Article(id=1239238834798522891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678809600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1709222400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-01, onlineDate=1773387162160, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773387162160, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773387162160, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387162160, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238829719220640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='561', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773387160949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387216554, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=600, endPage=606, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238835100512798, articleId=1239238834798522891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Anti-tumor effect of icotinib combined with metformin on non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To study the anti-tumor effect of icotinib combined with metformin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H1975 cells and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibitory effect and combination index (CI) of icotinib monotherapy (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 μmol·mL-1), metformin monotherapy (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 mmol·mL-1), and icotinib (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 times of IC50) combined with metformin (0.5 times of IC50) on the H1975 cells. The migratory ability of the cells was detected by scratch test,and the invasive ability of the cells was detected by invasion test. Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry was used to detect the rate of apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of related proteins.

RESULTS

The IC50 of icotinib and metformin for the inhibition on H1975 cells after 48 h were (49.90±4.84) μmol·mL-1 and (13.20±1.27)mmol·mL-1, respectively. Icotinib and metformin produced a synergistic effect in H1975 cells(CI<1). Compared with the metformin group and the icotinib group, the migration rate and invasion ability of combination group were significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0.05);the expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased, while the expression of p-AMPK and Bax were significantly increased (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Icotinib and metformin have significant synergic antitumor effects and proapoptotic effects on non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells, and the underlying mechanism may be related to enhancing activation of AMPK and inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

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目的

研究埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞的抗肿瘤作用及可能机制。

方法

用CCK-8法检测埃克替尼(0、0.1、1、5、10、20、40 μmol· mL-1)、二甲双胍(0、2、4、8、16、32、64 mmol·mL-1)以及埃克替尼[0、0.125、0.25、0.5、1倍半数抑制浓度(IC50)]联合二甲双胍(0.5倍IC50)对H1975细胞增殖的抑制作用和联合指数(CI) ;采用划痕实验检测细胞的迁移能力;采用侵袭实验检测细胞的侵袭能力;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;采用Western blot 法检测相关蛋白表达水平。

结果

埃克替尼和二甲双胍抑制H1975细胞48 h的IC50分别为(49.90±4.84)μmol · mL-1和(13.20±1.27 )mmol · mL-1。埃克替尼与二甲双胍对 H1975 细胞具有协同抑制作用(CI<1)。与二甲双胍组和埃克替尼组比较,联合用药组的细胞迁移率显著下降、细胞侵袭能力显著降低、细胞凋亡率显著增加(P<0.05);Akt、mTOR的磷酸化蛋白水平和Bcl-2的表达水平显著下降,AMPK的磷酸化蛋白水平和Bax的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。

结论

埃克替尼联用二甲双胍对非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞具有显著的协同抑制增殖作用和促凋亡作用,其机制可能与激活AMPK、抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。

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余自成
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吴婷婷,女,硕士在读,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

余自成,男,主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学和药理学相关研究,E-mail:

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余自成,男,主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学和药理学相关研究,E-mail:

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A:埃克替尼对细胞增殖的影响,B:二甲双胍对细胞增殖的影响,C:埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对细胞增殖的影响,D:埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对细胞的效应(Fa)-联合指数(CI)图(图中圆圈a、b、c、d分别代表6.25、12.5、25、50 μmol· mL-1埃克替尼与6 mmol· mL-1二甲双胍的CI值)

, figureFileSmall=ZagqUzHOzK4vGPQ1ctLv0w==, figureFileBig=f7D6T6D1YQ18ggoUMfzSog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306201645136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HCv0P91YeyiEZE+uIt602Q==, figureFileBig=kdt0IKWyaG0SdXJVAMRW+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306260365393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=CN, label=图2, caption=埃克替尼和二甲双胍对H1975细胞迁移能力的影响

A:细胞迁移图(×100),B:各组细胞的相对迁移率(n=3,)。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较,bP<0. 05;与联合用药组比较,eP<0. 05

, figureFileSmall=HCv0P91YeyiEZE+uIt602Q==, figureFileBig=kdt0IKWyaG0SdXJVAMRW+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306331668562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A8WDJB9rXjFEAjhGDn0t/Q==, figureFileBig=bIQlLEAm4rKFeJk6879aXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306386194515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=CN, label=图3, caption=埃克替尼和二甲双胍对H1975细胞侵袭能力的影响

