Article(id=1239238830541304227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685376000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1714233600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-28, onlineDate=1773387161145, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773387161145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773387161145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387161145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239238829719220640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='561', pageEnd='640', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773387160949, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773387216554, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239239063014789868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239238829719220640, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=627, endPage=635, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239238830809739686, articleId=1239238830541304227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Exploration of antibacterial mechanism of palmatine based on network pharmacology,molecular docking, and molecular dynamics, columnId=1207314218647392369, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Original Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
AIM

To study the antibacterial mechanism of palmatine based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics.

METHODS

The drug targets of palmatine were predicted through the Swiss Target Prediction website, and the potential antibacterial targets of palmatine were obtained by mapping them with the antibacterial targets retrieved from GeneCards and OMIM databases. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING database and Cytoscape software and key targets were screened. The DAVID database was used to carry out Gene Ontology(GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of potential targets, and visual processing was performed to build the “Component-Target-Pathway” network of palmatine. The binding of palmatine to key targets was validated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro antibacterial experiments were conducted to verify the antibacterial activity of palmatine.

RESULTS

A total of 28 critical anti-bacterial targets of palmatine were screened and enriched to 199 GO entries and 105 related pathways. “Ingredients-Target-Pathway”network showed that MAPK8, RAC1, and STAT3 were key anti-bacterial targets.The molecular docking results indicated that palmatine had an excellent binding effect with key targets MAPK8 and RAC1. Molecular dynamics studies found that there were hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between palmatine and proteins, enabling stable binding of palmatine to target proteins. In vitro antibacterial experiments showed that palmatine had strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and it had synergistic effects when combined with positive drugs.

CONCLUSION

Palmatine may exert its antibacterial effects by inhibiting the gene expression of MAPK8 and RAC1 through endocrine resistance and signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt and FoxO.

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目的

基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究巴马汀的抗菌作用机制。

方法

通过Swiss Target Prediction网站预测巴马汀的药物靶点,并与GeneCards和OMIM数据库检索的抗菌靶点相映射得到巴马汀抗菌潜在作用靶点;利用STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络并筛选关键靶点;使用DAVID数据库对潜在作用靶点进行基因本体(GO)功能分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析并做可视化处理,构建出巴马汀“成分-靶点-通路”网络;经分子对接和分子动力学模拟对巴马汀与关键靶点的结合进行验证;体外抑菌实验验证巴马汀的抗菌活性。

结果

共筛选出28个巴马汀关键抗菌靶点,富集到199个GO条目和105条相关通路,“成分-靶点-通路”网络分析表明MAPK8、RAC1、STAT3为巴马汀关键抗菌靶点;分子对接结果表明,巴马汀与关键靶点MAPK8和RAC1有很好的结合作用;分子动力学研究发现巴马汀与蛋白之间存在氢键及疏水作用,使巴马汀能够稳定地与靶点蛋白结合;体外抑菌实验证明巴马汀对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌均有较强的抑制活性,且与阳性药联用有协同作用。

结论

巴马汀可能通过内分泌抵抗和PI3K-Akt、FoxO等信号通路抑制MAPK8和RAC1的基因表达发挥抗菌作用。

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陈双扣
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徐曦,女,硕士在读,主要从事计算化学的研究,E-mail:

陈双扣,男,教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要从事计算化学的研究,E-mail:

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BP:生物过程,CC:细胞组分,MF:分子功能

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A:MAPK8-配体体系RMSD值,B:RAC1-配体体系RMSD值

, figureFileSmall=lJM1NSW5sE+M6r6tgyHSTA==, figureFileBig=n26TB214H4xcs3jazLdcvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238840288867043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=V3AJUwo9dgO/SSZOo9Gn5A==, figureFileBig=u7TVvU0J6yr5869t7n0VBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238840372753128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=CN, label=图8, caption=蛋白质-配体复合物的氨基酸骨架原子随时间变化的均方根波动(RMSF)值

