Article(id=1239238830918791591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677081600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1715097600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-08, onlineDate=1773387161235, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773387161235, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773387161235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387161235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238829719220640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='561', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773387160949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387216554, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=568, endPage=573, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238831124312491, articleId=1239238830918791591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Research progress in regulation of tumor immunity by glutamine metabolism inhibitors, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glutamine (Gln) is the key carbon and nitrogen donor and energy source of the body. It is not only a critical player in tumorigenesis but also involved in regulating the development and activation of immune cells. Rapidly proliferating tumor cells will obtain a large amount of nutrients from the tumor microenvironment, leading to depletion of Gln, which significantly inhibits the activity and function of T cells and induces T cell exhaustion. The proliferation of tumor cells was suppressed by Gln metabolism inhibitors, including Gln mimetics, glutaminase inhibitors,and Gln transporter inhibitors. Meanwhile, T cell depletion was not further aggravated. Instead, the tumor microenvironment was improved to enhance the antitumor immune response by regulating multiple mechanisms such as immune checkpoint molecule expression,extracellular matrix structure remodeling, and tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Combining Gln metabolic inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors can also exert synergistic effects.

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谷氨酰胺(Gln)是机体关键的碳元素和氮元素供体以及能量来源,不仅对肿瘤的发生发展至关重要,还参与调节免疫细胞的发育和活化。快速增殖的肿瘤细胞会从肿瘤微环境中大量摄取营养物质,由此导致的Gln匮乏会显著抑制T细胞的活性和功能,诱导T细胞耗竭。Gln抗代谢物、谷氨酰胺酶抑制剂、Gln摄取抑制剂等Gln代谢抑制剂能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的生长增殖,同时不会加剧T细胞耗竭,反而可通过调控免疫检查点表达、细胞外基质结构重塑、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化等多重机制改善肿瘤微环境,增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。Gln代谢抑制剂与免疫检查点抑制剂联合使用还可发挥协同增效的作用。

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史业辉
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朱仲玲,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事肿瘤药理学的研究,E-mail:

史业辉,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事乳腺癌基础与应用的研究、新药临床评价,E-mail:

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SLCIA5:溶质载体家族1成员5,GLS:谷氨酰胺酶,α-KG:α-酮戊二酸;PD-L1:程序性死亡受体配体1,ECM:细胞外基质,CTLA-4:细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4,TIM-3:T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白和黏蛋白结构域分子3。↑:升高;↓:降低

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谷氨酰胺代谢抑制剂调节肿瘤免疫的研究进展
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朱仲玲 , 史业辉
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(8): 568-573
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(8): 568-573
谷氨酰胺代谢抑制剂调节肿瘤免疫的研究进展
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朱仲玲 , 史业辉
作者信息
  • 天津医科大学肿瘤医院 药理研究室/国家恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心/天津市恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心/天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060
  • 朱仲玲,女,副主任药师,博士,主要从事肿瘤药理学的研究,E-mail:

    史业辉,男,主任医师,博士,主要从事乳腺癌基础与应用的研究、新药临床评价,E-mail:

通讯作者:

史业辉
Research progress in regulation of tumor immunity by glutamine metabolism inhibitors
Zhong-ling ZHU , Ye-hui SHI
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, TIANJIN 300060,China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02
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谷氨酰胺(Gln)是机体关键的碳元素和氮元素供体以及能量来源,不仅对肿瘤的发生发展至关重要,还参与调节免疫细胞的发育和活化。快速增殖的肿瘤细胞会从肿瘤微环境中大量摄取营养物质,由此导致的Gln匮乏会显著抑制T细胞的活性和功能,诱导T细胞耗竭。Gln抗代谢物、谷氨酰胺酶抑制剂、Gln摄取抑制剂等Gln代谢抑制剂能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的生长增殖,同时不会加剧T细胞耗竭,反而可通过调控免疫检查点表达、细胞外基质结构重塑、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化等多重机制改善肿瘤微环境,增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。Gln代谢抑制剂与免疫检查点抑制剂联合使用还可发挥协同增效的作用。