A:各组细胞侵袭图(结晶紫染色,×100),B:各组相对穿膜(n=3,)数。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较,bP<0.05;与联合用药组比较:eP<0.05

, figureFileSmall=A8WDJB9rXjFEAjhGDn0t/Q==, figureFileBig=bIQlLEAm4rKFeJk6879aXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306444914772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GXOitkZQw63vu5064ATM3Q==, figureFileBig=HcQchiiteDfolsDk6apmNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306499440725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=CN, label=图4, caption=埃克替尼和二甲双胍对H1975细胞凋亡率的影响

A:各组H1975细胞流式凋亡图,B:各组H1975细胞凋亡率(n=3,)。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较,bP<0.05;与联合用药组比较,eP<0.05

, figureFileSmall=GXOitkZQw63vu5064ATM3Q==, figureFileBig=HcQchiiteDfolsDk6apmNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306562355286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PFJpccTiIP/1JjcZfemgCA==, figureFileBig=BIBDL5CXRuyaUkh7K0EkkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239242306625269847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238834798522891, language=CN, label=图5, caption=埃克替尼和二甲双胍对H1975细胞相关蛋白表达的影响

A:各组H1975细胞的蛋白印迹图,B:各组H1975细胞的相对GAPDH蛋白表达量(n=3,)。经单因素方差分析:与对照组比较,aP>0.05,bP<0.05,cP<0.01;与联合用药组比较,eP<0.05,fP<0.01

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埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞的抗肿瘤作用
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吴婷婷 1, 2 , 杨帆 1, 2 , 常珂 1, 2 , 任春霞 2 , 余自成 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(8): 600-606
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(8): 600-606
埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞的抗肿瘤作用
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吴婷婷1, 2 , 杨帆1, 2, 常珂1, 2, 任春霞2, 余自成2
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学医学院,上海 200092
  • 2.同济大学附属杨浦医院 药学部,上海 200090
  • 吴婷婷,女,硕士在读,主要从事临床药学的研究,E-mail:

    余自成,男,主任药师,博士,主要从事临床药学和药理学相关研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

余自成
Anti-tumor effect of icotinib combined with metformin on non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells
Ting-ting WU1, 2 , Fan YANG1, 2, Ke CHANG1, 2, Chun-xia REN2, Zi-cheng YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Medicine, Tongji University, SHANGHAI 200092, China
  • 2.Department of Pharmacy, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine , Tongji University, SHANGHAI 200090, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.07
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目的

研究埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞的抗肿瘤作用及可能机制。

方法

用CCK-8法检测埃克替尼(0、0.1、1、5、10、20、40 μmol· mL-1)、二甲双胍(0、2、4、8、16、32、64 mmol·mL-1)以及埃克替尼[0、0.125、0.25、0.5、1倍半数抑制浓度(IC50)]联合二甲双胍(0.5倍IC50)对H1975细胞增殖的抑制作用和联合指数(CI) ;采用划痕实验检测细胞的迁移能力;采用侵袭实验检测细胞的侵袭能力;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;采用Western blot 法检测相关蛋白表达水平。

结果

埃克替尼和二甲双胍抑制H1975细胞48 h的IC50分别为(49.90±4.84)μmol · mL-1和(13.20±1.27 )mmol · mL-1。埃克替尼与二甲双胍对 H1975 细胞具有协同抑制作用(CI<1)。与二甲双胍组和埃克替尼组比较,联合用药组的细胞迁移率显著下降、细胞侵袭能力显著降低、细胞凋亡率显著增加(P<0.05);Akt、mTOR的磷酸化蛋白水平和Bcl-2的表达水平显著下降,AMPK的磷酸化蛋白水平和Bax的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。

结论

埃克替尼联用二甲双胍对非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞具有显著的协同抑制增殖作用和促凋亡作用,其机制可能与激活AMPK、抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。

埃克替尼  /  二甲双胍  /  癌,非小细胞肺  /  药物协同作用
AIM

To study the anti-tumor effect of icotinib combined with metformin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H1975 cells and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibitory effect and combination index (CI) of icotinib monotherapy (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 μmol·mL-1), metformin monotherapy (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 mmol·mL-1), and icotinib (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 times of IC50) combined with metformin (0.5 times of IC50) on the H1975 cells. The migratory ability of the cells was detected by scratch test,and the invasive ability of the cells was detected by invasion test. Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry was used to detect the rate of apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of related proteins.