A:MAPK8-配体体系RMSF值,B:RAC1-配体体系RMSF值

, figureFileSmall=V3AJUwo9dgO/SSZOo9Gn5A==, figureFileBig=u7TVvU0J6yr5869t7n0VBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239238840469222125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
受体-配体体系范德华力/kJ·mol-1静电势能/kJ·mol-1极性溶剂化能/kJ·mol-1表面溶剂化作用/kJ·mol-1结合自由能/kJ·mol-1
MAPK8 -巴马汀-211.968±0.741-34.945±0.366148.261±0.705-20.858±0.043-119.467±0.852
MAPK8-原配体-164.006±0.942-19.299±0.50390.079±0.709-14.376±0.065-107.484±0.858
RAC1-巴马汀-68.620±1.938-6.484±0.36434.317±1.419-8.131±0.233-48.551±1.658
RAC1-原配体-66.923±3.032-48.266±2.43985.350±2.975-7.195±0.349-37.137±2.663
), ArticleFig(id=1239238840544719602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结合自由能计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
受体-配体体系范德华力/kJ·mol-1静电势能/kJ·mol-1极性溶剂化能/kJ·mol-1表面溶剂化作用/kJ·mol-1结合自由能/kJ·mol-1
MAPK8 -巴马汀-211.968±0.741-34.945±0.366148.261±0.705-20.858±0.043-119.467±0.852
MAPK8-原配体-164.006±0.942-19.299±0.50390.079±0.709-14.376±0.065-107.484±0.858
RAC1-巴马汀-68.620±1.938-6.484±0.36434.317±1.419-8.131±0.233-48.551±1.658
RAC1-原配体-66.923±3.032-48.266±2.43985.350±2.975-7.195±0.349-37.137±2.663
), ArticleFig(id=1239238840624411379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种浓度/μg·mL-1
50025012562.531.2515.637.823.91
金黄色葡萄球菌--++++++
白色念珠菌-+++++++
), ArticleFig(id=1239238840725074678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

巴马汀最小抑菌浓度值测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种浓度/μg·mL-1
50025012562.531.2515.637.823.91
金黄色葡萄球菌--++++++
白色念珠菌-+++++++
), ArticleFig(id=1239238840892846842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种药物MIC/
μg·mL-1
联用MIC/
μg·mL-1
FIC作用
金黄色葡萄球菌巴马汀125.0031.250.25协同
头孢他啶3.910.015
白色念珠菌巴马汀250.001.950.5协同
两性霉素B0.120.06
), ArticleFig(id=1239238840980927230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

联合抑菌指数(FIC)测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种药物MIC/
μg·mL-1
联用MIC/
μg·mL-1
FIC作用
金黄色葡萄球菌巴马汀125.0031.250.25协同
头孢他啶3.910.015
白色念珠菌巴马汀250.001.950.5协同
两性霉素B0.120.06
), ArticleFig(id=1239238841052230402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种药物抑菌圈直径/
mm
敏感度
金黄色葡萄球菌巴马汀18.6±0.3中敏
头孢他啶29.8±0.1高敏
巴马汀+头孢他啶32.6±0.6高敏
白色念珠菌巴马汀11.0±0.2中敏
两性霉素B26.5±0.4高敏
巴马汀+两性霉素B26.8±0.3高敏
), ArticleFig(id=1239238841115144966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239238830541304227, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抑菌圈测量结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种药物抑菌圈直径/
mm
敏感度
金黄色葡萄球菌巴马汀18.6±0.3中敏
头孢他啶29.8±0.1高敏
巴马汀+头孢他啶32.6±0.6高敏
白色念珠菌巴马汀11.0±0.2中敏
两性霉素B26.5±0.4高敏
巴马汀+两性霉素B26.8±0.3高敏
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基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究巴马汀抗菌作用机制
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徐曦 1, 2 , 陈双扣 1, 2 , 王瑜 1, 2 , 朱万宏 1, 2 , 任风鸣 3
中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024,43(8): 627-635
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 论著 2024, 43(8): 627-635
基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究巴马汀抗菌作用机制
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徐曦1, 2 , 陈双扣1, 2 , 王瑜1, 2, 朱万宏1, 2, 任风鸣3
作者信息
  • 1.重庆科技大学化学化工学院,重庆 401331
  • 2.工业发酵微生物重庆市重点实验室,重庆 401331
  • 3.重庆市药物种植研究所,重庆 408435
  • 徐曦,女,硕士在读,主要从事计算化学的研究,E-mail:

    陈双扣,男,教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要从事计算化学的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈双扣
Exploration of antibacterial mechanism of palmatine based on network pharmacology,molecular docking, and molecular dynamics
Xi XU1, 2 , Shuang-kou CHEN1, 2 , Yu WANG1, 2, Wan-hong ZHU1, 2, Feng-ming REN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, CHONGQING 401331, China
  • 2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, CHONGQING 401331, China
  • 3.Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, CHONGQING 408435, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.11
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目的

基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究巴马汀的抗菌作用机制。

方法

通过Swiss Target Prediction网站预测巴马汀的药物靶点,并与GeneCards和OMIM数据库检索的抗菌靶点相映射得到巴马汀抗菌潜在作用靶点;利用STRING数据库和Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络并筛选关键靶点;使用DAVID数据库对潜在作用靶点进行基因本体(GO)功能分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析并做可视化处理,构建出巴马汀“成分-靶点-通路”网络;经分子对接和分子动力学模拟对巴马汀与关键靶点的结合进行验证;体外抑菌实验验证巴马汀的抗菌活性。

结果

共筛选出28个巴马汀关键抗菌靶点,富集到199个GO条目和105条相关通路,“成分-靶点-通路”网络分析表明MAPK8、RAC1、STAT3为巴马汀关键抗菌靶点;分子对接结果表明,巴马汀与关键靶点MAPK8和RAC1有很好的结合作用;分子动力学研究发现巴马汀与蛋白之间存在氢键及疏水作用,使巴马汀能够稳定地与靶点蛋白结合;体外抑菌实验证明巴马汀对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌均有较强的抑制活性,且与阳性药联用有协同作用。

结论

巴马汀可能通过内分泌抵抗和PI3K-Akt、FoxO等信号通路抑制MAPK8和RAC1的基因表达发挥抗菌作用。

网络药理学  /  巴马汀  /  分子对接  /  分子动力学模拟  /  抑菌实验
AIM

To study the antibacterial mechanism of palmatine based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics.

METHODS

The drug targets of palmatine were predicted through the Swiss Target Prediction website, and the potential antibacterial targets of palmatine were obtained by mapping them with the antibacterial targets retrieved from GeneCards and OMIM databases. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING database and Cytoscape software and key targets were screened. The DAVID database was used to carry out Gene Ontology(GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of potential targets, and visual processing was performed to build the “Component-Target-Pathway” network of palmatine. The binding of palmatine to key targets was validated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro antibacterial experiments were conducted to verify the antibacterial activity of palmatine.

RESULTS

A total of 28 critical anti-bacterial targets of palmatine were screened and enriched to 199 GO entries and 105 related pathways. “Ingredients-Target-Pathway”network showed that MAPK8, RAC1, and STAT3 were key anti-bacterial targets.The molecular docking results indicated that palmatine had an excellent binding effect with key targets MAPK8 and RAC1. Molecular dynamics studies found that there were hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between palmatine and proteins, enabling stable binding of palmatine to target proteins. In vitro antibacterial experiments showed that palmatine had strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and it had synergistic effects when combined with positive drugs.

