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贾晶莹
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=《中国新药与临床杂志》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2F9FiTyBMOmsrpjfepL3dg==, magXml=DmVPJU2QQql5rqJ5+NrjdQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=l56NWclykKGZuTnkYUEJjw==, pdfFileSize=828771, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gdJGB/Shk4/fKaaUpZ9cEw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

钱泓洁,女,副主任药师,医师,博士,主要从事临床药理学的研究,E-mail: ;贾晶莹,女,主任药师,硕士,主要从事临床药理学的研究,E-mail:

, authorsList=《健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》编写专家组, 上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会)}, authors=[Author(id=1239238835536712145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=2, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239238835595432407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, authorId=1239238835536712145, language=EN, stringName=Group for Expert Consensus on Grading Criteria for Adverse Events of Phase Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239238835670929887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, authorId=1239238835536712145, language=CN, stringName=《健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》编写专家组, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null), Author(id=1239238835763204577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=2, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239238835855479271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, authorId=1239238835763204577, language=EN, stringName=Drug Clinical Trial Committee of Shanghai Pharmacological Society, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239238835951948273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, authorId=1239238835763204577, language=CN, stringName=上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null)], keywords=null, refs=[Reference(id=1239238836652397085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=355, issue=10, pageStart=1018, pageEnd=1028, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=SUNTHARALINGAM G, PERRY MR, WARD S, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUNTHARALINGAM G, PERRY MR, WARD S, et al. 