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The Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)took effect in the United States in 2022. For the first time, the IRA allows the federal government to negotiate prescription drug prices, requires pharmaceutical companies to pay rebates to Medicare when prices rise above the rate of inflation, caps patient out-of-pocket costs for Medicare Part D drugs and insulin products, continues the “safe harbor” policy, extends the advance premium tax credit policy, and expands the types of free vaccinations. The IRA has multiple impacts on Medicare drug spending, but it still faces structural pressure in terms of price control. It is suggested that China can continue to utilize the public welfare advantages of basic medical and healthcare services, improve the targeting and operability of relevant health policies,and protect innovation while controlling drug prices.

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美国《通货膨胀削减法案》(IRA)于2022年生效,其首次允许联邦政府就处方药价格进行谈判,要求制药公司在价格涨幅超过通胀率时向联邦医疗保险(Medicare)支付折扣,并为Medicare Part D中的药品和胰岛素类产品设置了患者自付费用上限,还延续了“安全港”政策,延长了预付保费税收抵免政策的实施时限,并扩展了免费接种的疫苗种类等。IRA对美国医保药费支出有多重影响,但其在价格控制方面仍面临结构性压力。建议我国可继续发挥基本医疗卫生事业的公益性优势,进一步提高相关卫生政策的针对性和可操作性,并在控制药品价格的同时保护创新。

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邵蓉
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黄志明,男,博士在读,主要从事药品监管政策法规的研究,E-mail:

邵蓉,女,教授,博士,主要从事医药政策与法规的研究,E-mail:

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Public Law 117-169-Aug. 16, 2022[EB/OL].[2023-10-06]. https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ169/PLAW-117publ169.pdf., articleTitle=Public Law 117-169-Aug. 16, 2022, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232814617522558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: manufacturer agreements for selected drugs for initial price applicability year 2026[EB/OL].(2023-10-03)[2023-10-16]. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fact-sheet-manufacturer-agreements-selected-drugs-ipay-2026.pdf., articleTitle=Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: manufacturer agreements for selected drugs for initial price applicability year 2026, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232814701408641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: selected drugs for initial price applicability year 2026[EB/OL].(2023-08-29)[2023-10-16]. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/fact-sheet-medicare-selected-drug-negotiation-list-ipay-2026.pdf., articleTitle=Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program: selected drugs for initial price applicability year 2026, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232814818849157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS selects the first drugs for Medicare drug price negotiation[EB/OL].(2023-08-29)[2023-10-16]. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/08/29/hhs-selects-the-first-drugs-for-medicare-drug-price-negotiation.html., articleTitle=HHS selects the first drugs for Medicare drug price negotiation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232814940483977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=STEPHEN WS, LEIGH P, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=STEPHEN WS, LEIGH P. Trends in retail prices of brand name prescription drugs widely used by older Americans, 2006 to 2020[EB/R].[2023-10-06]. https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2021/06/trends-in-retail-prices-of-brand-name-prescription-drugs-widely-used-by-older-americans.10.26419-2Fppi.00143.001.pdf., articleTitle=Trends in retail prices of brand name prescription drugs widely used by older Americans, 2006 to 2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815125033359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Anniversary of the Inflation Reduction Act: update on CMS implementation[EB/OL].(2023-08-16)[2023-10-16]. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/anniversary-inflation-reduction-act-update-cms-implementation., articleTitle=Anniversary of the Inflation Reduction Act: update on CMS implementation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815221502356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=65, issue=6, pageStart=931, pageEnd=935, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=BERAN D, GALE EAM, YUDKIN JS, journalName=Diabetologia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BERAN D, GALE EAM, YUDKIN JS. The insulin market reaches 100[J]. Diabetologia, 2022, 65(6): 931-935., articleTitle=The insulin market reaches 100, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815338942870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=The White House, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The White House. Fact sheet: one year in, President Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act is driving historic climate action and investing in America to create good paying jobs and reduce costs[EB/OL].(2023-08-16)[2023-10-16]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/08/16/fact-sheet-one-year-in-president-bidens-inflation-reduction-act-is-driving-historic-climate-action-and-investing-in-america-to-create-good-paying-jobs-and-reduce-costs/., articleTitle=Fact sheet: one year in, President Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act is driving historic climate action and investing in America to create good paying jobs and reduce costs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815435411866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=MYAH W, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MYAH W. What’s in the Manchin-Schumer deal[EB/OL].(2022-07-27)[2023-10-06]. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/whats-in-the-manchin-schumer-deal-00048356., articleTitle=What’s in the Manchin-Schumer deal, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815515103645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=18, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=PRKER A, journalName=J Financ Plan, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PRKER A. Impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act on Medicare:what financial advisers need to know: some measures begin taking effect in 2023, but the full impact won’t be seen for several years[J]. J Financ Plan, 2023, 36(1): 18-19., articleTitle=Impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act on Medicare:what financial advisers need to know: some measures begin taking effect in 2023, but the full impact won’t be seen for several years, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232815582212512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=76, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=张志慧, journalName=中国医疗保险, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张志慧. 美国集团采购与药品福利管理模式对比研究[J].中国医疗保险, 2021(7): 76-80., articleTitle=美国集团采购与药品福利管理模式对比研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817033441701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=76, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=ZHANG ZH, journalName=China Heath Insur, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG ZH. Comparative study of group purchasing and pharmacy benefit management in the United States[J]. China Heath Insur, 2021(7): 76-80., articleTitle=Comparative study of group purchasing and pharmacy benefit management in the United States, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817113133479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=117th Congress, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=117th Congress. S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act[EB/OL].(2021-10-05)[2023-10-06]. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2938., articleTitle=S.2938 - Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817188630952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=159, issue=10, pageStart=26, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=KARPECKI PM, journalName=Rev Optom, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KARPECKI PM. Why pricey prescriptions are here to stay: the Inflation Reduction Act doesn’t address the main cause: PBMs[J].Rev Optom, 2022, 159(10): 26., articleTitle=Why pricey prescriptions are here to stay: the Inflation Reduction Act doesn’t address the main cause: PBMs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817272517034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=BLANK C, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BLANK C. Drug makers start 2023 with price hikes[EB/OL].(2023-01-04)[2023-12-21]. https://www.formularywatch.com/view/drug-makers-start-2023-with-price-hikes., articleTitle=Drug makers start 2023 with price hikes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817335431596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. CMS releases 2024 projected Medicare Part D premium and bid information[EB/OL].(2023-01-31)[2023-11-16]. https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/cms-releases-2024-projected-medicare-part-d-premium-and-bid-information., articleTitle=CMS releases 2024 projected Medicare Part D premium and bid information, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817410929071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=DENISE M, PETER W, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENISE M, PETER W. Legal challenges likely for drugs listed for Medicare price negotiation[EB/OL].(2023-08-29)[2023-10-16]. https://www.formularywatch.com/view/legal-challenges-likely-for-drugs-listed-for-medicare-price-negotiation., articleTitle=Legal challenges likely for drugs listed for Medicare price negotiation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817494815156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=MYSHKO D, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MYSHKO D. Webinar: Inflation Reduction Act will be positive for Medicare[EB/OL].(2023-08-15)[2023-10-16]. https://www.formularywatch.com/view/webinar-inflation-reduction-act-will-be-positive-for-medicare., articleTitle=Webinar: Inflation Reduction Act will be positive for Medicare, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239232817574506935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=A01, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=郭晋晖, 林志吟, journalName=第一财经日报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭晋晖,林志吟. 国产创新药跑步进医保 中国成全球药价“洼地”[N]. 第一财经日报, 2023-01-19(A01)., articleTitle=国产创新药跑步进医保 中国成全球药价“洼地”, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239232809978622177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232809982816482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232809978622177, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Products, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232809991205090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232809978622177, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国药科大学药品监管科学研究院,江苏 南京 211198)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232810075091174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232810087674086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232810075091174, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, BEIJING 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232810091868391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232810075091174, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239232810184143083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232810188337388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232810184143083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.National Medical Products Administration Institute of Medical Economics, Guangzhou GUANGDONG 510080, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239232810192531694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, companyId=1239232810184143083, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家药品监督管理局南方医药经济研究所,广东 广州 510080)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239232813992571233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号商品名通用名制药商简称FDA批准的适应证医保支出/百万美元a
1艾乐妥 Eliquis阿哌沙班百时美施贵宝、辉瑞预防和治疗血栓16 483
2欧唐静 Jardiance恩格列净礼来、勃林格殷格翰糖尿病、心力衰竭7 058
3拜瑞妥 Xarelto利伐沙班强生、拜耳预防和治疗血栓;降低冠状动脉或外周动脉疾病患者的风险6 031
4捷诺维 Januvia西格列汀默沙东糖尿病4 087
5安达唐 Farxiga达格列净阿斯利康糖尿病、心力衰竭、慢性肾病3 268
6诺欣妥 Entresto沙库巴曲缬沙坦诺华心力衰竭2 885
7恩利 Enbrel依那西普安进类风湿关节炎、银屑病、银屑病关节炎2 791
8亿珂 Imbruvica伊布替尼艾伯维、强生血液系统肿瘤2 664
9喜达诺 Stelara乌司奴单抗强生银屑病、银屑病关节炎、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎2 639
10诺和锐 Fiasp/Novolog超速效门冬胰岛素/门冬胰岛素诺和诺德糖尿病2 577
), ArticleFig(id=1239232814076457318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117082300743687, articleId=1239222194706903760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