RESULTS

The IC50 of icotinib and metformin for the inhibition on H1975 cells after 48 h were (49.90±4.84) μmol·mL-1 and (13.20±1.27)mmol·mL-1, respectively. Icotinib and metformin produced a synergistic effect in H1975 cells(CI<1). Compared with the metformin group and the icotinib group, the migration rate and invasion ability of combination group were significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased (P<0.05);the expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased, while the expression of p-AMPK and Bax were significantly increased (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Icotinib and metformin have significant synergic antitumor effects and proapoptotic effects on non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells, and the underlying mechanism may be related to enhancing activation of AMPK and inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

icotinib  /  metformin  /  carcinoma, non-small cell lung  /  drug synergism
吴婷婷, 杨帆, 常珂, 任春霞, 余自成. 埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞的抗肿瘤作用. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (8) : 600 -606 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.07
Ting-ting WU, Fan YANG, Ke CHANG, Chun-xia REN, Zi-cheng YU. Anti-tumor effect of icotinib combined with metformin on non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (8) : 600 -606 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.07
肺癌是全球发病率排第2位、死亡率排第1位的恶性肿瘤,其中85%以上的肺癌为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)1。埃克替尼(icotinib)是我国第一个自主研发成功的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs),适用于具有EGFR基因敏感突变的局部晚期或转移性NSCLC患者2,但绝大多数患者在服药6~12个月后会因产生耐药性而出现疾病进展3。近年来,有多项研究发现口服降糖药物二甲双胍(metformin)具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用4,5。已有学者探索了EGFR-TKIs与二甲双胍联合用药发挥对NSCLC细胞的协同抑制作用,试图解决EGFR-TKIs的耐药问题,但相关研究结果尚未有明确统一的结论。例如,研究显示,二甲双胍可通过恢复耐EGFR-TKIs吉非替尼肺癌细胞的上皮间质转化(epithelial to mesenchymal transition,EMT),逆转细胞对吉非替尼的耐药性,增强吉非替尼对NSCLC细胞的抑制作用6;而与EGFR-TKIs厄洛替尼联用后,二甲双胍则可能通过影响NSCLC细胞的自噬与凋亡作用,减弱厄洛替尼的抗癌效果7。基于此,本研究探讨了埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对耐药NSCLC细胞的抗肿瘤作用,以期为NSCLC的临床治疗提供思路。
ChemiDoc XRS+化学发光成像系统(Bio-Rad公司),CKX41倒置相差显微镜(Olympus公司),BD FACSCanto 11流式细胞仪(BD公司),Fluoroskan FL酶标仪(Thermo Fisher公司),NU-5810E二氧化碳细胞培养箱(Thermo Fisher公司)等。