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Consensus of expert on safety evaluation of drug clinical trial in Guangdong (version 2020)[J].Pharm Today, 2020, 30(11): 731-740., articleTitle=Consensus of expert on safety evaluation of drug clinical trial in Guangdong (version 2020), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239238836329435656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, awardId=18DZ2250500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(18DZ2250500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239238836442681870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, awardId=23DZ2291800, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(23DZ2291800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239238836539150868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, awardId=SHDC2022 CRW010, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市申康中心示范性研究型病房建设(SHDC2022 CRW010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=null, figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239238836098748920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AEAE分级标准备注
轻度/ 1级中度/ 2级重度/ 3级
常见临床症状、体征或疾病
皮疹损害区域小于10%的体表面积;
需要局部治疗
损害区域覆盖10%~30%
体表面积;需要口服药
物治疗
损害区域大于30%的体表面
积;需要静脉给药治疗
同CTCAE
上呼吸道感染症状轻微,无需药物治疗症状明显,需要口服药物
治疗
症状严重,需要静脉使用抗感
染药物治疗
是否需要药物治疗,应
以研究者判断为准
生命体征
发热
耳温 38.0~38.5 ℃;口温 37.7~
38.5 ℃
38.6~39.2 ℃≥39.3 ℃同CTCAE
脉率/心率降低40~49 次·min-1且较基线下降>
5 次·min-1
35~39 次·min-1,或有症
状,需要口服药物治疗
<35 次·min-1,或有症状,需
静脉或侵入性治疗
脉率/心率升高无症状,不需治疗有症状;非紧急的医疗处
需要紧急治疗
血压降低无症状,或症状轻微,仅需非药
物治疗
症状明显,需要口服药物
治疗
需要使用静脉药物治疗,或
侵入性治疗
同DAIDS
血压升高收缩压140~159 mmHg,或舒张压
90~99 mmHg
收缩压160~179 mmHg,
或舒张压100~109 mmHg
收缩压≥180 mmHg,或
舒张压≥110 mmHg
心电图
PR间期延长/
房室传导阻滞
210~249 ms≥250 ms,或Ⅰ型二度房
室传导阻滞
Ⅱ型二度房室传导阻滞或心室
停搏≥ 3 s
同DAIDS
QT间期延长男性:450~480 ms;女性:460~
480 ms
481~500 ms;或≥450 ms,
且较基线延长30~60 ms
>500 ms;或≥450 ms,且较基
线延长>60 ms
QT间期以QTcF数值
为准;如研究方案
中有特殊规定,应
遵循方案
血常规
血红蛋白降低100 g·L-1~ 0.95×LLN(基线正
常);100 g·L-1~0.95×基线
(基线异常)
80~<100 g·L-1<80 g·L-1根据不同性别的LLN
进行判断
白细胞计数下
3.0×109·L-1~<0.9×LLN(基线正
常);3.0×109 ·L-1~<0.9×基
线(基线异常)
(2.0~<3.0)×109·L-1<2.0×109·L-1
中性粒细胞计
数下降
1.5×109·L-1~<0.9×LLN(基线正
常);1.5×109·L-1~<0.9×基
线(基线异常)
(1.0~<1.5)×109·L-1<1.0×109·L-1
血小板下降(0.8~<0.9)×LLN(基线正常);
(0.8~<0.9)×基线(基线异常)
50×109·L-1~<0.8×LLN<50×109·L-1
尿常规
蛋白尿尿蛋白1+尿蛋白2+尿蛋白3+或更高同DAIDS
尿红细胞增多/
血尿
无症状且高值>6个/高倍镜视野
(男);>8 个/高倍镜视野(女)
有症状,需要导尿管或膀
胱清洗;影响日常生活
活动
大量血尿,需要输血,静脉给药
或住院治疗;需要择期侵入
性治疗;个人活动能力受限
肝功能同DAIDS
总胆红素升高(>1.3~2)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.3~2)×基线(基线异常)
(>2~3)×ULN(基线正
常);(>2~3)×基线
(基线异常)
>3×ULN(基线正常);
>3×基线(基线异常)
丙氨酸转氨酶
升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
天冬氨酸转氨酶
升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
γ-谷氨酰转移
酶升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
肾功能和电解质
血肌酐升高(>1~1.3)×ULN,且增幅>10%(>1.3~1.5)×ULN>1.5×ULN
血尿酸升高> 1.2×ULN(基线正常);> 1.2×
基线(基线异常),无临床症状,
无需治疗
> 1.2×ULN(基线正常);
> 1.2×基线(基线异
常),无临床症状,需
要药物治疗
有临床症状(如痛风发作)