美国医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心(CMS)公布的首批10种Medicare Part D价格谈判药品清单

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号商品名通用名制药商简称FDA批准的适应证医保支出/百万美元a
1艾乐妥 Eliquis阿哌沙班百时美施贵宝、辉瑞预防和治疗血栓16 483
2欧唐静 Jardiance恩格列净礼来、勃林格殷格翰糖尿病、心力衰竭7 058
3拜瑞妥 Xarelto利伐沙班强生、拜耳预防和治疗血栓;降低冠状动脉或外周动脉疾病患者的风险6 031
4捷诺维 Januvia西格列汀默沙东糖尿病4 087
5安达唐 Farxiga达格列净阿斯利康糖尿病、心力衰竭、慢性肾病3 268
6诺欣妥 Entresto沙库巴曲缬沙坦诺华心力衰竭2 885
7恩利 Enbrel依那西普安进类风湿关节炎、银屑病、银屑病关节炎2 791
8亿珂 Imbruvica伊布替尼艾伯维、强生血液系统肿瘤2 664
9喜达诺 Stelara乌司奴单抗强生银屑病、银屑病关节炎、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎2 639
10诺和锐 Fiasp/Novolog超速效门冬胰岛素/门冬胰岛素诺和诺德糖尿病2 577
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美国《通货膨胀削减法案》对药费支出的影响
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黄志明 1 , 曹洪杰 2 , 谢金平 1 , 姚立新 3 , 邵蓉 1
中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024,43(11): 825-829
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中国新药与临床杂志 | 政策与管理 2024, 43(11): 825-829
美国《通货膨胀削减法案》对药费支出的影响
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黄志明1 , 曹洪杰2, 谢金平1, 姚立新3, 邵蓉1
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学药品监管科学研究院,江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
  • 3.国家药品监督管理局南方医药经济研究所,广东 广州 510080
  • 黄志明,男,博士在读,主要从事药品监管政策法规的研究,E-mail:

    邵蓉,女,教授,博士,主要从事医药政策与法规的研究,E-mail:

通讯作者:

邵蓉
Impacts of Inflation Reduction Act on drug spending in the United States
Zhi-ming HUANG1 , Hong-jie CAO2, Jin-ping XIE1, Li-xin YAO3, Rong SHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Products, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing JIANGSU 211198, China
  • 2.National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, BEIJING 102629, China
  • 3.National Medical Products Administration Institute of Medical Economics, Guangzhou GUANGDONG 510080, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.05
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美国《通货膨胀削减法案》(IRA)于2022年生效,其首次允许联邦政府就处方药价格进行谈判,要求制药公司在价格涨幅超过通胀率时向联邦医疗保险(Medicare)支付折扣,并为Medicare Part D中的药品和胰岛素类产品设置了患者自付费用上限,还延续了“安全港”政策,延长了预付保费税收抵免政策的实施时限,并扩展了免费接种的疫苗种类等。IRA对美国医保药费支出有多重影响,但其在价格控制方面仍面临结构性压力。建议我国可继续发挥基本医疗卫生事业的公益性优势,进一步提高相关卫生政策的针对性和可操作性,并在控制药品价格的同时保护创新。

医疗保险  /  费用,药物  /  卫生政策  /  药品价格谈判

The Inflation Reduction Act(IRA)took effect in the United States in 2022. For the first time, the IRA allows the federal government to negotiate prescription drug prices, requires pharmaceutical companies to pay rebates to Medicare when prices rise above the rate of inflation, caps patient out-of-pocket costs for Medicare Part D drugs and insulin products, continues the “safe harbor” policy, extends the advance premium tax credit policy, and expands the types of free vaccinations. The IRA has multiple impacts on Medicare drug spending, but it still faces structural pressure in terms of price control. It is suggested that China can continue to utilize the public welfare advantages of basic medical and healthcare services, improve the targeting and operability of relevant health policies,and protect innovation while controlling drug prices.

