Article(id=1239222196808250069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239222192311948159, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687968000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1723651200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-15, onlineDate=1773383195354, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773383195354, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773383195354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773383195354, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239222192311948159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, year='2024', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='801', pageEnd='880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773383194282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384015681, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239225637551002124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239222192311948159, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239225637551002125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, issueId=1239222192311948159, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=814, endPage=819, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239222200016892652, articleId=1239222196808250069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, language=EN, title=Advances in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with integrin antagonists, columnId=1207314219599499390, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Integrins play an important role in mediating the entry of lymphocytes into the intestines leading to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), and their binding to the corresponding ligands mediates the intestinal homing and retention of lymphocytes. Currently, the anti-integrin drug vedolizumab has been used in clinical practice, and several other anti-integrin drugs are under development, such as abrilumab, AJM300, PTG-100, and milategrast. Clinical studies have shown that gut-selective anti-integrin agents may be a safe and effective option for the treatment of IBD.

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整合素在介导淋巴细胞进入肠道从而导致炎症性肠病(IBD)发生的过程中扮演着重要的角色,其与相应配体结合可介导淋巴细胞的肠道归巢和滞留。目前,抗整合素药物维得利珠单抗已应用于临床,其他几种抗整合素药物也正处于研发过程中,如阿利鲁单抗、AJM300、PTG-100以及milategrast。临床研究表明,肠道选择性的抗整合素药物可以作为治疗IBD的一种安全且有效的选择。

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冯晓莹
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冯晓莹,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事炎症性肠病的研究,E-mail:

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整合素拮抗剂治疗炎症性肠病的研究进展
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金美静 1 , 程慧 2 , 冯晓莹 2
中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024,43(11): 814-819
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 综述 2024, 43(11): 814-819
整合素拮抗剂治疗炎症性肠病的研究进展
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金美静1 , 程慧2, 冯晓莹2
作者信息
  • 1.大连市金州区第一人民医院 消化科,辽宁 大连 116027
  • 2.大连医科大学附属第二医院 消化科,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 金美静,女,住院医师,硕士,主要从事炎症性肠病的研究,E-mail:

    冯晓莹,女,主任医师,博士,主要从事炎症性肠病的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯晓莹
Advances in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with integrin antagonists
Mei-jing JIN1 , Hui CHENG2, Xiao-ying FENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Gastroenterology,Dalian Jinzhou District First People’s Hospital, Dalian LIAONING 116027, China
  • 2.Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian LIAONING 116023, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.03
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整合素在介导淋巴细胞进入肠道从而导致炎症性肠病(IBD)发生的过程中扮演着重要的角色,其与相应配体结合可介导淋巴细胞的肠道归巢和滞留。目前,抗整合素药物维得利珠单抗已应用于临床,其他几种抗整合素药物也正处于研发过程中,如阿利鲁单抗、AJM300、PTG-100以及milategrast。临床研究表明,肠道选择性的抗整合素药物可以作为治疗IBD的一种安全且有效的选择。

整合素  /  炎症性肠病  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  克罗恩病

Integrins play an important role in mediating the entry of lymphocytes into the intestines leading to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), and their binding to the corresponding ligands mediates the intestinal homing and retention of lymphocytes. Currently, the anti-integrin drug vedolizumab has been used in clinical practice, and several other anti-integrin drugs are under development, such as abrilumab, AJM300, PTG-100, and milategrast. Clinical studies have shown that gut-selective anti-integrin agents may be a safe and effective option for the treatment of IBD.