CONCLUSION

Palmatine may exert its antibacterial effects by inhibiting the gene expression of MAPK8 and RAC1 through endocrine resistance and signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt and FoxO.

network pharmacology  /  palmatine  /  molecular docking  /  molecular dynamic simulation  /  antibacterial test
徐曦, 陈双扣, 王瑜, 朱万宏, 任风鸣. 基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究巴马汀抗菌作用机制. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (8) : 627 -635 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.11
Xi XU, Shuang-kou CHEN, Yu WANG, Wan-hong ZHU, Feng-ming REN. Exploration of antibacterial mechanism of palmatine based on network pharmacology,molecular docking, and molecular dynamics[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (8) : 627 -635 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.11
自然界中存在大量的菌群,当人体处于免疫力低下的状态时极易感染细菌,一些原本在体内稳定存在的细菌也会产生病理或毒理作用,菌群的增殖激活淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞并诱导其释放炎症因子,导致机体产生炎症损伤1,2。而抗菌药物见效快、效果好,被广泛而频繁地应用于临床,易导致细菌及真菌耐药性的产生3,又因微生物繁殖快、数量多,以至于耐药性更加难以控制,因此亟需能够抑制甚至逆转耐药性的抗菌药物。
巴马汀(palmatine)是一种天然异喹啉生物碱,具有很高的药用价值,广泛存在于各种传统中药中,如黄连4、黄柏5、延胡索6、金果榄7、黄藤8等中草药均含有大量巴马汀,其对各种细菌及真菌均有不同程度的抑制效果9;同时,细菌及真菌难以对巴马汀产生耐药,巴马汀还能破坏耐药菌的细胞壁,使其通透性增加10,因此巴马汀与抗生素联用能够延长抗生素的使用寿命。本研究基于网络药理学研究药物、靶点和通路的关系11,通过分子对接和分子动力学模拟从微观作用力、化合物构象、对接方式等方面探讨巴马汀发挥抗菌活性的作用机制,用体外抑菌实验验证巴马汀的抗菌活性,以期为抗菌药物研发提供理论基础。
利用PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)检索巴马汀的CAS号(3486-67-7)下载其2D结构,导入Swiss TargetPrediction数据库(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)预测巴马汀的潜在作用靶点。以“Anti bacterial”、“Antibiosis”、“Bacterial resistance”为关键词在OMIM(https://omim.org/)和GeneCards网站(https://www.genecards.org/)检索抗菌相关靶点,取这三个关键词的靶点交集,去除重复后作为备选抗菌靶点。
将筛选后的抗菌靶点和预测的巴马汀潜在靶点导入微生信平台(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/)进行可视化处理。利用String数据库12https://string-db.org/)进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)分析,再采用cytoHubba插件的MCC算法筛选核心靶点。使用DAVID数据库13https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)进行基因本体(GO)功能分析,对生物过程(biology process,BP)、分子功能(molecular function,MF)和细胞组分(cellular component,CC)进行注释和分类14,同时进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,得到参与调控巴马汀抗菌的15条主要通路,将上述分析结果整合,得到巴马汀“成分-靶点-通路”图。