高钾血症5.6~< 6.0 mmol·L-16.0~< 6.5 mmol·L-1≥6.5 mmol·L-1
低钾血症3.0~<3.3 mmol·L-12.5~< 3.0 mmol·L-1< 2.5 mmol·L-1
血脂
甘油三酯升高>1.5×ULN(基线正常)~ 3.42
mmol·L-1;>1.5×基线(基线
异常)~ 3.42 mmol·L-1
>3.42~5.7 mmol·L-1>5.7 mmol·L-1
胆固醇升高>1.2×ULN(基线正常)~ 7.75
mmol·L-1;>1.2×基线(基线
异常)~ 7.75 mmol·L-1
>7.75~10.34 mmol·L-1>10.34 mmol·L-1
凝血功能
活化部分凝血活
酶时间延长
(>1.1~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.1~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
国际标准化比值
延长
(>1.2~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
凝血酶原时间延
(>1.1~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.1~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
纤维蛋白原降低(0.75~<0.85)×LLN(基线正常);
(0.75~<0.85)×基线(基线异常)
(0.5~<0.75)×LLN(基线
正常);(0.5~<0.75)×
基线(基线异常)
<0.5×LLN(基线正常);
<0.5×基线(基线异常)
), ArticleFig(id=1239238836207800830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238832885911964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

健康受试者Ⅰ期临床试验不良事件(AE)分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AEAE分级标准备注
轻度/ 1级中度/ 2级重度/ 3级
常见临床症状、体征或疾病
皮疹损害区域小于10%的体表面积;
需要局部治疗
损害区域覆盖10%~30%
体表面积;需要口服药
物治疗
损害区域大于30%的体表面
积;需要静脉给药治疗
同CTCAE
上呼吸道感染症状轻微,无需药物治疗症状明显,需要口服药物
治疗
症状严重,需要静脉使用抗感
染药物治疗
是否需要药物治疗,应
以研究者判断为准
生命体征
发热
耳温 38.0~38.5 ℃;口温 37.7~
38.5 ℃
38.6~39.2 ℃≥39.3 ℃同CTCAE
脉率/心率降低40~49 次·min-1且较基线下降>
5 次·min-1
35~39 次·min-1,或有症
状,需要口服药物治疗
<35 次·min-1,或有症状,需
静脉或侵入性治疗
脉率/心率升高无症状,不需治疗有症状;非紧急的医疗处
需要紧急治疗
血压降低无症状,或症状轻微,仅需非药
物治疗
症状明显,需要口服药物
治疗
需要使用静脉药物治疗,或
侵入性治疗
同DAIDS
血压升高收缩压140~159 mmHg,或舒张压
90~99 mmHg
收缩压160~179 mmHg,
或舒张压100~109 mmHg
收缩压≥180 mmHg,或
舒张压≥110 mmHg
心电图
PR间期延长/
房室传导阻滞
210~249 ms≥250 ms,或Ⅰ型二度房
室传导阻滞
Ⅱ型二度房室传导阻滞或心室
停搏≥ 3 s
同DAIDS
QT间期延长男性:450~480 ms;女性:460~
480 ms
481~500 ms;或≥450 ms,
且较基线延长30~60 ms
>500 ms;或≥450 ms,且较基
线延长>60 ms
QT间期以QTcF数值
为准;如研究方案
中有特殊规定,应
遵循方案
血常规
血红蛋白降低100 g·L-1~ 0.95×LLN(基线正
常);100 g·L-1~0.95×基线
(基线异常)
80~<100 g·L-1<80 g·L-1根据不同性别的LLN
进行判断
白细胞计数下
3.0×109·L-1~<0.9×LLN(基线正
常);3.0×109 ·L-1~<0.9×基
线(基线异常)
(2.0~<3.0)×109·L-1<2.0×109·L-1
中性粒细胞计
数下降
1.5×109·L-1~<0.9×LLN(基线正
常);1.5×109·L-1~<0.9×基
线(基线异常)
(1.0~<1.5)×109·L-1<1.0×109·L-1
血小板下降(0.8~<0.9)×LLN(基线正常);
(0.8~<0.9)×基线(基线异常)
50×109·L-1~<0.8×LLN<50×109·L-1
尿常规
蛋白尿尿蛋白1+尿蛋白2+尿蛋白3+或更高同DAIDS
尿红细胞增多/
血尿
无症状且高值>6个/高倍镜视野
(男);>8 个/高倍镜视野(女)
有症状,需要导尿管或膀
胱清洗;影响日常生活
活动
大量血尿,需要输血,静脉给药
或住院治疗;需要择期侵入
性治疗;个人活动能力受限
肝功能同DAIDS
总胆红素升高(>1.3~2)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.3~2)×基线(基线异常)
(>2~3)×ULN(基线正
常);(>2~3)×基线
(基线异常)
>3×ULN(基线正常);
>3×基线(基线异常)
丙氨酸转氨酶
升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
天冬氨酸转氨酶
升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
γ-谷氨酰转移
酶升高