integrin  /  inflammatory bowel disease  /  ulcerative colitis  /  Crohn’s disease
金美静, 程慧, 冯晓莹. 整合素拮抗剂治疗炎症性肠病的研究进展. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (11) : 814 -819 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.03
Mei-jing JIN, Hui CHENG, Xiao-ying FENG. Advances in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with integrin antagonists[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (11) : 814 -819 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.03
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一种慢性的肠道非特异性炎症性疾病,包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD),主要临床表现包括腹痛、腹泻、黏液脓血便、瘘管以及肛周病变,病情缓解与复发交替,可伴随患者终生。随着病程的延长,IBD可能会导致肠道不可逆的损伤,进而增加手术率、住院率以及癌变风险[1]。近年来,IBD的发病率呈逐年上升的趋势。2017年的调查显示,我国IBD的总发病率已经达到1.74/10万人年,其中UC发病率为1.18/10万人年,CD发病率为0.40/10万人年[2]。目前,IBD的发病机制尚未完全明确,主要受遗传、免疫和环境因素的影响;此外,肠道微生物失衡可能也是IBD发生的重要因素之一[3]
IBD的传统治疗以非特异性抗炎治疗为主,包括5-氨基水杨酸类、糖皮质激素以及免疫抑制剂。近二十年,随着相关领域的不断发展,中重度IBD患者有了新的治疗选择——生物制剂。生物制剂通常被用于治疗中重度、活动期、对常规治疗无效或效果不佳的IBD患者,但现在也有学者认为应在早期给予中重度患者生物制剂治疗,以尽早控制病情。生物制剂中,抗肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)药物的应用标志着IBD的治疗进入了一个新的阶段,其中英夫利昔单抗是最早被应用于治疗UC的生物制剂。与传统药物相比,抗TNF-α药物显著改善了中重度IBD患者的预后,但仍有20%~40%的患者在应用抗TNF-α药物治疗后无应答,30%~40%的患者在达到临床缓解后出现了继发性失应答[4]。此外,应用此类药物后发生不良事件的几率也较高,如输注反应、乙型肝炎病毒再激活、充血性心力衰竭等,其导致的严重感染和恶性肿瘤发生风险等也不容忽视。除抗TNF-α药物外,已经在临床应用的其他生物制剂还包括通过阻断p40亚单位来抑制白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-12和IL-23的乌司奴单抗、选择性抑制Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)的托法替布、选择性抑制α4β7整合素的维得利珠单抗与那他珠单抗等。其中,整合素拮抗剂是最具有研究价值的新疗法之一。整合素被认为参与了体内炎症和非炎症相关机制,在免疫细胞募集和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的相互作用中均发挥作用。整合素拮抗剂的出现为对抗TNF-α药物无应答或失应答的患者提供了新的治疗希望,其或将成为此类患者以及老年患者的首选用药。由于那他珠单抗和维得利珠单抗目前已广泛应用于IBD的治疗,且已得到国内外学者的广泛研究,故本文不再赘述。本文将重点针对整合素治疗IBD的机制以及现在正在研发的相关药物进行综述,以期为IBD相关药物的研发和临床应用提供参考。