综合分析PPI网络及“成分-靶点-通路”网络,从RCSB PDB数据库下载蛋白共晶结构,对其进行去水、加氢处理,并采用OpenBabel 2.3.2软件转换文件格式,使用PyRx软件进行重对接,以均方根偏差(RMSD)衡量对接结果准确性,选取RMSD值<2 Å的共晶结构15,采用AutoDock Vina程序16将巴马汀和核心靶点进行分子对接,依据构象最低结合能大小验证预测的可靠性。最后用PyMOL v2.0软件(http://www.pymol.org/pymol)对分子对接结果进行3D可视化处理,研究靶点与活性成分的作用机制。
使用分子动力学软件Gromacs 2019.1进行模拟。指定AMBER99SB力场为蛋白力场,GAFF力场为配体力场17。以配体为中心,添加SPC/E水模型分子,水盒子设置为距溶液1 nm的正方体,向小分子水盒子里添加相应数量的钠离子或氯离子保持模拟体系的电中性。模拟体系构建完成后,使用最陡能量下降法设置50 000步的能量最小化,使体系充分稳定。采用正则系综(NVT),模拟50 000步。运用等温等压系综(NPT),压强设置为1 bar,模拟50 000步。使用mdrun程序,模拟10 000 000步(20 ns),步长均设置为2 fs,对模拟后的数据可视化处理,分析蛋白与配体结合的稳定性;通过MM-PBSA算法,选取分子动力学模拟轨迹中各体系最稳定的5 ns,等间隔抽取250个构象进行结合自由能的计算。
巴马汀(CAS:3486-67-7)、头孢他啶(CAS:72558-82-8)、两性霉素B(CAS:1397-89-3)采购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司。YM培养基、白色念珠菌(ATCC10231)、金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)由青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司提供。LB培养基(北京奥博星生物技术有限公司),琼脂粉(成都市科隆化学品有限公司),二甲基亚砜(成都市科隆化学品有限公司)。LHG-3_G-F8超净工作台(苏净集团苏州安泰空气技术有限公司),SHZ-82A气浴恒温振荡器(常州金坛精达仪器制造有限公司),JYB-66恒温培养箱(上海跃进医疗器械有限公司),168-1130 iMark多功能酶标仪(美国BIO-RAD),BCA224i-1OCN万分之一分析天平(德国Sartorius),Practum124-1CN电子天平(广州市深华生物技术有限公司),lx-b50l手提式压力蒸汽灭菌锅(合肥华泰医疗设备有限公司)。移液枪(德国Dragonmed),96孔板(常德比克曼生物科技有限公司),移液枪头(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司),细菌培养皿(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司)。
用接种环沾取菌液,在琼脂平板上均匀划线,恒温培养12 h(白色念珠菌各步骤培养温度均为30 ℃,金黄色葡萄球菌均为37 ℃),挑取单菌落接种在20 mL液体培养基中,37 ℃,恒温振荡培养至对数期,并将菌液稀释至1×106 CFU·mL-1备用。
取灭菌后的10 mL带盖离心管,加入巴马汀、头孢他啶或两性霉素B标准品0.01 g和溶剂5 mL,配置成0.2% 的抑菌液。溶剂为双蒸水的抑菌液保存于4 ℃冰箱,二甲基亚砜作为溶剂的抑菌液常温避光保存。
采用96孔板微量肉汤稀释法检测巴马汀的MIC。设置巴马汀组和对照组,对照组包括空白对照组(100 μL溶剂和100 μL肉汤)、阳性对照组(100 μL阳性对照药和100 μL稀释菌液)和阴性对照组(100 μL溶剂和100 μL稀释菌液),其中金黄色葡萄球菌对应的阳性对照药是头孢他啶,白色念珠菌对应的阳性对照药是两性霉素B。无菌96孔板单药设置3个平行实验(3列),每孔加100 μL培养液,A行加入100 μL药液,混匀后取100 μL混合液于第二孔,依次二倍稀释,H行弃去100 μL,最后各孔分别加入100 μL稀释菌液,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱培养12~18 h,以肉眼观察清亮的药液孔为单药MIC。