(>1.2~3)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~3)×基线(基线异常)
(>3~5)×ULN(基线正
常);(>3~5)×基线
(基线异常)
>5×ULN(基线正常);
>5×基线(基线异常)
肾功能和电解质
血肌酐升高(>1~1.3)×ULN,且增幅>10%(>1.3~1.5)×ULN>1.5×ULN
血尿酸升高> 1.2×ULN(基线正常);> 1.2×
基线(基线异常),无临床症状,
无需治疗
> 1.2×ULN(基线正常);
> 1.2×基线(基线异
常),无临床症状,需
要药物治疗
有临床症状(如痛风发作)
高钾血症5.6~< 6.0 mmol·L-16.0~< 6.5 mmol·L-1≥6.5 mmol·L-1
低钾血症3.0~<3.3 mmol·L-12.5~< 3.0 mmol·L-1< 2.5 mmol·L-1
血脂
甘油三酯升高>1.5×ULN(基线正常)~ 3.42
mmol·L-1;>1.5×基线(基线
异常)~ 3.42 mmol·L-1
>3.42~5.7 mmol·L-1>5.7 mmol·L-1
胆固醇升高>1.2×ULN(基线正常)~ 7.75
mmol·L-1;>1.2×基线(基线
异常)~ 7.75 mmol·L-1
>7.75~10.34 mmol·L-1>10.34 mmol·L-1
凝血功能
活化部分凝血活
酶时间延长
(>1.1~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.1~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
国际标准化比值
延长
(>1.2~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.2~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
凝血酶原时间延
(>1.1~1.5)×ULN(基线正常);
(>1.1~1.5)×基线(基线异常)
(>1.5~2.5)×ULN(基线
正常);(>1.5~2.5)×
基线(基线异常)
>2.5×ULN(基线正常);
>2.5×基线(基线异常)
纤维蛋白原降低(0.75~<0.85)×LLN(基线正常);
(0.75~<0.85)×基线(基线异常)
(0.5~<0.75)×LLN(基线
正常);(0.5~<0.75)×
基线(基线异常)
<0.5×LLN(基线正常);
<0.5×基线(基线异常)
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健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识
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《健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》编写专家组 , 上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会
中国新药与临床杂志 | 2024,43(8): 561-567
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 2024, 43(8): 561-567
健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识
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《健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》编写专家组, 上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会
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通讯作者:

贾晶莹
Expert consensus on grading criteria for adverse events of phase I clinical trials in healthy subjects
Group for Expert Consensus on Grading Criteria for Adverse Events of Phase Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects, Drug Clinical Trial Committee of Shanghai Pharmacological Society
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出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.01
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《健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》编写专家组, 上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会. 健康受试者I期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (8) : 561 -567 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.01