谷氨酰胺  /  肿瘤微环境  /  免疫  /  靶向药物

Glutamine (Gln) is the key carbon and nitrogen donor and energy source of the body. It is not only a critical player in tumorigenesis but also involved in regulating the development and activation of immune cells. Rapidly proliferating tumor cells will obtain a large amount of nutrients from the tumor microenvironment, leading to depletion of Gln, which significantly inhibits the activity and function of T cells and induces T cell exhaustion. The proliferation of tumor cells was suppressed by Gln metabolism inhibitors, including Gln mimetics, glutaminase inhibitors,and Gln transporter inhibitors. Meanwhile, T cell depletion was not further aggravated. Instead, the tumor microenvironment was improved to enhance the antitumor immune response by regulating multiple mechanisms such as immune checkpoint molecule expression,extracellular matrix structure remodeling, and tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Combining Gln metabolic inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors can also exert synergistic effects.

glutamine  /  tumor microenvironment  /  immunity  /  targeted drugs
朱仲玲, 史业辉. 谷氨酰胺代谢抑制剂调节肿瘤免疫的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (8) : 568 -573 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02
Zhong-ling ZHU, Ye-hui SHI. Research progress in regulation of tumor immunity by glutamine metabolism inhibitors[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (8) : 568 -573 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02
肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中,免疫细胞、成纤维细胞、基质细胞与肿瘤细胞之间存在着广泛的代谢对话和交互作用,彼此之间相互影响、相互依赖或相互竞争,形成了异常复杂的代谢生态系统。大量研究显示,肿瘤细胞代谢重编程有利于其维持自身快速生长增殖所需的物质和能量供应1,而由此形成的缺氧、pH值降低、营养匮乏、代谢产物堆积的TME,可显著弱化T细胞的活性和功能,并诱导CD8+ T细胞耗竭和免疫逃逸2。因此,靶向肿瘤代谢通路重塑TME,有望成为一种增强抗肿瘤免疫的治疗策略3。谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)是维持肿瘤细胞生物合成和能量供应的重要营养物质,其代谢通路重编程是肿瘤细胞的特征性代谢表型之一。近年来,靶向Gln代谢途径的抗肿瘤治疗策略备受关注,一些Gln代谢抑制剂已经进入临床试验阶段,有望成为一类新型肿瘤治疗药物。本文围绕Gln代谢抑制剂对TME中免疫细胞功能的影响,系统综述本领域的研究进展,以期为靶向Gln代谢的新药开发提供参考。