medical insurancel  /  fees, pharmaceutical  /  health policy  /  drug-price negotiations
黄志明, 曹洪杰, 谢金平, 姚立新, 邵蓉. 美国《通货膨胀削减法案》对药费支出的影响. 中国新药与临床杂志, 2024 , 43 (11) : 825 -829 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.05
Zhi-ming HUANG, Hong-jie CAO, Jin-ping XIE, Li-xin YAO, Rong SHAO. Impacts of Inflation Reduction Act on drug spending in the United States[J]. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies, 2024 , 43 (11) : 825 -829 . DOI: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.05
2022年8月,美国《通货膨胀削减法案》(Inflation Reduction Act,IRA)正式生效,这是一项涉及气候、税收和医疗保健的全面法案,其中的医疗保健条款包括一系列重大改革措施,影响到参加美国联邦医疗保险(Medicare)的大量参保人的利益,因而受到美国社会的广泛关注。本文收集了IRA法案公布至今的相关政府公告、报告、文献等,旨在梳理IRA法案在降低药费支出方面的主要措施、阶段性实施效果以及面临的问题和挑战,以期为我国药品价格政策制定和医保控费提供借鉴。
在2003年之前,Medicare覆盖了美国大多数65岁及以上老年人的住院和门诊费用报销,但并未涵盖处方药的费用报销。2003年,《医疗保险处方药、改进和现代化法案2003》(Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003,MMA)将处方药的报销也纳入了Medicare[1]。至此,Medicare主要包括4个部分(Part A、B、C、D)内容:Part A为住院保险;Part B为医疗保险,主要报销项目包括医生门诊服务、门诊护理和医疗用品等;Part C为商业医保公司提供的医保优势项目;Part D为处方药保险[2]。新公布的IRA法案主要涉及Part B和Part D两部分。
一直以来,美国禁止Medicare利用其市场地位与制药商进行药品价格谈判。但近年来,美国专利处方药的价格不断攀升,2018—2021年各年中Medicare Part D所承保的销售金额最大的10种专利药品年度支出总费用已从220亿美元猛增至480亿美元,远远超过了Part D中处方药的同期整体增长水平。而专利处方药价格的上涨意味着一些需要患者承担的药品共付额增加,这既增加了依靠固定收入生活的老年患者的医疗支出压力,也给政府预算带来了巨大压力。
IRA法案于2021年11月在众议院通过[3],2022年8月7日由美国总统签署成为法律。IRA法案部分取消了不得进行药品价格谈判的禁令,为药品价格谈判开辟了路径,这也是Medicare被首次允许在Part B和Part D中采用这种程序。有学者预计,IRA法案将促使在Medicare支出中占比较大的药品费用大幅降低,未来10年内可节省约1 000亿美元[4]
IRA法案授权卫生与公众服务部(Department of Health and Human Services,HHS)在2026年对10种药品开展价格谈判,在2027年和2028年可分别对15种药品开展价格谈判,在2029年及以后每年可对20种药品开展价格谈判。符合谈判条件的药品清单将根据Medicare Part B或Part D中的药品支出金额来确定,满足一定条件的罕见病用药和特定的单一来源药品不受谈判限制。纳入谈判的药品应当由美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准上市,并已在市场上销售一定年限——小分子药物上市7年,生物药上市11年。
美国医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心(Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services,CMS)负责药品价格谈判的具体事务。按照既定计划[5],2023年上半年,CMS已经如期发布了谈判时间表、谈判计划、谈判指南等,并公布了第一轮谈判流程,该过程制药公司和公众可全程参与。2023年8月29日,CMS又公布了首批10种参与价格谈判的药品清单[6]表1)。10种药品主要集中在抗凝、糖尿病、心力衰竭、自身免疫疾病以及血液系统肿瘤等治疗领域,都是用量较大、价格较为昂贵的专利药。在2022年6月1日至2023年5月31日期间,这10种药品的医保支出总费用为505亿美元,约占Part D承保处方药总费用的20%[7]