Group for Expert Consensus on Grading Criteria for Adverse Events of Phase Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects, Drug Clinical Trial Committee of Shanghai Pharmacological Society. Expert consensus on grading criteria for adverse events of phase I clinical trials in healthy subjects[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (8) : 561 -567 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.01
药物Ⅰ期临床试验的目的是初步研究新药在人体的安全性、耐受性和药动学,通常纳入的是健康受试者,而健康受试者预期不会从试验中获得临床疗效,因此对于健康受试者的安全性关注和管理至关重要。
2006年英国的“大象人”事件1、2016年法国的BIA 10-2474事件都是发生于Ⅰ期临床试验阶段的严重事故,事故引发了监管部门对于新药首次人体试验(first-in-human, FIH)风险评估和风险控制的高度重视。欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA)于2007年9月发布了《Guideline on Strategies to Identify and Mitigate Risks for First-in-human and Early Clinical Trials》,并于2017年7月进行了修订2-5,为新药FIH试验提供了减轻和控制风险的策略。该指导原则中提到了新药FIH试验中的剂量递增方案和停药标准,这些重要策略的制定和实施,取决于科学、统一的不良事件(adverse event, AE)分级标准。
近年来,我国开展的新药Ⅰ期临床试验数量逐年增加,年均增长率约为37%6。然而我国目前尚未有权威部门发布针对Ⅰ期临床试验的AE分级标准。为了推动不同研究中心AE评判及分级标准的统一,为新药的安全性评价提供参考依据、促进注册评审,由上海市徐汇区中心医院药物临床试验中心起草,上海市药理学会药物临床试验专业委员会携同上海市药监部门、研究单位各方专家共同讨论,形成《健康受试者Ⅰ期临床试验不良事件分级标准专家共识》简称《共识》),适用于中国健康受试者Ⅰ期临床试验的AE分级标准,以期为国内Ⅰ期临床试验的安全性评价提供参考。
现阶段我国开展的Ⅰ期临床试验参照的AE分级标准主要有3种:(1)美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute, NCI)和美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)颁布的癌症临床试验的常见不良事件术语评价标准(common terminology criteria for adverse events,CTCAE)7,该标准目前在Ⅰ期临床试验中应用最为广泛,但因其主要针对癌症患者使用细胞毒性药物后的AE评价,对于在健康受试者中开展的Ⅰ期临床试验不完全适用;(2)NIH DAIDS(Division of AIDS)颁布的关于成人和儿童不良事件严重程度分级表8,用于评估治疗药物、疫苗及其他预防性方法的安全性和有效性,对Ⅰ期临床试验适用性有限;(3)法国Ⅰ期临床工作组(French Club PhaseⅠWorking Group,CPⅠ)制定的Ⅰ期临床试验AE分级标准9,在我国的Ⅰ期临床试验中应用有限。鉴于上述这些标准在中国Ⅰ期临床试验应用的局限性,我们根据中国Ⅰ期临床试验的实际需求,参考上述3种标准,制定了适用于中国健康受试者Ⅰ期临床试验的AE分级标准。
AE指受试者接受试验用药品后出现的所有不良医学事件,可以表现为症状体征、疾病或者实验室检查异常,但不一定与试验用药品有因果关系10
AE分为两大类。第一类:临床症状、体征或疾病;第二类:检查指标,包括心电图、实验室检查等客观指标。《共识》按照这两大类AE,分别制定AE的分级标准。
(1)轻度:无症状或症状轻微,仅为临床或诊断所见,对日常生活无影响,无需治疗或者仅需非药物治疗。(2)中度:症状明显,影响日常生活,需要药物治疗。(3)重度:症状严重,严重影响日常生活,需要全身药物治疗或其他治疗。
《共识》按照上述AE分级的基本准则,参考CTCAE、DAIDS、CPⅠ分级标准7-9,11,分别针对临床症状、体征或疾病以及检查指标这两大类AE制定了分级标准,见表1
主要关注临床症状、体征或疾病对健康受试者日常生活的影响、发生频率及持续时间,以及是否采取医疗干预措施等进行判断。
《共识》对于Ⅰ期临床试验中出现的临床症状、体征或疾病,主要参照上述AE分级的基本准则进行严重程度分级,表1中列举了Ⅰ期临床试验中常见的皮疹、上呼吸道感染的分级标准。
《共识》 对于健康受试者的生命体征正常值范围设定为:体温(耳温)35.7~37.5 ℃,体温(口温)36.3~37.2 ℃,脉率60~100 次·min-1,呼吸12~20 次·min-1,收缩压90 ~ 139 mmHg,舒张压60~ 89 mmHg。《共识》中口温和耳温的正常值范围设定,分别参考了人民卫生出版社出版的第9版《诊断学》12和GENEVA等13发表的综述。
《共识》中血压升高的AE分级参照DAIDS分级标准和第9版《内科学》14。血压降低的AE分级标准主要根据受试者有无症状,以及是否需要药物治疗。在Ⅰ期临床试验中,一些健康受试者的脉率/心率50~59 次·min-1,但无临床症状,《共识》将脉率/心率降低AE的轻度标准设定为40~49 次·min-1且较基线下降>5 次·min-1;中度标准设定为35~39 次·min-1,或有症状,需要口服药物治疗;重度标准设定为<35次·min-1,或有症状,需静脉或侵入性治疗。