埃克替尼(批号:610798-31-7,纯度>99%)由浙江贝达药业股份有限公司惠赠,二甲双胍(批号:657-24-9,纯度>98.5%)由贵州天安药业股份有限公司惠赠,两药分别以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)溶解,均于-20 ℃保存备用,使用前以RPMI 1640培养基稀释至实验所需浓度。胎牛血清(批号:10099141C)购自美国Gibco公司;兔抗人表皮生长因子(EGFR)、磷酸化表皮生长因子(p-EGFR)、单磷酸腺苷依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK)、磷酸化AMPK(p-AMPK)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、磷酸化mTOR(p-mTOR)、B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔二抗试剂盒、CCK-8试剂盒、Annexin V-FITC/PI凋亡检测试剂盒和ECL试剂盒购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;DMSO、PBS、RPMI 1640培养基购自武汉赛维尔生物公司。
人肺腺癌细胞株H1975(同时具有21号外显子L858R敏感突变以及20号外显子T790M耐药突变的耐药细胞)购自中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所。细胞用RPMI 1640培养液(含有10%胎牛血清)在37 ℃、含5%CO2的孵箱中常规培养,生长至约80%融合时传代,隔日更换培养基。
取对数生长期的H1975细胞,制备单细胞悬液,调整细胞密度为5×104个·mL-1,接种于96孔板,每孔接种100 μL,置于5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h后将细胞分为对照组、埃克替尼组、二甲双胍组和联合用药组。其中,对照组不加药物,埃克替尼组加入不同浓度(0、0.1、1、5、10、20、40 μmol·mL-1)的埃克替尼溶液,二甲双胍组加入不同浓度(0、2、4、8、16、32、64 mmol · mL-1)的二甲双胍溶液,联合用药组加入不同浓度的埃克替尼[0、0.125、0.25、0.5、1倍半数抑制浓度(IC50)]和二甲双胍溶液(0.5倍IC50),每组设6个复孔,实验重复3次。培养48 h后,每孔分别加入CCK-8试剂10 μL,避光孵育1.5 h,以不加细胞的空白培养基为空白组进行对照,用酶标仪在450 nm波长处检测吸光度(A)值。
,抑制率(%)=(1-细胞活力)×100%。利用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件计算药物的IC50值,利用CompuSyn 1.0.1软件对CCK-8法的检测结果进行分析,绘制效应(Fa)-联合指数(CI)图。若CI<1,认为两药具有协同作用;若CI=1,认为两药具有相加作用;若CI>1,则认为两药具有拮抗作用8
取对数生长期的H1975细胞,以2×105个·mL-1接种于6孔板上,每孔2 mL,培养24 h后用10 μL枪头垂直划痕,弃上清液,以PBS洗涤3次,分别设置对照组(不加药物)、二甲双胍(6 mmol·mL-1)组、埃克替尼(25 μmol · mL-1)组以及联合用药组(二甲双胍6 mmol · mL-1+埃克替尼25 μmol ·mL-1),在加药0、24和48 h后于倒置显微镜下观察、拍照,采用Image J 1.8.0软件分析划痕距离,并用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件计算细胞迁移率。细胞迁移率=(0 h时的划痕间距-24 h或48 h时的划痕间距)/0 h时的划痕间距×100%。实验重复3次。
将Millicell小室(孔径8 μm)放入24孔培养板中,用Matrigel基质胶(每孔50 μL)包被Millicell小室底部的聚碳酸酯膜,于37 ℃放置过夜,使其成凝胶状。将H1975细胞按上述方法分组及给药,处理48 h后,分别以2×105个·mL-1、每孔100 μL接种于Millicell的上室,下室中加入RPMI 1640培养液(含10%胎牛血清) 600 μL。培养48 h后,取出Millicell小室,用棉签擦去聚碳酸酯膜上的上层细胞,将Millicell小室以4%多聚甲醛固定30 min,结晶紫染色30 min。取聚碳酸酯膜上的下层细胞在显微镜下计数穿膜细胞,以各药物组相对对照组的穿膜数比较细胞侵袭能力,即细胞侵袭能力=药物组穿膜细胞数/对照组穿膜细胞数。实验重复3次。
取对数生长期的H1975细胞,以2×105个·mL-1接种于6孔板上,每孔2 mL,培养24 h后,按上述方法分组及给药,处理48 h。按照Annexin V-FITC/PI试剂说明书收集细胞,经Annexin V-FITC/PI染色后利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。实验重复3次。