Gln是人体内含量最多的非必需氨基酸,其在血浆中的含量比葡萄糖高10倍,在循环总氨基酸库中的占比超过20%,是机体关键的碳元素和氮元素供体以及能量来源4。Gln经溶质载体家族1成员5(solute carrier family 1 member 5,SLC1A5)氨基酸转运体转运至细胞内后,线粒体谷氨酰胺酶(glutaminase,GLS)将其分解为谷氨酸和氨(NH3)。之后,谷氨酸被氧化为α-酮戊二酸进入三羧酸循环为细胞提供能量,并参与核酸、脂质、蛋白质等生物大分子的合成;此外,谷氨酸作为谷胱甘肽的底物,还参与维持细胞内氧化还原稳态。
Gln“成瘾”,即肿瘤细胞对Gln依赖性增加,是肿瘤细胞代谢重编程的特征性表现之一,Gln代谢通路对于TME中诸多免疫细胞的发育和活化也起着至关重要的作用5。肿瘤细胞会竞争性地从TME中摄取大量Gln,用于满足自身生物合成、生长增殖以及对抗氧化应激的需要;而效应T细胞可能会因为Gln匮乏而导致其活性和功能受到抑制,削弱其抗肿瘤免疫功能6,7。因此,深入探索Gln代谢对TME免疫状态和抗肿瘤免疫反应的影响具有重要意义。
靶向Gln代谢通路的药物研发一直是肿瘤代谢疗法关注的焦点之一。近年来,已有多项研究发现阻断Gln代谢可对TME中肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞产生“双重作用”:一方面,阻断Gln代谢能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长,使肿瘤细胞“饥饿而死”;另一方面,阻断Gln代谢可促进免疫细胞生长增殖、维持其免疫活性,增强抗肿瘤免疫效应8。除此之外,阻断Gln代谢通路还可上调肿瘤细胞免疫检查点程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的表达水平,与免疫检查点抑制剂联合可发挥协同增效的作用9。目前,Gln代谢抑制剂主要分为三大类,即Gln抗代谢物、GLS抑制剂以及Gln摄取抑制剂。
DON是一种Gln类似物,能够不可逆地抑制以Gln为底物的10余种酶(如GLS、谷氨酰胺合成酶等),进而靶向多条Gln代谢通路,故DON极具临床开发前景。DON的临床研发始于20世纪50年代,但令人遗憾的是,其虽在Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验中表现出了较好的抗肿瘤作用,但因其具有不可耐受的毒副反应,相关临床研究已经终止。有学者对既往的DON临床研究结果进行了综述,发现使用DON高剂量间断给药方案的受试者,其最大血药浓度(cmax)可达10~20 μg·mL-1,这可能是DON发生不可耐受毒副反应的重要原因。而每日使用低剂量DON受试者的cmax虽仅为400~500 ng·mL-1,但该浓度已足以发挥药效,且未观察到不可耐受的毒副反应10,故优化DON的给药方案可能是解决其耐受性问题的策略之一。
胰腺癌具有低免疫原性、高免疫抑制的固有特性,对免疫检查点抑制剂等免疫疗法不敏感。SHARMA等11报道,DON不仅能够下调胰腺癌细胞自我更新的潜能和转移能力,而且可以降低TME中的透明质酸和胶原蛋白水平,重塑细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)结构,有助于促进CD68+巨噬细胞和CD8+ T细胞浸润。另外,DON还可下调CD8+ T细胞表面T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白和黏蛋白结构域分子3(T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3,TIM-3)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)等免疫检查点蛋白的表达,减轻免疫检查点介导的免疫抑制效应,从而提高胰腺癌细胞对程序性死亡受体1(programmed death -1,PD-1)抗体的敏感性,使“冷”肿瘤变为“热”肿瘤,提示DON有望成为免疫疗法的敏化剂,或可增强免疫疗法的治疗效果。另外,SHEN等12研究发现,在抗CD3/CD28抗体刺激下,向人外周血单核细胞培养基中瞬时添加DON可升高初始T细胞和中央记忆T细胞亚群的比例,但不影响CD4/CD8亚群;其还可诱导嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T)代谢重编程。DON不仅保留了CAR-T的初始T细胞和中央记忆T细胞亚群,而且能增强其体内外抗肿瘤活性。因此,在CAR-T体外制备期间,使用DON作为免疫代谢干预剂,可能有助于进一步提高CAR-T疗法的效果。