T淋巴细胞与IBD的发生密切相关[5,6]。IBD的发病机制之一是T细胞向肠道的迁移增加,并分布到肠道固有层(lamina propria)和上皮内淋巴细胞(intraepithelial lymphocyte)中,这一迁移过程是一个连续的、受到严格调控的过程,包括捕获、滚动、激活、渗出和迁移[6-8]。T淋巴细胞通过选择素和寡糖的相互作用被捕获到内皮,这种短暂的相互作用降低了T淋巴细胞在血管中的流速,并在整合素的作用下停止滚动,既而向感染方向扩散和爬行;到达感染部位的T淋巴细胞在整合蛋白α6β1的协助下穿过血管内皮细胞进入感染组织,从而介导炎症反应[9]
整合素是一种存在于淋巴细胞膜表面的异二聚体蛋白,它由α和β亚单位组成[6],不同的二聚体可组合成不同的整合素,大多数α亚基只与一种β伴体形成一种复合物,而α4和αv可与多种β伴体相互作用,如α4β1、α4β7、αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ5、αvβ6和αvβ8等[10]。整合素胞内信号的主要下游信号分子包括整合素连接激酶、SRC家族蛋白酪氨酸激酶以及焦点黏附激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)[10]。整合素在与趋化因子相互作用后被激活[11],并与内皮细胞上的配体——地址素或细胞黏附分子结合,从而进一步介导T淋巴细胞向炎症部位迁移[10]
基于整合素可在细胞表面暴露,且对分子阻断较为敏感,整合素作为药物靶点已经被研究了近40年。其中,整合素αLβ2(LFA-1)、αEβ7(CD103)、α4β1(VLA-4)和α4β7在淋巴细胞向肠道迁移的过程中发挥着重要作用,其与相应配体结合后,可介导淋巴细胞黏附,并引导淋巴细胞归巢到肠道相关淋巴组织,从而参与IBD的发病过程。
整合素αLβ2是由ITGAL基因编码的αL与ITGB2编码的β2链结合在一起形成的异源二聚体。αLβ2由自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞和淋巴细胞表达,并与白细胞、成纤维细胞、树突细胞、内皮细胞和上皮细胞上的细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)结合后介导细胞黏附,其中,αLβ2与ICAM-1之间的相互作用在T淋巴细胞向肠系膜淋巴组织的迁移中发挥重要作用[5,12]。此外,整合素αLβ2还参与了中性粒细胞对细菌的吞噬[13]
整合素α4β7主要在CD4+ T细胞上表达,也可在NK细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞以及单核细胞上表达[14];并能与黏膜地址素细胞黏附分子(mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1,MAdCAM-1)结合,减缓白细胞在内皮细胞表面的运动速度[11,15-17]。MAdCAM-1是一种免疫球蛋白超家族淋巴细胞黏附受体,主要表达于派尔氏结、小肠以及结肠的内皮微静脉中[15],因此,整合素α4β7与MAdCAM-1之间的相互作用具有肠道特异性。研究表明,IBD患者肠道中的α4β7与MAdCAM-1的浸润程度较健康受试者有所增加[15]。目前,已有一些整合素α4β7抑制剂用于临床治疗IBD,如那他珠单抗和维得利珠单抗,可显著改善CD或UC患者的症状。因此,整合素α4β7被认为是治疗IBD的重要靶点之一。
整合素α4β1在大多数白细胞上表达,但不在中性粒细胞上表达[18],其主要参与白细胞的捆绑和滚动,并通过与血管细胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)和纤连蛋白相互作用来阻止或加强淋巴细胞黏附,从而介导白细胞转移到肠道炎症组织、肺或中枢神经系统等处[19]。在特定条件下,整合素α4β1与VCAM-1可能独立于整合素α4β7/MAdCAM-1完成肠道归巢的驱动[20]
