞治疗,对照组则接受相同方式和部位的安慰剂注射,在接受治疗后共随访6个月时间。该研究的主要终点为NurOwn治疗ALS的安全性,次要终点为NurOwn治疗的有效性,包括ALSFRS-R和肺功能指标下降速率、肌力变化及脑脊液中NTF和生物标志物的变化等。研究发现,尽管治疗组和安慰剂组的疾病进展率相似,但在预先指定的快速进展亚组(n=21)中,与安慰剂组相比,治疗组疾病进展率在早期时间点得到改善,且治疗后的患者脑脊液NTF升高,炎症生物标志物降低。在上述亚组研究结论基础上,该团队于2017年进一步开展了大规模的Ⅲ期RCT(BCT-002-US),共纳入196例快速进展型ALS患者,患者按照1∶1的比例随机分入治疗组[接受(100~125)×106 MSC-NTF细胞鞘内注射,共3次,每8周1次]和对照组(接受相同方式、部位和时间间隔的安慰剂注射)。该研究的主要终点为ALSFRS-R的下降速率,次要终点为经治疗后ALSFRS-R下降速率改善≥100%的患者比例、从基线到第28周ALSFRS-R的变化以及患者生存情况和肺功能指标。结果表明,该研究未达到主要终点,但与对照组相比,治疗组脑脊液中神经炎症和神经退行性变的标志物含量显著改善;此外,该研究进一步证明了NurOwn用于ALS治疗是安全和可耐受的[56]
2011年,NurOwn获得了美国FDA孤儿药的认定。在后续的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期和Ⅱa期临床试验结果基础之上[47],FDA再次于2014年批准NurOwn快速通道审批的资格。2014年和2017年,NurOwn用于ALS治疗的Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期临床试验陆续开展[48,56]。在以上研究结果基础之上,2022年9月9日,NurOwn作为ALS治疗的新药正式向FDA提出了生物制品许可申请(biologics license application, BLA),然而在2022年11月8日FDA方面做出了不审查该BLA的决定,并向提出申请的Brainstorm公司发出了立卷审查拒收函。于是在2023年1月11日,Brainstorm公司与FDA举行了A类会议,讨论对递交的BLA发出立卷审查拒收函的内容。2023年2月,Brainstorm公司进一步通过提交抗议的途径提出对BLA的审查,据此途径NurOwn的处方药用户费用法案(Prescription Drug User Fee Act, PDUFA)行动日期也定在了2023年12月8日,即FDA将必须在12月8日之前发布批准审查决定。
在FDA对NurOwn药物发出的立卷审查拒收函中,主要拒绝理由是现有的临床试验证据不足以证实NurOwn用于ALS治疗的有效性,其中Ⅲ期临床试验(BCT-002-US)在主要终点和所有次要终点方面均未显示出有效性,Ⅱ期临床试验(BCT-001-US)也未能证实其有效性,而在上述阴性结果的试验中进行的亚组分析并不能提供亚组有效性的有力证据。此外,在2023年9月27日举行的外部专家咨询会上FDA指出以下重要的不支持批准的缺陷:(1)关键生产控制措施不到位和/或不完整,妨碍实质性审查;(2)没有建立足够的产品质量标准;(3)生存结局资料较为有限,且用药组比安慰剂组结果更差;(4)亚组分析是探索性的;(5)基于生物标志物的研究并未提示任何生物标志物与临床获益之间的相关性。最终在针对现有数据是否支持药物的疗效问题上,19名专家委员中有17名投反对票,1名投赞成票,1名投弃权票。而在专家咨询会后不久,NurOwn于2023年10月主动撤回了该BLA。因此,NurOwn获批上市尚面临着诸多严峻的考验。
移植入患者体内的细胞发挥治疗作用需要具备在宿主体内长期生存、向病灶部位迁移以及分化为特定细胞这三种基本能力。然而,目前临床前研究和临床试验中常用的干细胞类型各有一定的优缺点,很难完全满足上述条件。例如,ALS细胞治疗的临床试验中最常用的两种细胞是MSCs和NSCs。NSCs的优势在于具有向神经系细胞分化的能力,可以与宿主的运动神经元建立结构上的联系,具有产生和分泌NTF的能力,但是其来源于人类胚胎或胎儿脑组织,存在一定的伦理问题,自我更新和增殖能力有限,且具有免疫排异和肿瘤形成的风险。MSCs来源于成体组织或废弃的胎儿组织,基本无伦理问题,自我更新能力较强,免疫排异较弱,且价格相对低,经编辑后也可具有分泌NTF的能力(NurOwn就是一个很好的例子),然而,其用于ALS治疗的最大缺点是不具有向神经系细胞分化的能力,也有一定肿瘤形成的风险。近年来,iPSCs应用于ALS治疗具有良好的发展前景,因其由成体细胞去分化得到,不会带来伦理问题,具有向各种细胞分化的能力,在目前的技术水平下易于获得,且不会引起排异反应;然而,其仍会带来一定的注射部位肿瘤形成风险。未来ALS细胞治疗想要实现突破性发展的最重要一点,在于寻找一种各项能力完善、获益大、风险小的细胞类型。因此,利用新的技术手段将各种类型的现阶段可利用的干细胞的优点相结合,发现或“制造”出新的细胞种类,或进一步对iPSCs进行改良使其移植入体内后得以发挥想要的作用,将是未来ALS细胞治疗研究领域的重要发展方向。