鉴于DON的毒副作用,设计合适的前体药物成为应对该问题的优选方案之一。研究表明,DON的前体药物JHU-083和DRP-104在TME中可经特异性酶剪切释放出DON而发挥作用,能够显著提高药物作用的特异性,降低DON对正常组织的毒性反应10
在多种肿瘤动物模型中,DON的前体药物JHU-083均能显著抑制肿瘤生长并延长模型动物的生存期;与此同时,JHU-083并不损害TME中免疫细胞的活性,反而可增强其功能。LEONE等13报道,单独使用JHU-083即可实现荷瘤动物的持久治愈,并产生长效免疫记忆,阻止新肿瘤的形成和生长。JHU-083可以通过提高TME中CD8+ T细胞的增殖能力、降低PD-1和淋巴细胞激活基因3表达双阳性T细胞的数量,从而增强PD-1抑制剂的治疗效果。该研究还发现,当Gln代谢途径被阻断时,与肿瘤细胞相比,T细胞更具可塑性和适应性,可通过上调糖酵解和氧化磷酸化水平以维持能量和氧化还原稳态,相关机制变化包括启用乙酸盐作为三羧酸循环的碳源、上调丙酮酸羧化酶介导的回补途径为三羧酸循环提供中间产物、上调磷酸戊糖途径等。相反,肿瘤细胞中糖酵解、氧化磷酸化和Gln代谢途径之间相对孤立,缺乏可塑性转换机制,无法有效适应代谢环境的巨大变化。基因表达分析也显示,JHU-083干预后,肿瘤细胞和T细胞的代谢差异巨大——JHU-083可使TME中活化的T细胞向长寿、记忆样表型转变,表现为T细胞高度增殖、显著活化及效应功能增强。此外,针对4T1乳腺癌模型小鼠的研究发现,JHU-083不仅可以抑制移植瘤生长、转移,还可显著改变TME,降低吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶表达和抑制性代谢产物犬尿氨酸水平,同时抑制外周血、肿瘤原发灶和转移灶中免疫抑制细胞[如骨髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSCs)]的生成和招募,从而增强抗肿瘤免疫效应14。总之,在目前的研究中,JHU-083表现出显著的抑制肿瘤和增强抗肿瘤免疫的“双重作用”,具有较好的临床开发价值和应用前景。
DON的另一前体药物DRP-104(又名sirpiglenastat)对肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞的代谢通路也产生了差异化作用。肿瘤代谢组学分析显示,经DRP-104干预后,肿瘤细胞的代谢特征发生了广泛变化,表现为肿瘤代谢途径受到破坏、免疫抑制性代谢产物水平降低等;基因表达图谱分析显示,DRP-104能显著影响多种免疫细胞(如CD8+ 肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞、自然杀伤T细胞等)的浸润数量及功能,表现为增殖能力增强、耗竭程度减轻、巨噬细胞极化为M1型、MDSCs等免疫抑制细胞减少等15。DRP-104可以广泛重塑TME中的代谢和免疫网络,在直接抑制肿瘤代谢的同时,可增加多种免疫细胞的浸润数量并增强其功能,同时影响先天免疫和适应性免疫两种途径。DRP-104不仅单药治疗的效果显著,也可与免疫检查点抑制剂联用发挥协同增效作用。基于其独特的作用机制和疗效,DRP-104被认为具有较好的临床开发前景和应用价值。目前DRP-104首个临床研究(NCT04471415)正在进行,旨在评价DRP-104单药或与阿替利珠单抗联合使用在晚期实体瘤患者中的疗效和安全性,研究结果值得期待。
GLS分为肾型GLS(GLS1)和肝型GLS(GLS2)两种亚型,其中GLS1在多种肿瘤中高表达。BPTES是一款强效GLS1选择性变构抑制剂,由Elan Pharmaceuticals公司研发。之后,不少研发机构投入了巨大精力,以BPTES为先导化合物合成了一系列新型GLS变构抑制剂16。BPTES可以明显抑制Myc基因驱动的肿瘤生长、延缓肿瘤进展、延长人B细胞淋巴瘤P493细胞异种移植瘤模型小鼠的生存期,而不影响正常T细胞的激活17。然而,由于BPTES代谢稳定性差、溶解度低,其临床前研究已经终止18。尽管如此,既往研究显示,Gln下游代谢产物α-酮戊二酸除了参与脂肪酸氧化外,还可参与巨噬细胞的M2型极化,而BPTES可以逆转这一过程——其能抑制巨噬细胞向M2型极化而促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化,从而增强巨噬细胞抗肿瘤活性19。此外,BPTES也可上调肿瘤细胞免疫检查点PD-L1的表达水平,促进T细胞浸润,与抗PD-L1抗体具有协同作用9