取对数生长期的H1975细胞,以2×105个·mL-1接种于6孔板上,每孔2 mL,培养24 h后,按上述方法分组及给药,处理48 h后收集细胞,提取细胞总蛋白,采用BCA法定量检测蛋白浓度。取20 μg蛋白样品进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(浓缩胶80 V,20 min;分离胶120 V,80 min),之后转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,用5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h;以TBST清洗后,加入相应一抗(稀释比例11 000)于4 ℃孵育过夜;以TBST清洗后,加入辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔二抗(稀释比例12 000),继续孵育2 h。以TBST清洗后,采用ECL发光试剂避光显色。实验重复3次。采用Image J 1.8.0软件以GAPDH为内参蛋白计算目的蛋白的表达水平。目的蛋白相对表达水平=目的蛋白条带灰度值/内参蛋白条带灰度值。
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料以均数 ± 标准差()表示,多组数据间的比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间的数据比较采用LSD-t检验。检验水准α=0.05。
CCK-8法检测结果显示,H1975细胞增殖抑制率随着埃克替尼和二甲双胍浓度的升高而升高,埃克替尼和二甲双胍单药作用H1975细胞48 h的IC50分别为(49.90±4.84) μmol · mL-1和(13.20±1.27) mmol·mL-1
不同浓度埃克替尼、二甲双胍单药及联合给药对H1975细胞活力的影响情况见图1。结果显示,与埃克替尼组比较,联合用药组的细胞活力均呈下降趋势。用CompuSyn 1.0.1软件导出Fa-CI图(图1D),结果显示,6.25、12.5、25、50 μmol·mL-1埃克替尼与6 mmol·mL-1二甲双胍的CI均<1,表明埃克替尼和二甲双胍联合使用对H1975细胞增殖具有良好的协同抑制效应,且埃克替尼与二甲双胍的质量浓度分别为25 μmol · mL-1、6 mmol· mL-1时的协同效应最佳(CI值最低),因此后续实验均以上述浓度处理细胞。
细胞迁移结果见图2。处理24 h后,对照组、二甲双胍组、埃克替尼组和联合用药组的细胞迁移率分别为(44.63±4.79)%、(26.70±1.98)%、(28.24±2.18)%和(22.37±2.82)%,各给药组的细胞迁移率均显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。处理48 h后,上述4组细胞迁移率分别为(69.41±5.76)%、(46.55±4.86)%、(46.87±5.66)%和(29.94±1.16)%,各给药组的细胞迁移率均显著小于对照组(P<0.05),且联合用药组的细胞迁移率显著小于埃克替尼组和二甲双胍组(P<0.05)。
处理48 h后,将对照组穿出Millicell小室的细胞数(穿膜细胞数)设置为1,埃克替尼组的相对穿膜细胞数为0.57±0.04,二甲双胍组为0.43±0.02,联合用药组为0.14±0.01,各给药组的相对穿膜细胞数均显著少于对照组(P<0.05),且联合用药组的相对穿膜细胞数显著少于埃克替尼组和二甲双胍组(P<0.05)。见图3
处理48 h后,对照组、二甲双胍组、埃克替尼组和联合用药组的细胞凋亡率分别为(8.3±0.92)%、(16.67±3.2)%、(18.1±3.82)%、(34.87±4.34)%,各给药组的细胞凋亡率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且联合用药组的细胞凋亡率显著高于埃克替尼组和二甲双胍组(P<0.05) 。见图4
处理48 h后,埃克替尼组细胞的p-EGFR水平显著低于对照组(P<0.01),且联合用药组细胞的p-EGFR水平显著低于埃克替尼组和二甲双胍组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各给药组细胞中的p-AMPK和Bax的表达水平均显著升高,p-Akt、p-mTOR和Bcl-2的表达水平均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且联合给药组的上述效果较埃克替尼组和二甲双胍组更为显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。见图5
EGFR-TKIs类药物的上市,为NSCLC的治疗带来了希望,现已成为EGFR敏感突变NSCLC的一线治疗药物9。埃克替尼作为我国自主研发的首个小分子靶向抗癌药,可通过选择性结合细胞酪氨酸激酶区,阻断EGFR下游信号通路传导,适用于治疗具有EGFR基因敏感突变的局部晚期或转移性NSCLC患者。但在用药6~12个月后,50%~60%的EGFR基因敏感突变会产生T790M耐药突变10,一定程度上限制了其长期疗效和临床应用,因此探讨埃克替尼耐药问题的解决方案对改善NSCLC患者具有重要的临床价值。