整合素αEβ7主要在上皮内T淋巴细胞上表达,但也在一些树突状细胞中表达,并能与E-钙黏蛋白特异性结合[6]。小肠和结肠中的绝大部分记忆性CD8+ T细胞均可表达整合素αEβ7,而外周血中仅有不到3%的T淋巴细胞可表达整合素αEβ7[8]。CD8+ T细胞可通过下调整合素α4β7、上调整合素αEβ7而保留在肠上皮细胞内,而回肠中整合素αEβ7的表达比结肠更高[21],这提示,抗整合素αEβ7类药物治疗CD可能更有效。动物实验表明,肠道中驻留性记忆T细胞的耗竭可以缓解结肠炎,IBD患者也被发现其肠道内的驻留性记忆T细胞数量较非IBD患者有所增加,IBD发作频率高的患者肠道中CD4+、CD69+、CD103+驻留性记忆T细胞的数量更多[22]。埃托利珠单抗可以阻止整合素αEβ7与E-钙黏蛋白结合,进而抑制驻留性记忆T细胞在肠道滞留,从而缓解肠道炎症[6]
已有许多临床研究证明,那他珠单抗和维得利珠单抗取得了令人鼓舞的临床疗效。此外,目前还有多款新型整合素拮抗药正处于研发阶段,如埃托利珠单抗、阿利鲁单抗(abrilumab,AMG181)、AJM300、PTG-100以及milategrast(E6007)等,这些药物的作用靶点见图1
埃托利珠单抗是人源化单克隆免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)抗体,其不仅能阻断整合素α4β7与MAdCAM-1的结合,抑制淋巴细胞向肠道的迁移,还能抑制整合素αEβ7与E-钙黏蛋白的结合,进一步阻断白细胞在肠道上皮的滞留[15]
埃托利珠单抗的Ⅰ期随机双盲对照临床研究显示,在治疗第71日,66.7%的患者出现了临床应答;安全性方面,该药最常见的不良事件是头痛,未观察到输液或注射部位不良反应及剂量限制毒性,且仅在4.1%的患者中检测到了抗埃托利珠单抗抗体,表明该药物的安全性良好,中重度UC患者对其具有良好的耐受性[23]。随后的Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT01336465)对埃托利珠单抗进行了进一步的评估。该研究显示,在治疗第10周,埃托利珠单抗300 mg和100 mg剂量组患者的临床缓解(Mayo临床评分为≤2分且无单项评分>1分)率分别为21%和10%,均显著高于安慰剂组(临床缓解率为0),P分别为0.004、0.048。亚组分析结果显示,治疗第10周时,在未使用过抗TNF-α药物的患者中,100 mg和300 mg剂量组的临床缓解率分别为44%和25%;在抗TNF-α药物治疗失败的患者中,这两个比率分别为5%和4%。该研究中的全部患者在治疗过程中均未观察到严重的机会性感染[24]
HIBISCUS研究比较了埃托利珠单抗、阿达木单抗和安慰剂治疗中重度UC的疗效和安全性[25]。在HIBISCUSⅠ研究中,埃托利珠单抗组患者达到了第10周缓解的主要终点,临床缓解率显著高于安慰剂组(40.0% vs. 22.0%,P=0.017),内镜改善(19.4% vs. 6.9%,P=0.017)和组织学缓解(43.0% vs. 16.0%,P=0.017)效果也均优于安慰剂组;在HIBISCUS Ⅱ研究中,埃托利珠单抗组患者未能达到第10周缓解的主要终点,与安慰剂组比较临床缓解率无显著差异(18.2 vs.11.1%,P=0.17),但却达到了更为严苛的次要终点——第10周的内镜缓解率显著高于阿达木单抗组(20.0%vs. 8.0%,P=0.032)。HIBISCUS研究汇总分析发现,埃托利珠单抗与阿达木单抗在诱导缓解、临床应答、内镜改善、组织学缓解方面比较均无显著差异;在安全性方面,埃托利珠单抗组和阿达木单抗组的严重不良事件发生率相似(5% vs. 2%)。
一项正在进行的Ⅲ期临床试验最近发布了其初步数据,该试验纳入了130例抗TNF-α药物治疗失败的UC患者,其使用埃托利珠单抗治疗14周的临床缓解(Mayo评分减少>3分或减少30%,直肠出血评分≤1分或直肠出血评分减少≥1分)率为50.8%,并没有达到其预期的主要终点。OLE试验也是一项正在进行的研究埃托利珠单抗治疗UC和CD的临床研究,但该研究目前尚未公布研究结果。
阿利鲁单抗是一种全人源IgG2单克隆抗体,它与维得利珠单抗的作用靶点相同,均作用于整合素α4β7/MAdCAM-1,但阿利鲁单抗为皮下注射给药,维得利珠单抗为静脉输注给药[5]