根据美国退休人员协会(American Association of Retired Persons,AARP)的统计,至少从2006年以来,美国老年人广泛使用的处方药价格每年都以高于通货膨胀率的速度增长[8]。依据IRA法案,如果药品的价格上涨速度高于通货膨胀率,则制药商必须支付一定比例的返款;疫苗以及治疗总费用低于100美元的个人每年使用的药品可免除该项要求。未按规定支付折扣的制药商将被处以折扣金额125%的民事罚款。根据CMS的数据,预计在2023年第三季度,一些老年人在购买这些药物时每剂可节省多达449美元[9]
从1999年到2019年,美国市场胰岛素类药品的价格上涨了10倍[10]。由于糖尿病患者需要长期使用胰岛素,设立患者自付费用上限成为糖尿病患者的强烈诉求。为此,IRA法案为Part D中的胰岛素类药品设定了患者每月的自付费用上限,即计划从2026年开始,每月胰岛素类药品的患者自付费用上限为35美元、最高公平价格(maximum fair price,MFP)或议定的医疗保险价格中的较低者。IRA法案还取消了通过Medicare Part B耐用医疗设备途径报销的胰岛素类产品的免赔额,并降低了此类产品的患者自付比例。据测算,如果IRA法案于2020年就生效,使用胰岛素泵的医疗保险受益人平均每年可节省866美元[11]
近年来,Medicare在重大疾病保险方面的支出大幅增长。2020年,Medicare Part D中40%的支出用在了重大疾病保险中。在IRA法案生效以前,Medicare Part D参保人的年度自付费用没有上限。如果参保人使用的处方药品金额达到Part D规定的灾难性医疗支出保险区间,参保人需要承担计划年度剩余时间内所有药品费用的5%(2023年自付费用为7 400美元)。而IRA法案规定,从2024年开始,取消上述灾难性医疗支出5%的患者自付比例;从2025年开始,Medicare Part D的自付费用上限改为2 000美元[12]。据估计,该自付上限的设置将可使1/3的Medicare参保人(约1 870万人)平均每年节省约400美元;而180万名药品花费最多的老年患者(包括正在接受癌症和其他严重疾病治疗的老年患者),平均每年将节省2 500美元[13]
美国的医保主要由药品福利管理机构(Pharmacy Benefit Management,PBM)经办,PBM会在与制药商进行谈判后,按比例对药品销售额提成,作为PBM的管理费和保费补贴。这一做法与美国联邦《反回扣法》(Anti-kickback Statute,AKS)抵触,但受到“安全港”(safe harbor)条款的保护而不被追究法律责任[14]。2020年,美国政府发布了处方药折扣计划的最终版本,取消了处方药折扣的“安全港”保护。由于这些制药商的上述返款将不
再用于补贴Part D保费,未来所有参保者的保费都可能会增加。也因此,美国取消上述“安全港”政策的实施日期被一推再推[15],IRA法案也将其进一步推迟至2032年。
预付保费税收抵免政策旨在帮助收入在100% ~ 400%联邦贫困线(federal poverty level,FPL)之间的个人和家庭购买健康保险,符合条件的家庭可将其税收抵免金提前支付给保险公司作为保费预付款,以此降低这些家庭每月应缴纳的健康保费。2021年《美国救援计划法案》(American Rescue Plan Act,ARPA)又将该税收抵免政策的受惠人群暂时扩展至收入高于400%FPL的个人,并为收入低于400% FPL的个人提供更多补贴。2021年和2022年,ARPA还将《平价医疗法案》(Affordable Care Act,ACA)中有关健康计划保费不得超过低收入者收入8.5%的要求扩展至收入高于400% FPL的人群。上述税收抵免政策原定于2023年1月1日到期,但IRA法案又将其延长了3年,至2025年。
IRA法案还扩大了疾病控制和预防中心免疫接种咨询委员会推荐的成人疫苗的种类,以提高成人疫苗的可及性。从2023年1月1日起,美国参加Medicare的老年人和享受医疗援助(Medicaid)的成年人可以免费接种所有疾病控制和预防中心免疫接种咨询委员会推荐的疫苗,平均每人每年可节省约70美元。
美国药品价格偏高的重要原因之一是PBM的管理费用过高。PBM是医保的主要代理人,他们用医保资金从制药企业购入处方药,再销售给患者,这中间,PBM通常会拿走每次处方产生利润的一大半收入[16]。由于中间环节对药品利润的挤占,制药企业只能不断推高药价以维持利润。美国辉瑞公司的发言人曾表示,由于向保险公司和PBM支付的折扣近年来不断增加,使得该企业实际收到的药品利润有所下降[17]。尽管IRA法案允许Medicare与制药企业开展价格谈判,并禁止PBM对少数特定药品收取折扣,但该法案并未改变美国处方药的利润分配结构。在医院、商业医保公司、制药公司、PBM各方都追求利润最大化的背景下,美国的处方药价格仍面临系统性、结构性抬升压力。