《共识》对于健康受试者的心电图正常值范围设定为:心率60~100次·min-1,PR间期120~200 ms,QRS 60~119 ms,QT间期小于450 ms。QT间期以QTcF数值为准。
第9版《诊断学》12中描述:“QT间期长短与心率的快慢密切相关,心率越快,QT间期越短,反之则越长。心率在60~100 次·min-1时,QT间期的正常范围为0.32~0.44 s。一般女性的QT间期较男性略长。近年推荐的QT间期延长的标准为:男性QT间期≥0.45 s,女性≥0.46 s”。因此,《共识》将QT间期延长AE的轻度标准设定为:男性450~480 ms,女性460~480 ms;同时,结合ICH 《E14:非抗心律失常药物致QT/QTc间期延长及潜在致心律失常作用的临床评价》15,16中的标准,将中度标准设定为481~500 ms或≥450 ms,且较基线延长30~60 ms,将重度标准设定为>500 ms或≥450 ms,且较基线延长>60 ms。
在开展Ⅰ期临床试验过程中,发现健康受试者的某项实验室检查指标可能略微超过正常值范围,但受试者本身没有任何临床症状、体征或其他指标异常,这种单纯的检查指标异常可能为个体变异引起15,17,18。法国CPⅠ推荐在健康受试者中将医学正常值范围与个体变异结合起来考虑9,11,15,设定一个相对阈值,以便在临床研究中区分“自发变异导致的异常无临床意义(NCS)”与“异常有临床意义(CS)”。该相对阈值的设定,有助于实现研究者对异常指标有无临床意义判断的一致性。
《共识》中血红蛋白降低、白细胞计数降低及中性粒细胞计数降低AE的中、重度标准参考CTCAE,同时结合健康受试者的特点,对轻度的判断阈值进行了适当放宽。尿红细胞增多/血尿AE的中、重度标准参照CTCAE,同时结合不同性别健康受试者的生理特点,将轻度标准设定为无症状且男性尿红细胞镜检高值>6个/高倍镜视野,女性>8 个/高倍镜视野。
《共识》参照CPⅠ标准,将总胆红素升高AE的轻度判断阈值设定为1.3×正常值上限(upper limit of normal range, ULN)。在临床实践中研究者发现,健康受试者筛选期总胆红素超出正常范围的发生率较高。Gilbert综合征是一种良性疾病,由编码尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1(uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1,UGT1A1)的基因突变导致的遗传性非结合性高胆红素血症,通常不伴有肝器质性病变,一般无需特异性治疗。Gilbert综合征在白人中发病率为2%~10%19,但在亚洲人群中缺乏相关数据。有观点认为目前《诊断学》推荐的总胆红素参考值上限17.1 μmol·L-1过于严格20,健康受试者筛选期总胆红素高于ULN较为常见,与国内文献21报道基本一致。
《共识》中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)升高、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)升高AE的分级标准同样参照CP ,轻、中、重度AE的判断阈值分别设定为1.2、3和5×ULN。
《共识》参照CPⅠ标准,将血肌酐升高的轻、中、重度AE判断阈值分别设定为1、1.3和1.5×ULN。肌酐数值与肌肉量、高蛋白饮食等存在一定相关性22,23,如果发现异常需考虑此类因素的影响,可参考估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)。需要注意的是,在Ⅰ期临床试验健康受试者的年龄范围中,在某些极端情况下,正常范围内的肌酐通过CKD-EPI公式计算得出的eGFR可小于60 mL·min-1,提示有临床意义的肾功能不全,因此建议对肌酐的判断同时参考eGFR。
尿酸是嘌呤的代谢产物,受饮食影响较大,中国高尿酸血症的发生率已达到约14%且有继续升高的趋势24。《中国高尿酸血症相关疾病诊疗多学科专家共识(2023年版)》25提出,无症状的高尿酸血症药物治疗起始时机为血尿酸>540 μmol·L-1,单纯的尿酸轻度升高,一般没有临床症状,通过饮食和运动控制可以恢复正常。《共识》中将血尿酸升高AE的轻度标准设定为>1.2×ULN,无临床症状,无需治疗;中度标准设定为>1.2×ULN,无临床症状,需要药物治疗;重度标准设定为有临床症状(如痛风发作)。
甘油三酯(TG)及胆固醇(TC)水平受遗传和环境因素的双重影响,且与种族、年龄、性别以及生活习惯(如饮食、运动等)有关,个体差异大,在不同饮食情况下,个体变异度高。根据2023年《高甘油三酯血症临床管理多学科专家共识》26及《中国血脂管理指南》27,中国人群中TG水平逐年升高,成年人中1.7 mmol·L-1≤TG<2.3 mmol·L-1者占比为12%,TG≥2.3 mmol·L-1的高甘油三酯血症者占比为15%。2018年高胆固醇血症年龄标化患病率8.2%(TC≥6.2 mmol·L-1)。《共识》中TG升高、TC升高AE的中、重度标准参照CTCAE,同时结合健康受试者的特点,对轻度的判断阈值进行了适当调整,TG升高、TC升高的轻度标准分别调整为>1.5×ULN~3.42 mmol·L-1和>1.2×ULN~7.75 mmol·L-1
单纯的凝血指标异常相对少见,如果出现多项检查结果异常,需要结合各项检测结果进行综合判断。若单纯的凝血指标异常,则可考虑适当放宽判断阈值。
首次人体临床试验的剂量递增是一个动态调整的过程,设定剂量递增方案和停药标准,对于新药FIH试验至关重要。根据EMA指南2-5,28建议,原则上应对以下每项定义停药标准:(1)试验终止;(2)单个受试者停止给药;(3)组内停止给药(若剂量组内受试者分批入组);(4)剂量递增停止。可为上述每一项制定单独的停药标准,也可多个项下采用相同的停药标准,例如,剂量递增的停药标准可与组内停药标准或单个受试者停药标准相同。总体来说,停止剂量递增规则可从个体和剂量组两个层面去制订。