参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会操作规程18,采用微量棋盘稀释法测定部分抑制浓度(FIC指数=MIC甲药联合/MIC甲药单用+MIC乙药联合/MIC乙药单用),设置A~G行巴马汀浓度梯度2 MIC~1/32 MIC,1~8列阳性对照药浓度梯度2 MIC~1/64 MIC。此外,以仅添加菌液为阴性对照,仅添加培养液为阳性对照,培养12 h通过FIC指数判断两者药理作用:当FIC≤0.5为协同作用,0.5<FIC≤1为相加作用,1<FIC≤2为无关作用,FIC>2为拮抗作用。
参照文献中的方法19进行琼脂扩散实验。取稀释后菌液100 μL用涂布专用玻璃珠均匀涂抹在琼脂平板上,再采用直径为6 mm的打孔器均匀打孔,每板3孔,每孔加入药液50 μL,37 ℃培养12 h,以抑菌圈直径为标准,判断各种化合物对白色念珠菌的抑制活性。参照抗生素药敏标准20,高敏(抑菌圈直径>20 mm)、中敏(10 mm~20 mm)、轻敏(<10 mm)。
Swiss TargetPrediction预测得到巴马汀相关靶点蛋白共102个,通过GeneCards数据库以及OMIM数据库检索去重后得到抗菌相关靶点4 150个。利用巴马汀靶点与抗菌靶点绘制韦恩图,见图1,红色圈表示巴马汀的靶点,紫色圈表示抗菌靶点,两个圆圈的交界处提示存在75个潜在抗菌靶点。
利用Cytoscape v3.8.2软件对String数据库得到的TSV文件进行分析,采用MCC算法,删除明显游离于主要网络的靶点,共保留28个节点和72条边,网络平均节点度为5.143。PPI网络分析结果见图2,图中节点越大、颜色越红表示排名越靠前,RAC1、STAT3、LYN、LCK、CCNA2、PDGFRB、PLK1、MAPK8、AURKA、TTK为MCC算法排名前10的靶点,分布在整个网络的中心,起关键调控作用。
运用DAVID数据库分析PPI网络中的所有28个靶点,富集到199个GO条目上,其中有137个条目与BP相关,占68.8%,包括蛋白质磷酸化、跨膜受体蛋白酪氨酸激酶信号通路、肽基酪氨酸磷酸化、蛋白质自磷酸化、细胞凋亡过程的负调控、蛋白质磷酸化的正调控、细胞分裂、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)活性的正调控、信号转导、细胞内信号转导等;27个条目与CC相关,占13.6%,包括细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶全酶复合物、细胞质、细胞核等;35个条目与MF相关,占17.6%,包括蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸/酪氨酸激酶活性、蛋白激酶活性、ATP结合、蛋白质酪氨酸激酶活性、蛋白激酶结合、蛋白质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性、细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶调节活性等,见图3
KEGG通路富集分析得到28个基因显著富集(P<0.05)在105条信号通路上。以-log10P-value)值降序排列可视化前15条信号通路,包括癌症通路、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、EB病毒感染、内分泌抵抗、病毒致癌作用、孕酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、急性髓细胞白血病、膀胱癌、PI3K-Akt信号通路、FoxO信号通路、卡波西肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染、癌症中的蛋白聚糖、脂质与动脉粥样硬化、人类T细胞白血病病毒Ⅰ型感染。基因数体现该通路参与调控的靶点数目,P-value值体现靶点在这个通路上富集的显著性,见图4,从上到下显著性越来越高,圆圈越大表示通路富集的靶点越多。
以巴马汀为中心,用KEGG富集分析得到的前15个关键通路和关键通路上富集的25个靶点绘制“成分-靶点-通路”图,见图5,其中蓝色六边形表示成分,绿色V形表示通路,粉色菱形表示靶点,以蓝色线条连接成分和靶点,绿色线条建立靶点与通路间的联系。取该图度值前10的靶点和PPI网络MCC算法下排前10的靶点交集,得到3个关键靶点分别是MAPK8、RAC1和STAT3。