CB-839(又名telaglenastat)是由Calithera Biosciences公司开发的一款BPTES衍生物,对GLS1抑制效果更显著,能够阻断Gln代谢物进入三羧酸循环,从而限制细胞利用Gln。CB-839是目前研究最为深入的一款GLS1选择性抑制剂20。自2014年始,陆续在肺癌、肾癌、三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)等多个肿瘤领域启动了该药的临床研究。然而,CANTATA和KEAPSAKE两项Ⅱ期研究接连失利,未能证明CB-839的临床获益,Calithera Biosciences公司已于2021年终止了该药的进一步研发。
在肿瘤免疫调节方面,既往研究发现,CB-839可以激活黑色素瘤抗原特异性T细胞,增强其肿瘤杀伤活性。CB-839与PD-1或CLTA-4抗体联用也可发挥协同作用,增加T效应细胞浸润21。然而,一项针对STK11/Lkb1缺陷型肺腺癌的研究发现,CB-839会损害CD8+ T细胞活化功能。CB-839与PD-1抗体联用不仅无增效作用,反而阻断了CD8+ T细胞的活化和克隆扩增22,这与VARGHESE等21的研究结果不一致。另外,JOHNSON等23的研究显示,Gln会对不同的T细胞产生差异性影响:Gln代谢通路能促进辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)细胞分化,但抑制Th1和CD8+ T细胞活化。而CB-839可以通过表观遗传调控促进Th1和CD8+ T细胞的增殖、活化,并调控其对白细胞介素2的敏感性,同时抑制Th17细胞的分化、扩增及作用发挥。
IPN60090是另一款以BPTES为先导化合物设计的全新GLS1选择性抑制剂。临床前研究显示,IPN60090具有体内暴露量和靶点占有率高的特点,理化性质优于其他GLS抑制剂24。IPN60090也可以通过影响TME调节T细胞代谢重编程而增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。体外研究表明,IPN-60090可以增强CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的糖酵解活性,使T细胞维持在对能量供应有利的表型状态。在动物模型中,IPN60090和抗PD-1抗体同样具有协同作用,这可能与TME中调节性T细胞减少、CD8+ T细胞/调节性T细胞比例增加有关25
V-9302是一款Gln摄取抑制剂,可特异性地抑制SLC1A5、溶质载体家族38成员2、溶质载体家族7成员5等多种氨基酸转运体而阻断肿瘤细胞摄取Gln26。V-9302具有显著的体内外抗肿瘤活性,其抗肿瘤作用比CB-839更强27。与其他乳腺癌亚型相比,TNBC更具Gln“成瘾”性28。TNBC细胞常常高表达Gln转运体以及GLS,以适应高Gln的代谢需求。TNBC细胞会剥夺TME中CD8+肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞所需的Gln,减少其数量,抑制其功能,继而进一步削弱其抗肿瘤免疫效应,这可能是TNBC对免疫疗法反应较差的原因之一。EDWARDS等29探索了V-9302对TNBC的治疗作用,结果发现,V-9302能够选择性阻断TNBC细胞对Gln的摄取,且能使TME中的CD8+ T细胞通过上调其他替代转运体的表达来维持Gln的摄取,同时还可增强CD8+ T细胞的杀伤效应。该研究结果表明,V-9302可优先抑制肿瘤细胞的Gln代谢,遏制其营养剥夺效应,有利于免疫细胞恢复营养摄取以维持正常的活性和功能,有望成为一种极具潜力的抗肿瘤治疗手段。另外,基于EO771乳腺癌模型小鼠的研究发现,V-9302在发挥肿瘤抑制作用的同时,肿瘤间质中的Gln浓度也明显增加,这有助于提高T细胞对Gln的利用率,进而显著上调抗肿瘤免疫效应,增加肿瘤部位CD8+ T细胞活化数量,从而提高乳腺癌细胞对PD-1抗体的敏感性8。另外,V-9302也可上调免疫检查点PD-L1的表达水平,促进T细胞浸润,与抗PD-L1抗体具有协同作用9。以上研究结果提示,V-9302不仅能显著抑制肿瘤生长,而且能明显增强抗肿瘤免疫效应。
综上,Gln代谢抑制剂调节抗肿瘤免疫反应的机制复杂多样,主要包括:(1)优先抑制肿瘤细胞Gln代谢通路,消除TME中肿瘤细胞参与的Gln竞争,释放Gln供免疫细胞使用,增加间质Gln浓度,提高T细胞对Gln的利用率;(2)下调CD8+ T细胞TIM-3和CTLA-4免疫检查点蛋白表达,减轻免疫检查点介导的免疫抑制效应;(3)上调肿瘤细胞免疫检查点PD-L1的表达水平,与免疫检查点抑制剂联合发挥协同增效作用;(4)重塑ECM结构,促进免疫细胞浸润;(5)促进CD8+ T细胞上调替代的Gln转运体;(6)T细胞相比肿瘤细胞更具可塑性和适应性,可通过启动其他代谢途径有效应对Gln通路阻断导致的代谢应激;(7)促进巨噬细胞向M1型极化,增强巨噬细胞抗肿瘤活性。机制示意图见图1