IRA法案对参保人保费的影响是多方面的。一方面,药品价格谈判以及限制药品价格涨幅等诸多措施虽可直接降低医保的药费支出,从而降低参保人的保费分摊,但由于IRA法案对灾难性医疗患者自付费用设置了新的上限,并且取消了原本5%的自付比例,提高了保障水平,因此预计Medicare参保人的保费仍会上涨。Medicare Part D的保费包括平均基本保费和平均补充保费两个部分。其中,平均基本保费通过基本受益人保费计算得出。CMS预计,2024年基本受益人保费将上涨20%至39.35美元,但IRA法案中的保费稳定条款规定保费增长上限为6%,因此2024年Part D参保人基本受益人的保费最高为34.70美元。基本保障水平的提高将导致补充保费额度的相应下降,因此,Part D平均补充保费预计将从2023年的24.40美元减少到2024年的21.00美元。综合上述增减额度,参保人的保费总额预计将从2023年的56.49美元减少到2024年的55.50美元,下降1.8%,这也是近5年来保费的首次下降[18]
美国关于政府参与药价谈判的争论由来已久。2003年生效的美国MMA法案明确规定,联邦政府不得干涉制药公司与医保计划提供方之间的价格谈判。而IRA法案对上述相关“不干涉”条款进行了修订,增加了1项例外情况,即允许联邦政府与制药公司就少数专利药或生物制剂进行价格谈判。尽管公众大部分对这一措施持支持态度,但仍有不少质疑和反对声音。特别是IRA法案触及了制药行业的利益,引发了制药行业的激烈反对。例如,美国药物研究和制造商协会发表了一份声明,将CMS的价格谈判描述为“在极其紧迫的情况下启动的随意的和政治化的项目”。该协会又与其他两个团体于2023年6月向地方法院提起诉讼,要求阻止医疗保险价格谈判,认为IRA法案中的定价条款有违宪嫌疑。默克、百时美施贵宝、安斯泰来等制药企业也已分别提起诉讼,试图阻止价格谈判。此外,还有部分制药企业对公布的谈判药品清单也作出了回应,例如质疑该清单的选择标准和流程等,以寻求避免谈判的可能[19]
IRA法案涉及医疗保险中复杂的利益调整,各相关方进行了长期激烈的博弈,最终取得了突破。主要成果有:设置灾难性医疗支出患者自付限额,惠及重大疾病患者;扩大对低收入参保者的补贴人群范围,惠及低收入家庭;设置胰岛素类药品的患者自付上限,惠及庞大的糖尿病患者群体;取消部分成人疫苗的费用分摊,提高了老年人接种疫苗的可及性和可负担性。以上措施目前各界的争议较小。而其他更富争议的措施,如政府参与药品价格谈判、限制药品价格的上涨速度等,IRA法案则对其具体实施策略采取了分阶段、分品种、分类别开展的方式(例如逐年增加纳入谈判的药品品种和数量),既增强了可操作性,也减少了实施阻力,这对我国相关政策的制定和实施具有一定借鉴意义。
尽管IRA法案出台了一系列降低药品费用的措施,但仍面临制药公司、保险公司、PBM共同抬高药品价格的压力。正如美国西部卫生政策中心主任SEAN博士所说:“如果只是限制人们在药房的自付费用,而不解决处方药的价格问题,那么仍然有人需要为此付费”[20]。我国医保体系以政府保障为主导,商业保险为补充,这样的基础决定了我国医保体系具有强大的议价能力,可以最大限度获得最优惠的药品价格。2018—2022年,参加我国医保谈判和竞价的进口药品基本给出了全球最低价,中国药品价格首次成为发达国家药品定价的参考[21]。此外,与美国PBM不同,我国医保管理经办机构为公益性单位,不以追求商业利益为目标,这样的公益属性有助于我国降低药品流通环节的成本,从而有效进行药品价格的控制。未来我国应当继续坚持基本医疗卫生事业的公益性,更好地发挥我国医保体系的结构性优势,不断提高药品的可及性。
IRA法案规定,在选择谈判药品品种时应综合考虑药品价格、竞争产品状况和市场排他性。例如,其规定纳入谈判的专利药应已经上市一定年限,对已有仿制药和生物类似药的药品、罕见病用药、血液制品和低价医保药品不进行谈判等。这表明,IRA法案在平抑药价的同时,也考虑到了保护创新。我国新药研发的原始创新能力相对较弱,而创新药占总体药品费用的比例又远低于美国,不利于形成激励创新的市场环境。建议我国可完善支付与定价机制,对谈判药品实行差异化管理,更好地平衡政府调控与市场调节,持续加强“三医”协同发展和治理,努力在寻求价格优惠、鼓励研发创新、提高药品可及性等方面实现平衡发展,实现医保、患者、企业三者利益的动态均衡和互促共进。
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2024年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.14109/j.cnki.xyylc.2024.11.05
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
  • 录用日期:2024-06-28
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    1.中国药科大学药品监管科学研究院,江苏 南京 211198
    2.中国食品药品检定研究院,北京 102629
    3.国家药品监督管理局南方医药经济研究所,广东 广州 510080

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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