由前文分析得到的3个潜在靶点MAPK8、RAC1、STAT3对应共晶结构进行自对接,以RMSD值<2 Å为条件选取共晶结构,再以去除水分子和杂链后的蛋白为受体,巴马汀为配体进行分子对接,其结合能值应低于原配体结合能值,得到2个符合条件的靶点,分别是MAPK8和RAC1。MAPK8(PDB ID:2H96)与原配体5-氰基-N-[(2, 5-二甲氧基苯基)甲基]-6-乙氧基吡啶-2-甲酰胺(893)的结合能为-7.0 kcal·mol-1,与巴马汀的结合能为-8.3 kcal·mol-1;RAC1(PDB ID:5QQI)与原配体N-[3-(甲氧基甲基)苯基]-N'-(5-甲基-1,2-恶唑-3-基)脲(N6D)的结合能为-8.4 kcal·mol-1,与巴马汀的结合能为-10.6 kcal·mol-1,结合能越低,证明分子与蛋白结合能力越佳。对接结果经PyMOL软件可视化处理后的3D模型见图6。从图中可以发现,巴马汀均可以对接到原药效口袋中,从结合能大小来看,对接效果比原配体更好。
对配体-受体复合物体系进行常规20 ns的动力学模拟,图7展示了主链Cα的RMSD值波动情况,体现复合物体系中Cα与其初始位置的偏离状态。在12 ns以后MAPK8-巴马汀体系的RMSD值趋于稳定,而MAPK8-原配体体系的波动较前者稍大,RAC1-巴马汀体系在11 ns后波动趋势稳定,RAC1-原配体体系则模拟至14 ns后趋于稳定,总体来说4个体系在模拟过程中均达到了平衡,可用于后续模拟。
均方根波动(RMSF)能够体现每个氨基酸残基在模拟过程中的稳定性,如图8所示,2个体系RMSF值的走势重合度非常高,且除C端和N端外其他部分氨基酸残基的RMSF值均<0.3,残基在33-38、107-118、140-148、164-169、155-159位点波动极小,很有可能通过氢键、疏水作用等作用力将配体包裹在活性口袋中,形成稳定复合物体系。RAC1与配体形成的2个复合物体系,RMSF值在30-37氨基酸位点波动极大,不易形成氢键和疏水作用区域,氨基酸残基在14-18、115-120、155-159位点稳定波动,有理由猜测这些位点易形成活性空腔,配体可在其中稳定存在,恰好对应上文分子对接可视化呈现出的结果。
采用MM/PBSA方法计算不同复合物体系的结合自由能结果见表1
MIC值测定结果表明巴马汀具有较好的抗菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为125 μg·mL-1,对白色念珠菌的MIC为250 μg·mL-1,见表2。联合用药对2种菌的FIC值均≤0.5,说明巴马汀与阳性药联用发挥协同作用,见表3
抑菌圈测量结果见表4,巴马汀对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径大于白色念珠菌,两者均为中敏;阳性药头孢他啶和两性霉素B单用均为高敏,巴马汀与阳性药联用后仍为高敏,且抑菌圈大小都有一定程度的增加;巴马汀和头孢他啶联用抑菌圈甚至达到32.6 mm,说明其对金黄色葡萄球菌具有极好的抑制活性。
细菌感染是致病菌侵入机体通过血液循环在某个部位或全身生长繁殖,产生有害物质,诱发炎症因子的释放,而导致身体产生病变的过程21。抗生素的出现解决了这一难题,然而单一药物使用过度往往造成严重的耐药,因此亟需寻找新的抗菌药物。巴马汀是一种具有广谱抗菌作用的异喹啉生物碱,体外通过破坏细菌结构、抑制细菌糖代谢起到抗菌作用,据报道22,这种抗菌作用对革兰阳性菌表现得更为明显,优于沙门菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌等革兰阴性菌,该特性决定了巴马汀对化脓性感染的治疗具备一定的针对性。此外,巴马汀来源广,易获取,价格便宜;命中的抗菌靶点多,能够显著提高机体免疫力;尚未发现任何毒副作用,是一种天然的抗菌剂23
本研究采用计算机辅助药物设计的方法,以PPI网络中56条边表示靶点之间的相互关系,22个节点中度值越高,证明该靶点与其他靶点的相关性越高,影响程度也越大。而“成分-靶点-通路”网络着重体现靶点参与调控信号通路的数量,靶点之间相互关系越密切,调控的通路越多,越能判断其为核心靶点,因此取2个网络的度值前十靶点的交集,为了保证软件对接的准确性,筛选6个交集靶点中RMSD值<2 Å且巴马汀与受体对接结合能低于原配体的共晶结构,最后得到关键靶点MAPK8、RAC1。MAPK8是一种促凋亡激酶,诱导细胞的氧化应激损伤,下调该基因的表达可减轻细菌入侵人体引起的氧化应激损伤。RAC1广泛参与细菌、真菌入侵宿主细胞和胞内发育的多个环节24。GO注释提示靶点主要通过参与蛋白质磷酸化等生物过程影响蛋白激酶活性。15个关键信号通路中,内分泌抵抗、PI3K-Akt和FoxO信号通路是微生物感染研究的热点通路,与细菌和真菌感染所致的炎症存在密切关系,有研究25-27表明,金黄色葡萄球菌感染巨噬细胞激活PI3K-Akt通路,并诱导RAC1的活化,介导细胞凋亡并激活机体免疫应答,产生炎症反应。白色念珠菌引起的病变也与PI3K-Akt信号通路密切相关,据报道28,白色念珠菌通过激活PI3K-Akt通路从而黏附、识别并侵入人体黏膜组织,导致炎症、细胞凋亡、坏死甚至产生癌变,因此该通路很有可能是巴马汀发挥抗菌作用最关键的通路。