长期以来,ALS临床试验的疗效评价主要基于临床指标,如患者的生存结局、生存期、疾病进展速率(多以ALSFRS-R的月下降速率表示)、肺功能变化速率等。然而,上述指标在临床应用中存在一定的问题。例如,ALS患者的生存期一般为3~5年,这使得许多以安慰剂为对照组的随访期较短的研究无法将生存时间作为结局指标;而以ALSFRS-R评分的下降速率作为结局指标则可能受量表评分主观因素的影响,导致结局评定不准确。由此可见,目前ALS临床试验的疗效评价尚缺乏易测量、短期内可获得、较客观的结局指标。
越来越多的研究提示一些与神经炎症或神经退行性变性相关的实验室指标可能与ALS预后存在一定的关系。例如,多项研究表明NfL在血浆和(或)脑脊液中水平升高可能与ALS预后较差相关[60-62],且对ALS临床前研究有一定的提示作用[63]。也有部分研究发现,一些与免疫炎症反应相关的实验室标志物可能与ALS的发生、发展和预后存在一定的关系,包括C-反应蛋白[64]、巨噬细胞相关标记物[64]、细胞因子[66-68]等。在ALS细胞治疗的临床研究中,例如前文提到的NurOwn的RCT,已尝试探索实验室标志物作为疗效评价指标的可能;然而,如前所述,FDA拒绝批准NurOwn的其中一项的理由是其临床试验中的多项实验室数据并未提示任何生物标志物与临床获益之间的相关性。这提示建立既具有与预后相关联的临床意义,又兼顾可测性、客观性的多个不同维度评价指标相结合的“复合结局指标”,对于ALS的临床研究具有现实意义。目前已有研究进行了相关探索,例如,2021年BRODOVITCH等[69]研究发现将脑脊液中的NfL和细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)浓度以及血清中的干扰素(IFN)-γ浓度组合可以将ALS患者与炎性周围神经病变患者区分开来,且相对于单个生物标志物具有更高的灵敏度和特异度。据此,未来开展更大规模的临床研究以探索更合适的“多维度”结局指标,将为包括细胞治疗在内的ALS临床试验带来新的希望。
作为一种进行性发展的神经系统退行性疾病,ALS具有较高的致死率,为患者及其家庭带来沉重的负担。然而,目前为止ALS发病机制尚未明确,尚无有效的治疗方案。近年来越来越多的临床前研究和临床试验致力于探究细胞治疗用于ALS的可行性,发现细胞疗法基本安全,但尚无充足证据证明其有效性。作为其中的代表性例子,NurOwn历经了10余年的基础研究探索和多项临床试验,最终还是因为有效性证据不足遭FDA多数外部专家建议拒绝批准。结合目前ALS细胞治疗研究存在的问题,未来研究中最重要的仍然是对于ALS病因和发病机制的探究。此外,可以进一步优化细胞治疗的细胞种类,使其兼具目前已有的各种细胞类型的优点,同时具备在宿主体内长期生存、向病灶部位迁移和定向分化的能力;同时,未来研究也应进一步探究更适合于ALS临床试验的“多维度”复合研究终点,以提高ALS临床试验疗效评价的准确性,从而指导ALS细胞治疗产品研发和注册上市,惠及患者及其家庭。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371431)
  • 2020年医疗服务与保障能力提升(医疗卫生机构能力建设)项目
  • 国家和省级重大疾病多学科合作诊疗能力建设项目
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2024年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.07.01
  • 接收时间:2024-02-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-08
  • 录用日期:2024-05-30
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371431)
2020年医疗服务与保障能力提升(医疗卫生机构能力建设)项目
国家和省级重大疾病多学科合作诊疗能力建设项目
作者信息
    1a.复旦大学附属华山医院 神经内科/复旦大学神经病学研究所,上海 200040
    1b.复旦大学附属华山医院 临床药理研究中心,上海 200040
    2.国家神经疾病医学中心,上海 200040
    3.上海药品审评核查中心,上海 201210
    4.朗来科技发展有限公司,上海 201700
    5.上海泰楚生物技术有限公司,上海 201413

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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