一项随机、双盲、对照、Ⅱb期临床试验评估了阿利鲁单抗治疗中重度UC的有效性和安全性[26],研究的主要终点为治疗第8周的临床缓解率,次要终点为第8周的临床应答率和黏膜愈合率。该研究发现,阿利鲁单抗70 mg组、210 mg组在第8周的临床缓解率分别是13.3%、12.7%,均显著高于安慰剂组(4.3%,P<0.05),且两个阿利鲁单抗组患者第8周时的临床应答率(49.4%、47.4%)和黏膜愈合率(32.7%、29.1%)也均高于安慰剂组(临床应答率26.0%,黏膜愈合率21.6%,P<0.05)。治疗第24周时,阿利鲁单抗组与安慰剂组的不良事件发生率相似,最常见的不良反应包括注射部位反应、鼻咽炎、关节痛以及头痛,严重不良事件发生率分别为6.7%和12.0%;在234例应用阿利鲁单抗的患者中,仅有1例患者检出抗阿利鲁单抗抗体。该研究表明阿利鲁单抗对UC有效,并且具有可接受的安全性。
一项类似的Ⅱb期临床试验评估了阿利鲁单抗治疗中重度CD的疗效和安全性[12],结果显示,阿利鲁单抗70 mg组未能达到其预定的主要终点[第8周克罗恩病活动指数(Crohn’s disease activity index,CDAI)评分<150],与安慰剂组之间无显著差异(P=0.76);但阿利鲁单抗210 mg组患者在第12周显示出较高的CDAI应答率(46.6 vs. 29.6%)和CDAI缓解率(30.8 vs. 17.6%)。至治疗第24周,无死亡病例,未发现有产生抗阿利鲁单抗抗体的患者。目前尚未见有阿利鲁单抗的Ⅲ期临床试验注册。
AJM300是靶向作用于整合素α4β7和α4β1的药物,其最大亮点在于给药途径为口服,大大提高了患者的用药依从性。
一项安慰剂对照、Ⅱa期临床试验探讨了102例UC患者应用AJM300的疗效和安全性[27]。该研究显示,治疗第8周时,AJM300组的临床应答率(62.7% vs.25.5%,P=0.000 2)、临床缓解率(23.5% vs. 3.9%,P=0.009 9)、黏膜愈合率(58.8% vs. 29.4%,P=0.001 4)均显著高于安慰剂组。AJM300组最常见的不良反应为鼻咽炎,未见严重不良事件发生。该研究表明,AJM300具有诱导临床应答、实现临床缓解和促进黏膜愈合的作用,且安全性较好。
在另一项评估AJM300对CD的疗效和安全性研究中,71例活动性CD患者随机接受每日3次的AJM300 40、120、240 mg或安慰剂治疗。结果显示与安慰剂相比,AJM300组患者的CDAI评分均大幅下降;但在临床应答和安全性方面,AJM300组与安慰剂组无显著差异[28]
最近公布的一项Ⅲ期临床试验共纳入了102例应用美沙拉秦效果欠佳或不耐受的中度活动性UC患者,这些患者被随机分到AJM300组(960 mg)或安慰剂组,主要终点为治疗第8周的临床应答率。结果,第8周时,AJM300组的临床应答率显著高于安慰剂组(45% vs. 21%,P=0.000 28)。第8周和第24周时,AJM300组的内镜应答率和内镜缓解率也显著高于安慰剂组(第8、24周时的内镜应答率:55% vs.27%,55% vs. 28%,P<0.000 1;第8、24周时的内镜缓解率:14% vs. 3%,P=0.005 7,16% vs. 7%,P=0.049);但在临床缓解率方面两组比较差异无显著意义(第8周:23% vs. 14%,P=0.11;第24周:30% vs. 19%,P=0.056)。此外,对应用AJM300治疗达到缓解后又复发的患者,再次应用该药仍然具有诱导缓解的作用[29]。该研究提示,AJM300对中度活动性UC患者具有良好的诱导效果以及耐受性,有可能成为此类患者的新型治疗方法。
PTG-100是一种新型的口服α4β7拮抗肽,被开发用于中重度UC的治疗。已有研究表明,PTG-100在结肠和小肠中的暴露量大于给药剂量的10%,在粪便中的暴露率高达给药剂量的40%,但血液中的暴露量小于给药剂量的0.1%,反映出该药的口服稳定性及肠道限制性[30,31]