分子对接结果表明,MAPK8、RAC1与巴马汀对接的结合能低于两者与其对应原配体的结合能,初步证明MAPK8-巴马汀和RAC1-巴马汀体系的稳定性更高。可视化结果显示MAPK8的原配体893与Met111氨基酸残基存在氢键作用力(蓝色),同时与Ala113、Asn114、Asp112、Ile32、Leu110、Leu168、Lys55、Met108、Val158、Val40氨基酸残基(粉色)存在疏水作用;巴马汀同样与蛋白的Met111残基存在氢键作用力,占据由Asn114、Asp112、Asp169、Gln37、Gly38、Ile32、Leu110、Leu168、Lys55、Ser155、Val158、Val40 12个残基形成的活性空腔,从而与MAPK8发生相互作用。RAC1的原配体N6D与Asp122、Leu119、Phe28、Leu160、Asp118、Val14、Gly15、Ser158、Thr115、Ala159 10个残基以疏水作用连接,并和Lys116形成氢键;巴马汀与氨基酸残基Cys18通过氢键连接,占据Val14、Ala159、Leu19、Gly15、Lys116、Phe28、Asp118、Asp122、Leu119等9个残基形成的活性空腔,保证巴马汀与蛋白能够以较低的能量结合,从而影响RAC1蛋白的功能。巴马汀与受体的结合能不仅低于原配体,而且均<-7 kcal·mol-1,说明其比原配体更易与受体结合。当然,分子对接的结果并不能反映最真实的对接情况,因此本研究对复合物体系进行了分子动力学模拟。模拟结果提示,巴马汀与受体的RMSD值显示其比原配体与受体的复合物体系更加稳定,且MAPK8-巴马汀和MAPK8-原配体体系以及RAC1-巴马汀和RAC1-原配体体系的RMSF值波动趋势重合度非常高,说明氨基酸残基的重合度高,与前文分子对接可视化结果相互印证。MAPK8-原配体、MAPK8-巴马汀、RAC1-原配体、RAC1-巴马汀复合物体系结合自由能分别为-107.484 kJ·mol-1、-119.467 kJ·mol-1、-37.137 kJ·mol-1、-48.551 kJ·mol-1,结合自由能越小,配体与受体之间的亲和力越高,配体越能稳定嵌入蛋白的活性口袋。综合以上分析,巴马汀与受体的亲和力比原配体与受体的亲和力高,与分子对接的结论一致。
为进一步证实巴马汀具有明确的抗菌效果,本研究通过体外抑菌实验进行验证,发现巴马汀对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念球菌均有较优的抑制效果,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果优于白色念球菌;巴马汀与阳性药联用为协同作用,比单用阳性药的抗菌效果好,同时MIC值也有一定程度的减小,说明与巴马汀联用可改善抗生素的抗菌效果。
综上,本研究基于网络药理学、分子对接及分子动力学研究发现,巴马汀可能通过内分泌抵抗和PI3K-Akt、FoxO等信号通路下调MAPK8和RAC1的基因表达,从而发挥抗菌活性。
  • 工业发酵微生物重庆市重点实验室开放基金项目(GYFJWSW-08)
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2024年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.08.11
  • 接收时间:2023-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-30
  • 录用日期:2024-04-28
基金
工业发酵微生物重庆市重点实验室开放基金项目(GYFJWSW-08)
作者信息
    1.重庆科技大学化学化工学院,重庆 401331
    2.工业发酵微生物重庆市重点实验室,重庆 401331
    3.重庆市药物种植研究所,重庆 408435

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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