针对埃克替尼等小分子靶向药物的耐药问题,目前的策略主要有两种:(1)开发针对耐药靶点的新药,如以奥希替尼为代表的第三代EGFR-TKIs,此类药物是EGFR不可逆抑制剂,对具有T790M耐药突变的患者疗效显著,但由于新药开发上市进程缓慢,且价格昂贵,患者的经济负担重。此外,无论是一线还是二线使用奥希替尼,患者在治疗数月后仍会因EGFR突变,尤其是18、20和21号外显子的突变产生耐药性11。(2)通过联合放疗、化疗或合用其他药物延缓埃克替尼等小分子靶向药物获得性耐药的发生或增加耐药细胞对药物的敏感性。近年来,通过联合用药解决埃克替尼耐药问题已成为重要的研究热点。例如,有研究发现,联合组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂西达本胺可通过抑制大鼠RAS/MAPK通路增加埃克替尼对NSCLC的抗癌作用12;联合赖甲环素可通过抑制生长因子受体结合蛋白介导的Akt/ERK/STAT3信号通路逆转NSCLC细胞对埃克替尼的获得性耐药13;另外,千金藤素也可通过调控p53信号促进细胞自噬从而逆转人NSCLC细胞对埃克替尼的耐药性14
二甲双胍作为一种安全有效的经典降糖药物,近年来被发现具有潜在抗肿瘤作用,已有较多研究探索了二甲双胍与抗肿瘤药物联用以增强抗肿瘤效果或增加耐药肿瘤细胞对抗肿瘤药物敏感性的作用。例如,有研究表明,二甲双胍能提高吉西他滨对转移性乳腺癌的抗癌效果15;联合二甲双胍能增强索托拉西布对NSCLC细胞的细胞毒性作用16。本研究探讨了埃克替尼与二甲双胍联用对具有EGFR T790M耐药突变的H1975细胞的协同抑制作用,并探讨了其可能的相关机制。本研究发现,埃克替尼联合二甲双胍对H1975细胞增殖有明显的抑制作用,且该作用具有协同作用;联合二甲双胍也可进一步增强埃克替尼对H1975细胞迁移和侵袭的抑制作用,提高H1975细胞的凋亡率。
细胞凋亡是细胞死亡的一种形式,受多种分子信号通路调控,线粒体通路是关键通路之一17。细胞凋亡的线粒体途径受Bcl-2家族蛋白的调控,包括Bcl-2和Bax,其中Bcl-2是抗凋亡蛋白,而Bax可拮抗其抗凋亡作用,还能直接促进肿瘤细胞凋亡18。本研究结果表明,埃克替尼联合二甲双胍可明显提高H1975细胞的Bax蛋白表达水平,并降低Bcl-2蛋白表达水平,提示两药联用可能通过调控线粒体凋亡通路诱导H1975细胞凋亡。
EGFR是上皮生长因子细胞增殖和信号传导的受体,对细胞的生长、增殖等生理过程发挥重要的作用,是埃克替尼作用的关键靶点。AMPK是细胞能量稳态调节中的关键蛋白激酶,激活后的AMPK可将糖异生、脂质和蛋白质合成等过程中的系列酶直接磷酸化,进而抑制细胞的生长代谢;此外,其还可抑制mTOR的磷酸化19,20Akt是一种原癌基因,在调控各种不同细胞功能(包括代谢、生长、增殖、存活、转录以及蛋白质合成等)中发挥重要作用,也是mTOR的重要上游信号21。本研究结果发现,二甲双胍单药对H1975细胞的EGFR磷酸化无明显作用,但可以直接激活AMPK并抑制下游mTOR磷酸化;此外,二甲双胍也可直接抑制Akt/mTOR的磷酸化。埃克替尼则通过抑制EGFR和Akt/mTOR的磷酸化以及激活AMPK发挥抗肿瘤作用。两药联用,可以进一步促进H1975细胞AMPK的磷酸化蛋白水平的表达,以及抑制Akt、mTOR的磷酸化蛋白水平表达。因此,本研究推测二甲双胍可能通过激活AMPK和抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路增强埃克替尼对NSCLC耐药细胞的抑制作用。
综上所述,联用二甲双胍能显著增强埃克替尼对H1975细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭的抑制作用及促凋亡作用,上述作用可能与激活AMPK和抑制Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。但该结论有待今后通过多种耐药细胞株以及耐药动物模型进一步证实,或可通过NSCLC患者应用埃克替尼与二甲双胍的临床观察予以评价。
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(19ZR1450600)
  • 上海市临床药学重点专科建设项目支持课题
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2024年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.07
  • 接收时间:2023-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-15
  • 录用日期:2024-03-01
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上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(19ZR1450600)
上海市临床药学重点专科建设项目支持课题
作者信息
    1.同济大学医学院,上海 200092
    2.同济大学附属杨浦医院 药学部,上海 200090

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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