根据CPⅠ9,11的建议,在个体层面上发生AE达到一定程度,通常为重度/3 级,即应停止剂量递增。另外,应特别关注药物性肝损伤,ALT或AST在临床试验中一过性升高较常见,而进展为严重肝损伤或急性肝衰竭者较少见。当出现ALT或AST显著升高,特别是伴总胆红素及凝血功能异常时,继续用药将有可能发生肝衰竭甚至危及生命。通常,对于基线肝功能检查正常或异常无临床意义的受试者,如果出现下列四种情况之一,视为潜在的肝损伤事件,应考虑停用试验药物29:(1)ALT或AST>8×ULN;(2)ALT或AST>5×ULN,持续超过2周;(3)ALT或AST>3×ULN,并且总胆红素>2×ULN或国际标准化比值(INR)>1.5;(4)ALT或AST>3×ULN,并有疲劳、恶心、呕吐、右上腹痛或压痛、发热、皮疹或嗜酸性粒细胞增多(>5%)。
在剂量组层面,停止剂量递增的决策需要考虑AE的类型、分级,发生AE的受试者数量以及与药物的相关性。在规定的安全性观察期内,若出现以下三种情况应考虑停止剂量递增:(1)同一剂量组内≥1/2比例的受试者发生与试验用药品相关的中度/2级及以上的不良事件;(2)同一剂量组内≥1/3比例的受试者发生与试验用药品相关的重度/3级及以上的不良事件;(3)同一剂量组内出现1例与试验用药品相关的严重不良事件。另外,同组中有2例及以上受试者出现相同的AE,应引起额外关注。
除了AE方面的考虑,停止剂量递增的标准中通常还应考虑最大临床暴露量(cmax或 AUC),通常是指组内单个受试者的最大临床暴露量而不是剂量组内所有受试者的平均暴露量,应综合考虑非临床和临床的整体数据确定,包括药效学、药动学、毒性研究结果和预期治疗剂量范围内的暴露。
本《共识》所述的AE分级标准,适用于大部分在健康受试者中开展的Ⅰ期临床试验。在实际操作中,需要研究者根据不同受试人群、不同试验药物进行适应性调整,同一试验中的判断标准需尽量保持统一,包括给药前后标准统一、不同剂量组标准统一、不同研究者标准统一。在老年受试者中开展的Ⅰ期临床试验,一些安全性指标需结合老年人的自身生理特点适当放宽30-32,例如上文中提到的,健康人心电图PR间期的正常值范围为120~200 ms,PR间期延长/房室传导阻滞AE轻度的判断阈值设定为>210 ms,而在老年人中,PR间期可略延长,一般不超过220 ms12,因此老年人的判断阈值可设置为>220 ms。在目标适应证人群中开展的Ⅰ期临床试验,如糖尿病、高脂血症等,研究者应根据研究方案入排标准规定,结合目标人群的疾病特点,对安全性指标的判断标准进行调整,同时研究者需根据患者的临床症状或体征,对安全性指标的异常进行综合判断。如研究方案中对AE分级标准有明确规定,应以方案中要求为准。
试验开始前,研究者需详细阅读研究者手册及研究方案,充分了解试验药物的临床前及临床研究结果,尤其是安全性信息,评估临床试验中可能出现的安全性风险,并结合试验药物的特点,相应调整安全性指标的判断标准。例如对于抗心律失常药物的Ⅰ期临床试验,研究者对心电图指标的判断标准应更为严格,以降低受试者的心脏安全性风险。在Ⅰ期临床试验中,需要考虑是否应将某些试验药物的药效反应记录为AE,如降糖药引起的血糖降低、降压药引起的血压降低等,对于此类药效指标,试验开始前研究者可以与申办者进行讨论,适当放宽相应指标的AE判断标准,同时结合受试者的临床症状或体征进行综合判断。
当AE的严重程度发生变化时,根据不同申办者或数据管理部门的要求,AE的记录方式通常有以下几种33:(1)从AE最开始到完全结束以最严重的级别来记录,如AE从轻度/1级升至中度/2级,则记录为一条中度/2级的AE;(2)按级别分段记录,如AE从轻度/1级升至中度/2级,则分别记录轻度/1级和中度/2级两条AE,轻度/1级AE的结束时间即为中度/2级AE的开始时间;而AE从中度/2级降至轻度/1级时,可分段记录或仅记录一条中度/2级的AE;(3)按母事件和子事件记录,如头痛AE从轻度/1级升至中度/2级,则母事件记录为从AE最开始到完全结束的中度/2级AE,子事件记录为轻度/1级和中度/2级两条AE,是对母事件的拆分。前两种记录方式最为常见,同一试验中应使用同一种记录方式。
针对Ⅰ期临床试验,制定统一的AE分级标准,是获得完整、准确的安全性数据的前提,更是确保健康受试者安全的基础。在此基础上,设计科学、合理的剂量递增终止标准,客观地进行安全性评估,对存在较大安全性风险的新药试验及时暂停剂量递增,对于新药FIH试验至关重要。本《共识》中所述的AE分级标准,是作者参照CTCAE、DAIDS、CPⅠ等标准,结合中国健康受试者的特征及Ⅰ期临床试验经验综合评估、讨论后制定的,难免存在疏漏之处,欢迎各位专家和同道反馈与指正。
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(18DZ2250500)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(23DZ2291800)
  • 上海市申康中心示范性研究型病房建设(SHDC2022 CRW010)
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.01
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
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上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(18DZ2250500)
上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(23DZ2291800)
上海市申康中心示范性研究型病房建设(SHDC2022 CRW010)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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