随着肿瘤代谢领域研究的日渐“升温”,Gln代谢通路也日益成为肿瘤研究关注的焦点和热点。最近几年,Gln代谢抑制剂调控肿瘤免疫的相关研究成果密集发表,证实了Gln代谢抑制剂具有抑制肿瘤生长增殖和增强抗肿瘤免疫效应的“双重作用”,且与免疫检查点抑制剂具有协同作用,展示了良好的临床开发价值和应用前景。
尽管针对Gln代谢抑制剂的研究已经取得了初步进展,但目前仍然面临诸多挑战。例如:(1)TME中各类细胞代谢模式复杂易变,具有极大的异质性和可塑性。当前研究仅聚焦TME中的一部分细胞,要想全面掌握用药后各类细胞的变化还面临着巨大的困难。(2)目前仅在临床前研究中观察到Gln代谢抑制剂能呈现“双重作用”,但尚未经临床研究验证。(3)多项CB-839临床研究结果不尽如人意,未显示出临床获益,为该类药物的研发蒙上了一层阴影。(4)尚缺乏有效的生物标志物用于精准识别获益优势人群,Gln代谢抑制剂的总体疗效有可能被无效人群稀释。(5)长期使用Gln代谢抑制剂可能导致旁路重编程途径激活,绕过被抑制的靶通路产生耐药问题。(6)使用Gln代谢抑制剂导致的免疫检查点PD-L1表达上调可能会增加免疫逃逸的风险。(7)个别研究报道了不一致的结果,部分学者发现阻断Gln代谢会损害CD8+ T细胞的活化功能,这可能与肿瘤类型、驱动基因、Gln利用率或TME代谢状态的异质性有关,尚需开展进一步研究。
总之,深入剖析肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞中Gln代谢的作用和差异性,将有助于相关学者开发新的靶向Gln代谢的治疗策略。提高Gln代谢抑制剂治疗效果的重要途径之一就是促使其发挥“双重作用”。今后学者在研究中可重点关注如下几个方面内容:(1)兼顾考察研究药物对肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞的作用,重视在免疫系统背景下确证研究药物的“双重作用”,提高药物研发的成功率。可尝试应用单细胞测序、代谢组学等技术探索研究药物更详细的作用机制,全方位了解药物对TME中各类细胞的影响;还可尝试应用3D肿瘤球体或患者来源的肿瘤类器官与免疫细胞共培养技术进行不同TME特征的个性化代谢建模,模拟TME中各类细胞之间的代谢扰动,识别研究药物的差异性作用30,31。(2)在推进临床研究的同时重视药效学生物标志物的开发,识别获益优势人群,实现基于生物标志物的患者分层。(3)开发Gln代谢抑制剂与免疫治疗、化疗、肿瘤疫苗等疗法的联合治疗策略,以应对单药治疗的局限性,提高疗效并降低耐药性。
  • 天津市科技计划项目(18ZXXYSY00070)
  • 天津市医学重点学科(专科)建设项目(TJYXZDXK-009A)
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2024年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02
  • 接收时间:2023-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-23
  • 录用日期:2024-05-08
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天津市科技计划项目(18ZXXYSY00070)
天津市医学重点学科(专科)建设项目(TJYXZDXK-009A)
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    天津医科大学肿瘤医院 药理研究室/国家恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心/天津市恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心/天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,天津 300060

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史业辉
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgxyylczz/CN/10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.02
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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