在一项针对PTG-100的Ⅱa期临床试验中,98例中重度活动性UC患者被随机分配到PTG-100(150、300、900 mg)组或安慰剂组,连续随访12周。但由于在研究过程中观察到安慰剂组患者的缓解率异常增高,被独立数据监测委员会提前宣布该试验无效;后经证实,是因为中央阅读临床研究机构在进行评分时产生错误而导致数据异常。修正后的数据显示,安慰剂组患者的临床缓解率为4.8%,而PTG-100各剂量组的临床缓解率、内镜应答率和组织学缓解率呈剂量依赖性增加,其中临床缓解率和内镜应答率由9.1%增加到15.8%,组织学缓解率由10.0%增加到42.9%。该研究还采用PTG-100抗体对PTG-100组患者的结肠组织样本进行了免疫组化检测,结果显示,该药主要定位于结肠上皮细胞的淋巴细胞聚集部位以及固有层。在安全性方面,PTG-100的耐受性良好,较少发生不良事件[31]
PN-10943是第二代口服整合素α4β7拮抗剂,其阻断整合素α4β7/MAdCAM-1的作用比PTG-100强约5倍[32]。一项Ⅰ期临床试验报告显示,应用PN-10943后,患者外周血中的记忆T细胞α4β7受体表达下降幅度较应用PTG-100后的下降幅度更大(P=0.016 5)。目前,PN-10943Ⅱ期随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验正在招募中重度UC患者,试验包括诱导阶段和维持阶段,拟将患者分为PN-10943 150 mg或450 mg组以及安慰剂组[5]
E6007是一种口服小分子药物,其通过抑制钙网蛋白(一种钙结合伴侣蛋白)与整合素α亚单位的氨基酸序列结合来发挥作用[33]。其Ⅱ期临床试验纳入了147例活动性UC患者,但该研究尚未公布结果[34]
IBD是一种高度异质性疾病,生物制剂的研发给患者和临床工作者带来了信心,目前,IBD的治疗目标也已经从临床缓解转换到更为严苛的内镜缓解,甚至是组织学缓解。有关整合素生物学功能的研究表明,整合素在调节人类健康和疾病中发挥着重要作用,针对整合素药物的研究也一直在曲折中前进。
给药途径是患者进行药物选择的重要影响因素之一,正在研发的口服小分子药物AJM300相比静脉输注类药物更加便利,患者依从性也更好,且无免疫原性风险,具有良好的组织渗透性、更短的血清半衰期和清除时间[35,36]。2022年3月28日,carotegrast(整合素α4拮抗剂)作为第一种口服抗整合素药物,已经被日本药品监督管理局批准用于治疗中度UC(仅在5-氨基水杨酸制剂未得到充分治疗的情况下)。但因其与那他珠单抗具有相同的作用靶点,故应用该药物后是否也会出现进行性多灶性白质脑病病例将是未来关注的重点。
综上所述,肠道选择性的抗整合素药物已经成为治疗IBD的一种安全且有效的选择。多种正在研究和开发中的新型抗整合素药物将为IBD治疗提供更多的选择和可能性。抗整合素药物作为一种治疗IBD的重要类别,其发展前景广阔。
  • 大连市科技惠民基金(2023JJ13SN053)
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2024年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.03
  • 接收时间:2023-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-29
  • 录用日期:2024-08-15
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大连市科技惠民基金(2023JJ13SN053)
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    1.大连市金州区第一人民医院 消化科,辽宁 大连 116027
    2.大连医科大学附属第二医院 消化科,辽宁 大连 116023

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冯晓莹
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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